Fataucin mutane a Zimbabwe
 Fataucin mutane a Zimbabwe | |
|---|---|
crime in Zimbabwe (en)  da human trafficking by country or territory (en) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | safarar mutane |
| Ƙasa | Zimbabwe |
A cikin 2019 Zimbabwe ta kasance tushen, wucewa, da kuma ƙasar da aka nufa ga maza, mata, da yara da aka yi fataucin su don dalilai na tilasta aiki da cin zarafin jima'i. Babban ƙaura na Zimbabwe zuwa ƙasashe masu kewaye - yayin da suke tserewa daga halin da ake ciki a gida - ya karu, kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyi na duniya, da gwamnatoci a ƙasashe makwabta sun ba da rahoton hauhawar waɗannan Zimbabwewa da ke fuskantar yanayin cin zarafi, gami da fataucin mutane. An yi fataucin maza, mata, da yara a cikin gida zuwa gonaki don aikin gona da bautar gida da kuma birane don aikin gida da cin zarafin jima'i na kasuwanci. An yi fataucin mata da yara don aikin gida da cin zarafin jima'i, gami da gidajen karuwai, a bangarorin biyu na iyakoki tare da Botswana, Mozambique, Afirka ta Kudu, da Zambia. An yi fataucin samari da yara maza zuwa Afirka ta Kudu don aikin gona, sau da yawa suna aiki na watanni a Afirka ta Kudu ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba kafin "ma'aikata" su kama su kuma su kore su a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba. An ja hankalin matasan maza da 'yan mata zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, Misira, Ingila, Amurka, da Kanada tare da tarin aiki na ƙarya wanda ke haifar da bautar gida ko cin zarafin jima'i na kasuwanci. Maza, mata, da yara daga Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Malawi, Mozambique, da Zambia an yi fataucin su ta hanyar Zimbabwe a kan hanyar zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. An yi fataucin 'yan mata na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Zimbabwe don bautar gida.[1] Kokarin gwamnati na magance fataucin mutane a gida ya karu tare da gabatar da Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa (NAP) da kuma Dokar fataucin Mutane ta 2014.[2] Bugu da kari, yanayin fataucin mutane a kasar yana kara muni yayin da yawancin jama'a ke fuskantar rauni ta hanyar raguwar yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.
Kasar ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar TIP ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2000 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013.
Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka don Kulawa da Yaki da Cin Hanci da Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane ya sanya Zimbabwe a cikin "Tier 2" a cikin 2019 [1] da 2023 .
A cikin 2023, Ƙididdigar Laifuka ta Ƙungiya ta ba ƙasar kashi 5.50 daga cikin 10 don fataucin mutane, yana mai lura da cewa yanayin tattalin arziki da ke kara tabarbarewa ya haifar da karuwar yawan mutanen da ake fataucin su, musamman don aiki a ma'adinai da gine-gine.
Ma'anar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yarjejeniyar hanawa, hanawa, da azabtar da fataucin mutane, musamman mata da yara, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karɓa a cikin 2000 don bayyana fataucin mutum. A cikin yanayi kamar fataucin mutane, ma'anar tana da matukar muhimmanci kamar yadda za a gurfanar da kuma tuhumar wadanda aka kama, ayyukansu dole ne su fada kai tsaye a karkashin dokar da aka ambata. Wannan ma'anar fataucin mutane ya haɗa da, "karɓar ma'aikata, sufuri, canja wurin, tashar jiragen ruwa, ko mai karɓar mutane ta hanyar amfani da karfi ko wasu hanyoyin tilastawa tare da manufar cin zarafi".[3]
Yarjejeniyar, ɗaya daga cikin uku da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa da ake kira Palermo Protocols, ta ci gaba da ma'anar amfani da ita ta bayyana cewa ya kamata ta haɗa da, "amfani da karuwancin wasu ko wasu nau'ikan cin zarafin jima'i, tilasta aiki...bautar... cire gabobin ... ".[4]
Rahoton Kasuwanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rahoton fataucin mutane (TIP) rahoto ne da Ofishin Kula da Kulawa da Yaki da fataucin mutum a cikin Gwamnatin Amurka ke bayarwa a kowace shekara don gudanar da kasashe na waje da alhakin batutuwan fataucin ɗan adam.Dangane da rahoton Trafficking in Persons na 2019, Zimbabwe ƙasa ce ta Tier 2 kuma OMCTP ta sanya ƙasar a kan "Tier 2 Watchlist" a cikin 2019 da 2023.[1]Kasar Tier 2 ƙasa ce da ba ta cika mafi ƙarancin ka'idojin da ofishin TIP ya kafa ba, amma tana ƙoƙarin yin hakan.An inganta Zimbabwe zuwa Tier 2 daga shekarar da ta gabata saboda kokarin da ta yi na yaki da fataucin mutane ta hanyar kara hadin gwiwa tare da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a Afirka don gano wadanda abin ya shafa.
Shari'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Zimbabwe ta mayar da hankali kan tsara manufofin tilasta bin doka da take da su a halin yanzu don rage shari'o'in fataucin mutane. Duk da yake an zartar da wasu sabbin dokoki tun daga shekara ta 2014, kamar Dokar Cin Hanci da Mutane ta 2014, cikakkun bayanai da sharuɗɗan da aka bayyana a cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun sanya gurfanar da masu fataucin mutane da wuya. An ci gaba da kokarin tilasta bin doka na gwamnati tun bayan rahoton da ya gabata, kuma sun yi ƙoƙari don inganta hadin gwiwar shari'a ta duniya da gudanar da shari'a.[1] Zimbabwe ba ta haramta duk wani nau'i na fataucin mutane ba, kodayake dokokin da ke akwai sun haramta aikin tilas da kuma nau'o'i masu yawa na cin zarafin jima'i. A cikin shekara ta 2014, gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta shigar da Dokar Cin Hanci da Mutane ta 2014 wacce ta iya samar da ma'anar fataucin mutane, amma ba ta iya bayyana ko aikata laifuka ba kamar yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke buƙatar ƙasashe su yi hakan.[2]
Duk da yake ba sabon abu ba ne ga wanda aka tsare ya kasance a cikin tsare na dogon lokaci - a wasu lokuta shekaru da yawa - kafin a saurari shari'ar a kotu, yajin aiki na watanni uku da mahukunta, masu gabatar da kara, da ma'aikatan kotu suka yi ya kara tsananta yawan shari'o'in da ke jiran shari'a. 'Yan sanda na Zimbabwe sun yi kokari don dakatar da cin zarafin jima'i na kasuwanci a duk faɗin ƙasar, suna kama mutane biyu a cikin karuwanci da abokan cinikin su; ba a tsare kananan yara da aka kama ba, amma a maimakon haka 'yan sanda sun yi musu tambayoyi kuma sun tura su don ba da shawara. A cikin shekara ta 2007, Ofishin Kasuwancin Dan Adam na Ofishin Interpol na Zimbabwe, wanda ke da ma'aikatan 'yan sanda na Zimbabwe, sun shiga cikin binciken fataucin kasa da kasa tare da ofisoshin Interpol a Malawi, Mozambique, Afirka ta Kudu, Ingila, da Zambia. Gwamnati ba ta ba da horo na musamman na yaki da fataucin mutane ba; duk da haka, jami'an gwamnati sun halarci tarurruka 10 na horo na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Shige da Fice (IOM) waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan fataucin da kuma amincewa da wadanda abin ya shafa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, jami'an gwamnatin Zimbabwe sun kara hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da sauran kungiyoyin kasa da kasa wanda ya ba da damar ƙarin bayanan tilasta bin doka game da fataucin mutane.
A cikin 2017, gwamnati ta gurfanar da wani mai fataucin mutane saboda cin zarafin 'yan Zimbabwe a cikin aikin tilas da fataucin jima'i a Kuwait. An fara shari'ar ne a farkon shekara ta 2017 kuma mutane da yawa da abin ya shafa sun sami damar ba da shaida a kan mai fataucin mutane, wanda ya sa aka yanke mata hukunci kan laifuka biyar na fataucin kaya da kuma yanke mata hukuncin shekaru 50 a kurkuku a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar.[1] Koyaya, an saki mai fataucin, Norest Maruma, bayan ya yi shekaru biyu kawai a gidan yarin mata na Chikurubi.[5]
Kariya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawan ‘yan ƙaura da aka dawo da su daga Afirka ta Kudu da Botswana ba bisa ƙa’ida ba, tare da ƙarancin kayan aiki, sun hana gwamnati damar gano waɗanda aka yi safarar su yadda ya kamata daga cikin masu komawa gida. Ma’aikatar Shige da Fice ta buƙaci duk masu komawa daga Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar iyakar Beitbridge su halarci wani taron wayar da kai game da hijira cikin aminci wanda Hukumar IOM ke jagoranta, wanda ya haɗa da tattaunawa kan safarar mutane da kuma ayyukan taimako na IOM. Kwamitin Gundumar Beitbridge na da jami’in kare haƙƙin yara kuma yana gudanar da kwamitin kare haƙƙin yara. A shekarar 2007, gwamnati ta ware ƙasa ga IOM domin kafa cibiyar karɓar baki ta biyu a Plumtree don 'yan Zimbabwe da aka kore daga Botswana. Ko da yake gwamnati tana da tsari da aka kafa na tura waɗanda aka safarar zuwa ƙungiyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa da NGOs da ke bayar da mafaka da sauran ayyuka, a shekarar 2007, gwamnati ta dogara ne da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi wajen gano waɗanda aka safarar da kuma sanar da hukuma. Ofishin Interpol na Zimbabwe, Ma’aikatar Shige da Fice da Ma’aikatar Walwalar Jama’a sun haɗu da hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu wajen taimakawa waɗanda aka safarar a cikin shari’o’in da ke gudana a lokacin rahoton. Duk da haka, daga wannan tsarin da aka kafa a 2007, jami’an gwamnati a Zimbabwe sun rika samun ƙarin nasara wajen gano waɗanda aka safarar kowace shekara.
Gwamnati ta bayar da rahoton gano jimillar mutane 118 da aka safarar a shekarun 2017 da 2018. Da dama daga cikin waɗannan shari’o’in sun fito ne daga layukan waya na NGOs da gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta kafa da kuma abokan hulɗarta tun a 2007, ko da yake babu ɗaya daga cikin shari’o’in 10 da gwamnati ta gano da ya faru a cikin Zimbabwe.
Ko da yake Dokar Safarar Mutane ta 2014 ta tilasta wa gwamnatin Zimbabwe kafa mafaka, shawarwari, cibiyoyin gyara da dawowa cikin al'umma, babu wani yunƙuri da aka yi don aiwatar da hakan. NGOs da ke bayar da waɗannan ayyuka ga waɗanda aka safarar, ko a cikin Zimbabwe ko a waje, ba su samu tallafi ko kuɗi daga gwamnati ba, lamarin da ya sa ya zama da wahala su ci gaba da bayar da taimako yadda ya kamata.
Ma’aikatar Ayyukan Jama’a, Ma’aikata da Walwalar Jama’a (MPSLSW) ta kafa wani tsari a Zimbabwe tare da haɗin gwiwa da gwamnati inda waɗanda aka gano an safarar su suka samu damar bayar da shaida tare da aiki da NGOs da wani jami’in walwalar jama’a don bayyana shari’o’insu. Tare da wannan tsari, MPSLSW da gwamnatin Zimbabwe sun samu damar tattara bayanai daga mutane goma da za su taimaka wajen ci gaba da bincike kan lamarin. Waɗanda aka safarar sun samu damar shiga kotu ba tare da matsala ba sakamakon wannan tsarin. ‘Yan sanda da sauran jami’an gwamnati sun bayyana tsarin shari’a da yadda waɗanda aka safarar za su ci gaba. Wannan tsarin an kafa shi ne don tabbatar da cewa masu safarar ba za su samu damar tuntuɓar waɗanda aka safarar ba yayin da shari’a ke gudana. Duk da waɗannan ƙoƙari, gwamnati ta bayar da rahoton wasu shari’o’i da masu safarar suka samu damar “tuntuɓar waɗanda aka safarar ko iyalansu yayin shari’a don shafar shaidar da za su bayar.”
Rigakafi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata musamman tun daga 2016, ƙoƙarin hana safarar mutane sun ƙaru sosai a ƙasar. Kwamitin haɗin gwiwar ma’aikatun gwamnati kan hana safarar mutane (ATIMC) ya aiwatar da Shirin Ayyuka na Ƙasa (NAP) domin yaƙar safarar mutane da hana faruwar ta ta hanyar horas da wasu jami’ai. Wadannan horo sun mai da hankali kan alamomin safarar da dokoki da suka shafi batun safarar a ƙasar.
A shekarar 2007, dukkan tashoshin rediyon gwamnati guda huɗu sun watsa sanarwar jama’a daga Hukumar Kula da Hijira ta Duniya sau takwas a rana a harsuna biyar yayin lokacin yawan hijira. A watan Janairun 2008, gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu domin aikin haɗin gwiwa na tantance matsayin doka na ma’aikatan gona ‘yan Zimbabwe da ke zama ba bisa ƙa’ida ba a lardin Limpopo na Afirka ta Kudu da tabbatar musu da yanayin aiki na gari. Kwamitin yaƙi da safarar mutane bai ɗauki wani mataki na zahiri a wannan lokaci ba. Aikin su na farko da ya fi ma’ana bai faru ba sai a kusa da 2017 lokacin da aka aiwatar da NAP. Tun daga wannan lokaci, ATIMC na gudanar da taro a kowane rubu’i don tattauna ƙarin hanyoyin da za su hana safarar mutane a Zimbabwe.
A shekarar 2019, gwamnati ta ƙara ƙoƙarinta na wayar da kai kan safarar mutane fiye da da. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai rashin fahimta game da safarar a cikin hukumomin gwamnati, musamman a matakin ƙananan hukumomi. Ko da yake, manyan jami’an gwamnati suna yawan magana a fili game da haɗarin safarar mutane da hijira ba bisa ƙa’ida ba, kafafen yaɗa labaran gwamnati sun dinga buga da watsa gargaɗi kan ayyukan bogi na neman aiki da yanayin aikin da ke cin zarafi. Wadannan jami’ai sun kafa sabbin shirye-shirye da kuma aiwatar da horaswa da ilimantarwa ga jami’an ‘yan sanda da na shari’a.
Babban ƙalubale da gwamnatin Zimbabwe da abokan aikin ta ke fuskanta wajen rigakafin safarar mutane shi ne raba kuɗi. Gwamnati na dogaro da ƙungiyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa da NGOs wajen ƙoƙarin wayar da kai kan wannan matsala a Zimbabwe, wanda shi ne mataki na farko a kowanne shirin rigakafin safarar mutane. Ko da yake akwai wasu shirye-shiryen wayar da kai da gwamnati ta tallafa, Shirin Ayyuka na Ƙasa bai samu isasshen goyon bayan gwamnati ba a cikin ayyukansa.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Trafficking in Persons Report: Zimbabwe 2019". United States Department of State (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-09.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "The Zimbabwe Trafficking in Persons National Plan of Action (NAPLAC) 2016" (PDF). United Nations.
- ↑ "Overview of Human Trafficking and NIJ's Role". National Institute of Justice (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
- ↑ "What is Human Trafficking?". United Nations : Office on Drugs and Crime (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-09.
- ↑ "Emotional Scenes At Chikurubi Prison As Human Trafficker Jailed 50-Years Released After Serving 2 Years". NewZimbabwe.com (in Turanci). 2020-05-06. Retrieved 2020-05-09.