Ficedula

Ficedula
Scientific classification
Class	Aves
Order	Passeriformes (mul)
Dangi	Muscicapidae (mul)
genus (en)	Ficedula; Brisson, 1760

Ficedula flycatchers nau'in tsuntsaye ne na Old World flycatchers. Wannan nau'in shine mafi girma a cikin iyali, yana ɗauke da nau'ikan tsuntsaye kusan talatin. Wani lokaci ana haɗa su cikin nau'in Muscicapa. Ana samun wannan nau'in a Turai, Asiya da Afirka. Nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa suna ƙaura sosai, yayin da sauran nau'ikan ba sa zama a gida.

Taxonomy da tsarin

Masanin kimiyyar halitta na Faransa Mathurin Jacques Brisson ne ya gabatar da wannan nau'in a shekarar 1760 tare da mai kama kifi na Turai (Ficedula hypoleuca) a matsayin nau'in nau'in. Sunan wannan nau'in ya fito ne daga Latin kuma yana nufin ƙaramin tsuntsu mai cin ɓaure (ficus, "fig") wanda ake tsammanin zai canza zuwa baƙar hula a lokacin hunturu..^[1].

Dabbobi da ke akwai

Nau'in ya ƙunshi nau'o'in da suka biyo baya: ^[2]

Hoton	Sunan gama gari	Sunan kimiyya	Rarraba
	Mai kama tsuntsaye mai launin rawaya	Ficedula zanthopygia	Manchuria, China da Koriya; hunturu zuwa Malay Peninsula da Sumatra
-	Mai kama tsuntsaye mai goyon baya	Ficedula elisae	arewa maso gabashin kasar Sin; hunturu zuwa Malay Peninsula
	Narcissus flycatcher	Ficedula narcissina	Tsibirin Kuril, Manchuria da Japan; hunturu zuwa Hainan, arewa maso gabashin Borneo da Philippines
-	Mai kama tsuntsaye na Ryukyu	Ficedula owstoni	Tsibirin Ryukyu
	Slaty-blue flycatcher	Ficedula tricolor	Himalayas, tsakiyar kasar Sin, Yunnan da arewacin Indochina
	Mai kama tsuntsaye mai dusar ƙanƙara	Ficedula hyperythra	Himalayas, kudancin China, Taiwan da kudu maso gabashin Asiya
	Mugimaki flycatcher	Ficedula mugimaki	Mongolia, Koriya, kudancin Siberia da arewa maso gabashin China; hunturu zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya
	Slaty-backed flycatcher	Ficedula erithacus	gabashin Himalayas, tsakiya / kudancin China; hunturu zuwa arewacin Indochina
	Mai kama tsuntsaye	Ficedula hodgsoni	gabashin Himalayas da kudu maso gabashin Asiya
	Rufous-gorgeted flycatcher	Ficedula strophiata	Himalayas, Patkai, tsakiya / kudancin China, arewacin Indochina da gabashin Vietnam
	Mai kama tsuntsaye na Sapphire	Ficedula sapphira	Gabashin Himalaya, tsakiya / kudancin China da arewacin Indochina
	Mai kama tsuntsaye na Ultramarine	Ficedula superciliaris	gabashin Afghanistan zuwa Dutsen Hengduan; hunturu a Indiya da arewa maso yammacin Indochina
	Ƙananan ƙafar ƙafar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun	Ficedula westermanni	Himalayas da kudu maso gabashin Asiya
	Rusty-tailed flycatcher	Ficedula ruficauda	Tian Shan da Himalayas; hunturu zuwa Yammacin Ghats
	Mai kama tsuntsaye na Kashmir	Ficedula subrubra	Duwatsun Nilgiri da Sri Lanka
	Mai kama tsuntsaye mai jan ƙirji	Ficedula parva	Turai da Caucasus; hunturu zuwa Kudancin Asiya
	Mai kama tsuntsaye na Taiga	Ficedula albicilla	Siberia; hunturu zuwa Indomalaya
	Mai kama tsuntsaye mai kama tsuntsayen	Ficedula semitorquata	gabashin Bahar Rum; hunturu zuwa Gabashin Afirka
	Atlas foot flycatcher	Ficedula speculigera	arewa maso yammacin Afirka
	Mai kama tsuntsaye na Turai	Ficedula hypoleuca	Turai; hunturu zuwa Equatorial Africa
	Mai kama tsuntsaye mai ƙuƙwalwa	Ficedula albicollis	Turai; hunturu zuwa kudu maso gabashin Afirka
	Black-and-orange flycatcher	Ficedula nigrorufa	kudancin Yammacin Ghats
	Mai kama tsuntsaye na Tanimbar	Ficedula riedeli	Tsibirin Tanimbar (Larat da Yamdena)
	Rashin gashi mai ƙanƙara	Ficedula dumetoria	Malesia
-	Mai kama tsuntsaye mai ɓoye	Ficedula disposita	Luzon
	Mai kama tsuntsaye na Palawan	Ficedula platenae	Palawan
	Rufous-throated flycatcher	Ficedula rufigula	Sulawesi
-	Cinnamon-kiyayi flycatcher	Ficedula buruensis	Tsibirin Maluku (Buru, Seram da Kai Besar)
-	Sumba flycatcher	Ficedula harterti	Kabari
	Mai kama tsuntsaye mai baƙar fata	Ficedula timorensis	Timor
	Ƙananan mai kama tsuntsaye	Ficedula basilanica	Philippines Mindanao, Leyte da Samar
	Bundok flycatcher	Ficedula luzoniensis	Dutsen Philippines
	Mai kama tsuntsaye mai ɓoye	Rufin Ficedula	Mindanao
-	Mai kama tsuntsaye na Lompobattang	Ficedula bonthaina	Dutsen Lompobattang, Sulawesi
	Damar flycatcher	Ficedula henrici	Tsibirin Damar

Tsoffin nau'ikan halittun

A baya, wasu hukumomi sun kuma yi la'akari da wadannan nau'o'in (ko ƙananan nau'o-nau'in) a matsayin nau'o" a cikin jinsin Ficedula:

Sarkin Indiya mai launin shudi (a matsayin Siphia Styani) ^[3]

Yanayi na musamman

Binciken 2015 game da tsarin genomic na bambanci, wanda aka fi sani da tsibirin speciation ta Burri et al., a cikin Ficedula flycatchers . ^[4] Tsibirin bambancin yankuna ne na genomic tare da matakan bambancin kwayar halitta. Marubutan sun bincika tsibirin bambanci a cikin genomes kuma sun nemi amsa (1) yadda aka kafa su da (2) wane rawar da suke da ita a cikin jinsin. Tsarin nau'in flycatcher ya ƙunshi nau'ikan 'yan uwa huɗu kuma yana da nau'ikan nau'ikan da yawa a duk Turai da sassan Arewacin Afirka. Marubutan sun tsara kwayoyin halitta 200 daga yawan mutane 10 zuwa matsakaicin ɗaukar hoto 14x.

Marubutan sun gwada shahararrun samfuran biyu don tara tsibirai na speciation, speciation tare da kwararar kwayar halitta da zaɓin haɗin kai. Wasu daga cikin alamu da ake tsammani don tsibirai na bambancin da ke tarawa a ƙarƙashin samfurin kwararar kwayar halitta da rage bambancin jerin a waje da tsibirai masu bambanci idan aka kwatanta da sauran kwayar halitta kuma fadada tsibirai da bambancin bambanci yayin da aka karfafa warewar haihuwa yayin tsarin jinsin. Dangane da bayanan genomic, tsammanin daga ƙwayoyin halitta tare da samfurin ƙwayoyin halittar ba a goyi bayan su sosai ba. Maimakon haka akwai ƙarin tallafi ga tsarin zaɓin haɗin don tsibirai na bambancin samfurin. Irin su ma'auni mai ma'ana tsakanin sake haɗuwa da bambanci, ƙananan bambancin kakanninmu a cikin ƙananan yankuna masu haɗuwa, da kuma kyakkyawar dangantaka tare da bambancin nucleotide da sake haɗuwa. Wasu daga cikin manyan binciken daga binciken sune:

Yanayin bambancin sun yi kama da nau'ikan tsuntsaye guda huɗu.
Gwaje-gwaje ta amfani da sigogi na kwayoyin halitta don gwada zato sun nuna cewa bambancin wuri a fadin genomes bazai haifar da kwararar kwayar halitta ba.
Sa hannu don zaɓin baya ya fi ƙarfin sa hannu na zaɓaɓɓen.

Ta hanyar ƙarfafawa

F. hypoleuca vis-a-vis F. albicollis suna fitowa daga juna ta hanyar ƙarfafawa, kamar yadda bambance-bambance tsakanin launi a cikin tausayi da allopatry suka nuna. Wannan shaida ce ta jinsin ta hanyar ƙarfafawa.^[5]

Bayyanawa

Flycatchers a cikin jinsin Ficedula yawanci ƙananan ne tare da jiki mai laushi da kawuna masu zagaye. A lokuta da yawa suna da jima'i dimorphic a cikin fuka-fukan su, tare da maza suna da haske ko launi mai ban sha'awa kuma mata suna da rauni ko mara kyau.

Manazarta

↑ Empty citation (help)
↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2016). "Chats, Old World flycatchers". World Bird List Version 7.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
↑ "Hypothymis azurea styani - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
↑ Burri, Reto; Nater, Alexander; Kawakami, Takeshi; et al. (November 2015). "Linked selection and recombination rate variation drive the evolution of the genomic landscape of differentiation across the speciation continuum of Ficedula flycatchers". Genome Research. 25 (11): 1634–1645. doi:10.1101/gr.196485.115. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 4617962. PMID 26355005.
↑ Noor, Mohamed A. F. (1999). "Reinforcement and other consequences of sympatry". Heredity. The Genetics Society (Nature). 83 (5): 503–508. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6886320. ISSN 0018-067X. PMID 10620021. (ORCID 0000-0002-5400-4408 GS 5nkhrpUAAAAJ).

Ƙarin karantawa

[1] Empty citation (help)

[ioc-2] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2016). "Chats, Old World flycatchers". World Bird List Version 7.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 April 2017.

[3] "Hypothymis azurea styani - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-01-01.

[4] Burri, Reto; Nater, Alexander; Kawakami, Takeshi; et al. (November 2015). "Linked selection and recombination rate variation drive the evolution of the genomic landscape of differentiation across the speciation continuum of Ficedula flycatchers". Genome Research. 25 (11): 1634–1645. doi:10.1101/gr.196485.115. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 4617962. PMID 26355005.

[Noor-1999-5] Noor, Mohamed A. F. (1999). "Reinforcement and other consequences of sympatry". Heredity. The Genetics Society (Nature). 83 (5): 503–508. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6886320. ISSN 0018-067X. PMID 10620021. (ORCID 0000-0002-5400-4408 GS 5nkhrpUAAAAJ).

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