Fashewar Algiers (1816)

Fashewar Algiers (1816)
naval bombing of a city (en)
Bayanai
Kwanan wata	27 ga Augusta, 1816
Participant (en)	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom of the Netherlands (en) da Regency of Algiers (en)
Depicted by (en)	The fire on the Wharves of Algiers, shortly after the commencement of the Bombardment by the Anglo-Dutch Fleet, 27 August 1816 (en) da Bombardment of Algiers, in Support of the Ultimatum to Release White Slaves, 26-27 August 1816 (en)
Order of battle (en)	Bombardment of Algiers order of battle (en)
Wuri
36°47′N 3°04′E

Harin Bam na Algiers wani yunƙuri ne a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1816 da Birtaniyya da Netherlands suka yi don kawo ƙarshen ayyukan bautar Omar Agha, Dey na Algiers . Jirgin ruwan Anglo - Yaren mutanen Holland karkashin umarnin Admiral Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth sun yi ruwan bama-bamai da jiragen ruwa da kariyar tashar jiragen ruwa na Algiers .

Ana ci gaba da gudanar da gangamin da sojojin ruwa na Turai daban-daban da na Amurka suka yi na murkushe masu fashin teku a kan Turawa daga yankin Barbary na Arewacin Afirka . Takamammen manufar wannan balaguron, duk da haka, ita ce ’yantar da bayi Kirista da kuma daina bautar da Turawa cikin bauta a Aljeriya . Don wannan karshen, an yi nasara a wani bangare, yayin da Dey na Algiers ya 'yantar da kusan 3,000. bayin da suka biyo bayan harin bama-bamai da kuma sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya kan bautar Turawa. Duk da haka, wannan al'ada ba ta ƙare ba har sai Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya .

Fage

Hoton Sir Edward Pellew na Thomas Lawrence, 1797

Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Napoleon a cikin 1815, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal ba ta buƙatar jihohin Barbary a matsayin tushen kayayyaki ga Gibraltar da rundunarsu a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum . Wannan ne ya 'yantar da Biritaniya ta yi babban matsin lamba na siyasa don tilastawa jihohin Barbary su kawo karshen satar fasaha da al'adarsu ta bautar da Kiristocin Turai. A farkon 1816, Exmouth ya gudanar da aikin diflomasiyya zuwa Tunis, Tripoli, da Algiers, tare da goyon bayan wani karamin tawagar jiragen ruwa na layin, don shawo kan Deys don dakatar da aikin kuma ya 'yantar da bayi Kirista. Deys na Tunis da Tripoli sun amince ba tare da wata turjiya ba, amma Dey na Algiers ya fi jajircewa kuma tattaunawar ta kasance mai hadari. Exmouth ya yi imanin cewa ya yi nasarar sasanta yarjejeniyar dakatar da bautar Kiristoci kuma ya koma Ingila. To sai dai kuma saboda rudani da umarnin sojojin Aljeriya sun kashe mutane 200 Corsican, Sicilian, da kuma masunta na Sardiniya waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin kariyar Burtaniya bayan an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar. Hakan ya haifar da bacin rai a Biritaniya da Turai, kuma ana ganin tattaunawar ta Exmouth ta gaza.

Majalisar yaki a kan jirgin Sarauniya Charlotte, 1818, Nicolaas Bauer

Sakamakon haka, an umurci Exmouth ya sake shiga teku don kammala aikin da kuma hukunta 'yan Algeria. Ya tattara tawagar jiragen ruwa biyar na layin ( HMS Queen Charlotte, Impregnable, Albion, Minden, and Superb, 50-gun spar-decked frigate ( HMS Leander )HMS Leander ), jiragen ruwa na al'ada guda huɗu ( HMS Severn, Glasgow, Granicus, da Hebrus ), da jiragen ruwa guda huɗu (HMS Belzebub, Fury, Hecla, da Infernal ). HMS Sarauniya Charlotte - bindigogi 100 - ita ce tutarsa kuma Rear Admiral David Milne shi ne na biyu a cikin kwamandan HMS Impregnable, bindigogi 98. Mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar wannan ƴan wasan a matsayin ƙarfin da bai isa ba, amma Exmouth ya riga ya bincikar tsaron Algiers. ya san garin sosai kuma yana sane da rauni a fagen wuta na batura masu kariya. Ya yi imanin cewa ƙarin manyan jiragen ruwa za su shiga tsakani da juna ba tare da samun damar kawo wuta mai yawa ba. Baya ga manyan jiragen ruwa, akwai gangara guda biyar ( HMS Heron, Mutine, Prometheus, Cordelia, da Britomart ), jiragen ruwa takwas na jiragen ruwa dauke da roka na Congreve, da kuma wasu jigilar kaya don ɗaukar bayin da aka ceto. Lokacin da Birtaniyya ta isa Gibraltar, tawagogin jiragen ruwa na Holland biyar: HNLMS Melampus (tsohon <i id="mwhg">HMS</i> <i id="mwhw">Melampus</i> ), Diana (tsohon HMS Diana ), Frederica Sophia Wilhelmina, Dageraad, Amstel da corvette Eendracht, jagorancin mataimakin Admiral Theodorus Frederik van Capellen da aka ba da shi ga Expert. Exmouth ta yanke shawarar ba su aikin da za su rufe babban ƙarfin batir ɗin gefen Aljeriya, saboda rashin isasshen sarari a cikin mole don jiragen ruwan Holland.

Gabatarwa

Kwana daya kafin harin, jirgin ruwan Prometheus ya iso kuma kyaftin dinsa WB Dashwood ya yi yunkurin ceto karamin ofishin jakadancin Burtaniya da matarsa da jaririya a asirce. An gano wasu daga cikin masu aikin ceto tare da kama su.

Shirin harin shine don manyan jiragen ruwa su kusanci a cikin wani ginshiƙi. Za su yi tafiya zuwa yankin da yawancin bindigogin Aljeriya ba za su iya ɗauka ba. Sa'an nan kuma, za su zo su ɗora bam da bama-bamai da batura da katangar da ke kan tawadar Allah don lalata kariya. A lokaci guda, HMS Leander — bindigu 50 — shine zai ɗebo bakin tashar jirgin kuma ya jefa bama-bamai a cikin tawadar. Don kare Leander daga baturin gaɓa, yana jigilar HMS Severn da Glasgow za su tashi cikin teku su jefa bam a cikin baturin. Daga nan ne sojoji za su yi taho-mu-gama a kan tawadar Allah tare da sapper na Rundunar Injiniyoyi na Sarauta .

Yaƙi

Panorama of the Battle of Algiers 1816, illustration from panoramic views exhibited in Leicester Square, London, 1818

Exmouth a cikin Sarauniya Charlotte ya kafa kusan 80 yards (73 m) kashe tawadar Allah, yana fuskantar bindigogin Aljeriya. Duk da haka, da dama daga cikin sauran jiragen ruwa sun tsaya a matsayi, musamman Admiral Milne a kan HMS Impregnable, wanda ya kasance 400 yadi daga inda ya kamata ya kasance. Wannan kuskuren ya rage tasirin waɗannan jiragen ruwa tare da fallasa su ga gobarar Aljeriya. Wasu daga cikin sauran jiragen sun wuce Impregnable kuma sun tsaya a wurare kusa da shirin. Babban gibin da HMS Impregnable ya haifar an rufe shi ta jirgin HMS Granicus da sloop Heron .

Zane yana nuna matsayin rundunar a lokacin tashin bam

A tattaunawar da suka yi a baya, duka Exmouth da Dey na Algiers sun bayyana cewa ba za su yi harbin farko ba. Shirin Dey shi ne ya ba da damar jiragen ruwa su tsaya sannan su jera daga tashar jiragen ruwa su shiga cikin jiragen ruwa tare da mutane da yawa a cikin kananan kwale-kwale. Sai dai horon Aljeriya bai yi tasiri ba kuma bindigar Aljeriya daya ta harba harbi da karfe 15:15. Nan take Exmouth ta fara tashin bam. Jirgin ruwan Aljeriya dauke da kwale-kwale 40 sun yi yunkurin shiga Sarauniya Charlotte a lokacin da ma'aikatan jirgin ke tashi daga sama, amma jiragen ruwan nasu ashirin da takwas sun nutse ta hanyar ruwa, sauran kuma sun gudu da kansu a bakin teku. Bayan sa'a guda, an rufe igwa da ke kan tawadar tawadar, kuma Exmouth ya mayar da hankalinsa ga jigilar kayayyaki a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda aka lalata da karfe 19:30. An lalata wani jirgin ruwan Algerine mara matuki bayan da ma'aikatan jirgin Sarauniya Charlotte ' shiga, inda suka banka masa wuta. Gobarar turmi da rokoki sun lalata wasu jiragen ruwa na Algerine guda uku da kuma kwarkwata biyar. Jirgin da ke konawa a tashar jiragen ruwa ya tilasta wa wasu jiragen ruwan bama-bamai yin tahowa daga hanyarsu. Impregnable ya keɓanta da sauran jiragen ruwa kuma ya yi babbar manufa mai ban sha'awa, yana jan hankalin 'yan bindigar Aljeriya da suka yi mata dirar mikiya, suka yi mata mummunar illa. Harbin harsasai 268 ne suka fado a cikin jirgin, kuma babban katakon ya lalace a wurare 15, inda aka kashe 50 sannan 164 suka jikkata.

An yi amfani da gangar guda daya a matsayin jirgin fashewa, dauke da ganga 143 na foda, kuma Milne ya nemi da karfe 20:00 na safe cewa a yi amfani da shi a kan batir na Lighthouse, wanda ke lalata jirginsa. Jirgin ya fashe, amma ya ɗan yi tasiri, kuma a kan baturi mara kyau.  

Babban haɗin gwiwa, wanda aka duba daga wani mashahuri, kudu da birni, wanda William Innes Pocock RN ya zana.

Duk da haka, batura na Aljeriya ba za su iya kula da wuta ba kuma, da karfe 22:15, Exmouth ya ba da umarnin a auna anga da kuma tashi daga ketare, barin HMS Minden da ci gaba da harbe-harbe don murkushe duk wani tsayin daka. Iska ta canza kuma tana kadawa daga bakin tekun, wanda hakan ya taimaka matukan jirgin su tashi. [1] :395Da karfe 01:30 na safe, an dage rundunar ba ta da iyaka. An yi wa wadanda suka jikkata magani, kuma ma’aikatan jirgin sun kawar da barnar da bindigogin Aljeriya suka yi. Rikicin da aka yi a bangaren Birtaniyya ya fi 900 da aka kashe da jikkata, [1] :394adadin wadanda suka mutu wanda ya fi sanguinary. Don kwatantawa, raunin da Birtaniyya suka yi a Yaƙin Trafalgar sun kasance kashi 9 cikin ɗari ne kawai na waɗanda suka shiga. [2] Rundunar kawancen ta yi harbi sama da 50,000 ta hanyar amfani da tan 118 na foda, sannan jiragen bama-baman sun harba bama-bamai 960. [3] Sojojin Algeria na da bindigogi 308 da kuma turmi 7. [1] :396Mai fassara wasikar da Exmouth ya aikewa Dey ya bar shedun gani da ido na barnar da aka yi a birnin, wanda ya gani a lokacin da ya raka wasikar a karkashin tutar sulhu. Ba a iya gane ginin tawadar halitta ba, haka nan kuma ba za a iya gano wuraren da aka ajiye batura ba. Ba a iya ganin bindigogi sama da hudu ko biyar wadanda har yanzu suke sawa. A bakin tekun ya cika da tarin shan taba na ragowar sojojin ruwa na Algerine da kuma gawarwakin da yawa da ke iyo.

Bayan haka

Washegari da tsakar rana, Exmouth ya aika da wasiƙar zuwa ga Dey:

“Yallabai, saboda zaluncin da ka yi a Bona akan Kiristocin da ba su da tsaro, da rashin kula da bukatun da na yi a jiya da sunan Yarima Mai Martaba Sarkin Ingila, rundunar da ke karkashin umarnina ta ba ka alamar azaba, ta hanyar lalatar da sojojin ruwa, ma’ajiyar ka, da makaman ka, tare da rabin batirinka. Da yake Ingila ba ta yaƙi rugujewar garuruwa ba, ni ba zan so in ziyarci irin zaluncin da kuke yi wa mazauna ƙasar ba, don haka ina ba ku sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya waɗanda na isar muku jiya da sunan Sarki na. Idan ba tare da amincewa da waɗannan sharuɗɗan ba, ba za ku iya samun zaman lafiya da Ingila ba."

Ya yi gargadin cewa idan har ba a yarda da su ba, to zai ci gaba da daukar matakin. Dey ya yarda da sharuddan, ba tare da sanin cewa ba su da tushe, domin tuni rundunar ta harba kusan dukkan alburusai. An sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1816. Dakin da aka sa hannu a ciki ya yi harbin zagaye tara kuma ya zama kango sosai. Dey ya 'yantar da bayi Kirista 1,083 da kuma karamin ofishin jakadancin Burtaniya kuma ya biya kudin fansa da aka dauka a shekara ta 1816, kimanin fam 80,000. Sama da bayi 3,000 gabaɗaya an 'yantar da su daga baya. Drescher ya lura Algiers a matsayin 'al'amarin daya tilo a cikin shekaru sittin na dakile cinikin bayi na Birtaniyya inda aka yi hasarar rayuka da dama na Birtaniyya a ainihin fada.' Duk da haka, duk da kokarin da sojojin ruwa na Birtaniya suka yi, yana da wuya a tantance tasirin Bombardment na Algiers na dogon lokaci, yayin da Dey ya sake gina Algiers, ya maye gurbin bayin Kirista tare da aikin Yahudawa, kuma cinikin bayi na Barbary ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin Deys na gaba (duba Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) ).

Bibiyar Tarihi

• Edwin John Brett, Brett's Illustrated Naval History of Great Britain, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time: A Reliable Record of the Maritime Rise and Progress of England (1871), Publishing Office, London.
• C. Northcote Parkinson, Britannia Rules: The Classic Age of Naval History 1793–1815 (1977), Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
• William Osler, The Life of Admiral Viscount Exmouth (1841)
• C. Northcote Parkinson, Edward Pellew, Viscount Exmouth (1934)
• Mariner's Mirror (1941)
• Samfuri:Aut (1817), "Dispatches from Admiral Lord Exmouth, G.C.B., addressed to John Wilson Croker, Esq," in:The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year 1816, pp. 230–240; and "Dutch official account of the battle", ibid., pp. 240–243
• Salamé, A. (1819) A Narrative of the Expedition to Algiers in the Year 1816, John Murray, London.
• Seymour Drescher, Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery (2009), Cambridge University Press.
• Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.

Mahaɗu

Wikimedia Commons on Fashewar Algiers (1816) "Extract from Log book of HMS Severn". Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.

• 1816 Chart of Algiers Archived 6 Nuwamba, 2016 at the Wayback Machine
• "Anglo-Dutch Bombardment of Algiers 1816". On War.