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Filin Phlegraean

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Filin Phlegraean
General information
Gu mafi tsayi Solfatara (en) Fassara
Height above mean sea level (en) Fassara 458 m
Diameter (en) Fassara 13 km
Labarin ƙasa
Map
Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa 40°49′37″N 14°08′20″E / 40.827°N 14.139°E / 40.827; 14.139
Bangare na Campanian volcanic arc (en) Fassara
Mountain range (en) Fassara Q3618573 Fassara
Kasa Italiya
Territory città metropolitana di Napoli (mul) Fassara da Province of Naples (en) Fassara
Taswirar filin Phlegraean ta 1911
Taswirar taswirar filin Phlegraean
Taswirar taimako ta Tekun Naples tare da Filin Phlegraean da Dutsen Vesuvius
Hoton tauraron dan adam na Filin Phlegraean

Filin Phlegraean (Italiyanci: Campi Flegrei; Nepolitanci: Campe Flegree; Latanci: Phlegraei campi; Tsohon Girkanci: Φλεγραία Πεδία) babban dutsen caldera ne mai aman wuta a yammacin Naples, Italiya . [1] Fashewar Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (kimanin 12ka BP) ta samar da kimanin kilomita 50 kacal na cubic. [2] Duk da haka, ɗaya ne daga cikin ƙananan tsaunukan aman wuta da suka isa su samar da caldera . Yana cikin yankin tsaunukan aman wuta na Campanian, wanda ya haɗa da Dutsen Vesuvius, kimanin 9 kilometres (6 mi) gabas da Naples. Ana sa ido kan filayen Phlegraean ta hanyar Vesuvius Observatory . [3] An gina wani ɓangare na birnin Naples a kansa. Babban fashewar da aka sani a filayen Phlegraean yana da ƙimar fashewar aman wuta (VEI) na 7. Sau da yawa ana kiransa da babban dutsen mai ƙarfi a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu shahara, kodayake ma'anar da aka yarda da ita don wannan kalmar ita ce dutsen mai aman wuta wanda ya sami fashewar VEI na 8, mafi girman matakin. [lower-alpha 1]

Yankin caldera ya ƙunshi craters 24 da gine-ginen dutsen wuta. Yawancin su suna ƙarƙashin Tekun Naples. Akwai bayyanar gas a cikin rami na Solfatara, wanda aka yi imani a Roma ta dā shine gidan Vulcan, allahn wuta.[6] Yankin yana da abubuwan da suka faru na Bradyseismic, waɗanda suka fi bayyane a Pozzuoli" id="mwcQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Macellum of Pozzuoli">Macellum na Pozzuoli, wanda masu tonowa na ƙarni na 18 suka gano ba daidai ba a matsayin haikalin Serapis: ƙungiyoyin boreholes da molluscs na ruwa suka bari a kan ginshiƙan marmara sun nuna cewa matakin shafin dangane da matakin teku ya bambanta. Har yanzu ana iya lura da aikin hydrothermal a Lucrino, Agnano da garin Pozzuoli.

A halin yanzu, yankin filayen Phlegraean ya ƙunshi gundumomin Naples na Agnano da Fuorigrotta, yankin Pozzuoli, Bacoli, Monte di Procida, Quarto, Tsibirin Phlegraean, Ischia, Procida da Vivara . Crater na Solfatara yana samuwa a kan ƙafa har zuwa 2017 kuma yana dauke da fumaroles masu yawa da ke fitar da tururi da kuma tafkuna sama da 150, a ƙididdigar ƙarshe, na laka mai tafasa. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da craters na tuff, wanda ya cika da Tafkin Avernus, suna cikin caldera.

Geochemistry

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Sulfur da fumaroles a cikin rami na SolfataraRamin Solfatara

Magma da ke ƙarƙashin Filin Phlegraean yana samar da lavas na nau'o'i daban-daban amma gabaɗaya yana da wadataccen potassium. Trachyte shine samfurin fashewa na yau da kullun, mai wadataccen alkali a wasu lokuta. Peralkaline phonolitic trachyte da latite an kuma samar da su, kuma akwai trachybasalt mai wuya.[7]

Matakan yanayin ƙasa

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Ash a fadin yankin Bahar Rum shine shaida na babban fashewa shekaru 109,000 da suka gabata, wanda aka kira Maddaloni Eruption, ko X-6. Misali yana ba da ƙididdigar girman 7.6 da VEI 7, dan kadan kadan fiye da Ignimbrite na Campanian na kimanin shekaru 40,000 da suka gabata, yana mai da shi babban taron na biyu a tarihin fashewar Campi Flegrei . [8][9]

An gane matakai uku na ilimin ƙasa ko lokutan da aka rarrabe su.

  • Lokacin Farko na Phlegraean . Ana tsammanin cewa fashewar dutsen mai aman wuta na Archiflegreo ya faru kimanin shekaru 39,280 ± 110 (kimanin shekaru sama da 37,000) da suka wuce, wanda ya fashe kimanin 200 cubic kilometres (48 cu mi) na magma ( 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) girman girma) [10] don samar da fashewar Ignimbrite ta Campanian . [11] Ma'aunin fashewar dutsen mai aman wuta (VEI) shine 7 kuma ya bar babban ɓangare na gabashin Turai a rufe da toka.
An yi imanin cewa sakamakon rikicin muhalli ya shafe duka Neanderthal na ƙarshe da kuma Homo Sapiens na farko na farkon Upper Paleolithic. Mutanen zamani sun sake mamaye Turai daga gabas bayan fashewar da kuma zamanin kankara wanda ya faru daga 38,000 zuwa 36,000 BC.
Yankin Phlegrean yana da bankunan piperno da pipernoid mai launin toka a tudun Camaldoli, kamar yadda yake a arewa da yammacin Dutsen Cumae; wasu kayayyaki masu zurfi sune waɗanda aka samo a Monte di Procida, waɗanda za'a iya ganewa a cikin tsaunuka na bakin tekun.
  • Zamanin Phlegraean na Biyu, tsakanin shekaru 35,000 zuwa 10,500 da suka wuce. Wannan yana da alaƙa da launin rawaya na Neapolitan wanda shine ragowar wani babban dutsen mai aman wuta a ƙarƙashin ruwa, mai diamita na c. 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) ; [2] Pozzuoli tana tsakiyarta. Kimanin shekaru 12,000 da suka gabata babban fashewar ƙarshe ta faru, ta samar da ƙaramin caldera a cikin babban caldera, tare da tsakiyarta inda garin Pozzuoli yake a yau.
  • Zamanin Phlegraean na Uku, tsakanin shekaru 8,000 zuwa 500 da suka wuce. [12] Wannan yana da alaƙa da farin pozzolana, kayan da ke samar da mafi yawan dutsen mai aman wuta a cikin filayen. A takaice dai, ana iya cewa akwai ayyukan farko a kudu maso yamma a yankin Bacoli da Baiae (shekaru 10,000-8,000 da suka wuce); ayyukan tsaka-tsaki a yankin da ke tsakanin Pozzuoli, Montagna Spaccata [Tsaunin Cleft] da Agnano (shekaru 8,000–3,900 da suka wuce); da kuma ayyukan da aka yi kwanan nan zuwa yamma, waɗanda suka samar da Tafkin Avernus da Monte Nuovo (Sabon Dutsen) (shekaru 3,800–500 da suka wuce).

An kiyasta cewa dutsen argon yana da ƙarfin fashewa a cikin shekaru 315,000, 205,000, 157,000 da 18,000 da suka gabata. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Tun daga shekara ta 1500

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fumarole a filin Phlegraean . Hoton da Michael Wutky ya zana, shekarun 1780.
Crater na Dutsen Barbaro (dama), tare da wasu siffofin dutsen wuta a bango. Hoton launi na Pietro Fabris, 1776
Hoton filin Phlegraean a cikin shekara ta 1797

A cikin 1538, fashewar wuta ta kwana takwas a yankin ta ajiye isasshen kayan don ƙirƙirar sabon tudu, Monte Nuovo . Ya tashi kusan 2 metres (7 ft) daga matakin ƙasa tun 1970.

Tsibirin Ischia na dutsen wuta ya sha wahala daga girgizar ƙasa mai lalacewa uku a cikin 1828, 1881, kuma mafi lalacewa a cikin 1883, tare da girmansa 4.2-5.2 kuma ya haifar da girgizar bala'i da aka sanya XI (Extreme) a kan sikelin MCS. An bayar da rahoton mummunar lalacewa a tsibirin, kuma sama da mazauna 2,000 sun mutu.[13]

Wani shahararren tashin hankali tsakanin 1982 da 1986 ya samar da mita 1.8 na tashin hankali da kuma girgizar ƙasa mai yawa [14]

Wani labarin jarida na 2009 ya bayyana cewa lalacewar cibiyar caldera kusa da Pozzuoli na iya nuna wani fashewa a cikin shekaru da yawa.[15] A cikin 2012 Shirin Binciken Kimiyya na Duniya ya shirya don hako kilomita 3.5 (11,000 feet) a ƙasa da ƙasa kusa da Pompeii, don saka idanu kan babban ɗakin dutse mai narkewa a ƙasa da kuma samar da gargadi na farko game da duk wani fashewa. Masana kimiyya na cikin gida sun damu da cewa hakowa na iya haifar da fashewa ko girgizar ƙasa; masana kimiyya na shirin sun ce ba ya bambanta da hakowar masana'antu a yankin. An dakatar da hakowa a shekara ta 2010, amma daga baya aka sake dawowa. Wani labarin Reuters ya jaddada cewa yankin na iya samar da "babban dutsen wuta" wanda zai iya kashe miliyoyin mutane, amma bai ba da wata hujja ga da'awar ba.

Wani binciken daga Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia ya ba da rahoton cewa tashin hankali na dutsen wuta na Campi Flegrei daga Janairu 2012 zuwa Yuni 2013 centimetres (1 in) an nuna shi da saurin hauhawar ƙasa na kimanin 11 centimetres (4 in) in), tare da mafi girman kusan 3 in) a kowane wata a watan Disamba 2012. Ya kara da cewa daga 1985 zuwa 2011 ƙarfin haɓaka ƙasa galibi suna da alaƙa da tsarin hydrothermal na caldera, kuma wannan dangantakar ta rushe 2012. Hanyar tuki na hauhawar ƙasa ta canza zuwa wuri na lokaci-lokaci na magma a cikin wani tafkin magmatic mai siffar sill game da 3,000 metres (9,843 ft) a zurfi, 500 metres (1,640 ft) kudu daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Pozzuoli . [16]

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016, aikin ya zama mai girma sosai har aka ji tsoron fashewa.[17] A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017, wani binciken da Kwalejin Jami'ar London da Vesuvius Observatory suka buga a cikin Nature Communications sun kammala cewa fashewar na iya zama kusa da yadda aka yi tunani a baya. Binciken ya gano cewa tashin hankali na ƙasa tun daga shekarun 1950 yana da tasiri mai yawa, yana haifar da haɓaka makamashi a cikin ɓawon burodi kuma yana sa dutsen ya fi sa ya fi saurin fashewa. [18] [19][20][21]

A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2017 an yi girgizar ƙasa mai girman 4 a gefen yammacin yankin Campi Flegrei . [22] Mutane biyu sun mutu kuma mutane da yawa sun ji rauni a Casamicciola a arewacin tsibirin Ischia, wanda ke kudu da cibiyar.[23]

Ayyuka tun daga 2020

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Filin Phlegraean a cikin karni na 21
A map of the Campania region depicting the 1538 eruption and Pozzuoli. 1 map ; 289 x 423 mm (neat line), 295 x 428 mm (plate mark). Forms part of the Franco Novacco Map Collection at the Newberry Library.
Taswirar yankin Campania da ke nuna fashewar 1538 da Pozzuoli. Daga tarin taswirar Franco Novacco a ɗakin karatu na Newberry .

Dalilin girgizar ƙasa da ƙasa mai tasowa ba a san shi ba har zuwa 2023 . A cewar wani samfurin, wanda ake kira "model na magma mai zurfi" a cikin wani labarin Kimiyya na Amurka, magma yana turawa don karyawa ta farfajiyar, yana yin fashewar fashewa tare da yiwuwar gudana na magma. Koyaya hotunan girgizar ƙasa sun hana kasancewar babban jikin magma kusa da ƙasa. A cikin abin da aka kira samfurin ruwa mai zafi, tururi da iskar gas mai zafi da aka samar a sama da zurfin magma sune dalilin hauhawar farashi. A wannan yanayin aikin na iya tsayawa ba zato ba tsammani, ko kuma ya haifar da fashewar ruwa mai zafi, iskar gas da raguwar dutse, maimakon fashewar lava. Duk da yake yana da haɗari sosai, fashewar phreatic ba zai zama ƙasa da fashewar magma ba. Amsar wannan tambayar za ta inganta fahimtar yadda zai yiwu wannan dutsen mai fitattun wuta, da sauran manyan dutsen mai tsaunuka da manyan dutsen wuta, su tashi, da kuma alamun gargadi da za a duba.

Wani rahoto na matsayin Fabrairu 2020 ya nuna cewa tashin hankali na duniya a kusa da Pozzuoli ya ci gaba da raguwa, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 0.7 cm a kowane wata tun watan Yulin 2017. Gas da yanayin zafi ba su canza sosai ba.[24][25] A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024 an ruwaito cewa ƙasa tana tashi da 2 cm a kowane wata, tare da karuwar adadin.  

A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2020, wani girgizar ƙasa mai matsakaici ya buge Campi Flegrei caldera, tare da kimanin girgizar kasa 34 da ke tsakanin girman 0 da girman 3.1 da ke kewaye da tashar jiragen ruwa na Pozzuoli. Girgizar kasa mafi karfi a cikin jerin ta kasance mai girma 3.1, mafi karfi a lokacin tun lokacin da aka yi babban tashin hankali da saurin tashi a 1982-1984. Koyaya, ba a bayar da rahoton sabbin fumaroles ba.[26]

An bayar da rahoton aikin dutsen wuta a watan Janairun 2022 don karuwa. A cikin shekara zuwa Satumba 2023, aikin girgizar ƙasa ya kara tsanantawa, musamman a cikin watanni masu zuwa. A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2023, girgizar kasa mai girman 4.2 - mafi karfi a cikin shekaru 40 - ya haifar da shirye-shiryen gaggawa don kwashe mutane 360,000 a yankin. Duk da ƙarin girgizar ƙasa ta 4.0 a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, yawancin masu ilimin dutsen wuta suna la'akari da cewa ba a sa ran babban fashewa nan da nan.

Wani yanayi mafi kyau na tashin hankali na baya-bayan nan an dauke shi aikin da ya ƙare, kamar yadda ya faru bayan aiki da yawa a cikin shekarun 1980. Mafi muni zai zama fashewar dutse kamar fashewar Monte Nuovo na 1538 ko babban fashewar phreatic (turf). Wani binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Geophysics da Volcanology (INGV) da Kwalejin Jami'ar London (UCL) suka yi a watan Yunin 2023 sun kammala cewa dutsen yana kan hanyar zuwa "maɓallin fashewa" kuma yana cikin "matsayi mai haɗari sosai". Nello Musumeci, ministan kare farar hula na Italiya, ya nemi jami'an yankin Neapolitan don "hanzarta shirye-shiryen fitowa a yayin gaggawa"; ya ce za a gudanar da kwashewa ne kawai a yayin "babban bukata". Za a gwada shirye-shiryen kwashewar jama'a a ƙarshen Mayu 2024.

Ayyukan girgizar ƙasa masu tsanani sun ci gaba a cikin 2024. A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2024, aikin girgizar ƙasa ya kara tsanantawa, tare da tarin girgizar kasa 150 a cikin 'yan sa'o'i, daya daga cikin girman 4.4 wanda ya haifar da tsoro tsakanin yawan mutanen Pozzuoli da wasu tsagewa da ƙananan lalacewar gine-gine. An kwashe makarantu da kurkuku.

An fara wani sabon girgizar ƙasa tun daga tsakiyar watan Fabrairun 2025. A ranar 13 ga Maris 2025 da ƙarfe 1:25:02, wata girgizar ƙasa mai girman 4.4 ta faru tsakanin Pozzuoli da Bagnoli, kwata na Naples. [27] An sami ɗan ƙaramin lalacewa da kuma mutum ɗaya da ya ji rauni sakamakon faɗuwar rufin ƙarya a cikin wani gida. Ana sa ido kan lamarin kuma dukkan cibiyoyi suna da hannu: ƙananan hukumomi, yankin Campania, lardin Naples, masu kashe gobara da masu sa kai na kare fararen hula. A ranar 14 ga Maris 2025, wata sabuwar girgizar ƙasa mai girman 3.5 ta afku, kuma washegari aka yi girgizar ƙasa mai girman 3.9. A ranar 13 ga Mayu 2025, da ƙarfe 12.07, wata sabuwar girgizar ƙasa mai girman 4.4 ta biyo baya sannan kuma wasu girgizar ƙasa masu ƙarancin girma. A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2025, da ƙarfe 12:47, wata sabuwar girgizar ƙasa mai girman 4.6 ta biyo baya da jerin girgizar ƙasa masu ƙarancin girma.

Tun lokacin da aikin girgizar ƙasa ya faru a cikin 2024 a zurfin har zuwa kilomita uku, girman da ake tsammani na girgizar kasa yana kusa da 4.4-4.5. Caldera na dutsen yana da kimanin kilomita 10-12 a diamita, wanda ke nuna cewa girgizar ƙasa ta cikin yanayi ne kuma ba za ta iya yaduwa a kan nesa ba.[28]

Koyaya, ya bayyana cewa yankunan da ke kewaye da su suna da haɗin kai ko ci gaba da ayyukan girgizar ƙasa, kamar girgizar ƙasar da ta faru a Avellino a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2025, girgizar kasa da ta faru da Irpinia a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2025.

Sunan gado

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Dangane da rawar da ta taka a karni na 18 da 19 a ci gaban kimiyyar ƙasa, ba aƙalla ilimin dutsen wuta ba, Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Duniya (IUGS) ta haɗa wannan yankin a cikin tarin 'yan tarihi na ƙasa' 100 a duniya a cikin jerin da aka buga a watan Oktoba 2022.[29]

Ruwan inabi

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Ruwan inabi na Italiya, ja da fari, a ƙarƙashin sunan Campi Flegrei DOC ya fito ne daga wannan yanki. Dole ne a girbi inabi da aka ƙaddara don samar da DOC har zuwa matsakaicin amfanin ton na tan 12 / hekta don nau'ikan ruwan inabi na ja, da 13 t / hekta ga nau'ikan inabi na fari. Ana buƙatar yin ruwan inabi da aka gama zuwa mafi ƙarancin Matsayin barasa na 11.5% don ja da 10.5% don fari. Duk da yake yawancin ruwan inabi na Campi Flegrei sun haɗu ne, ana iya yin ruwan inabi iri-iri daga nau'ikan mutum, idan dai iri-iri da aka yi amfani da su sun ƙunshi aƙalla 90% na cakuda kuma ruwan inabi yana fermented zuwa akalla 12% barasa ga ja da 11% ga fari.[30]

Red Campi Flegrei cakuda ne na 50-70% Piedirosso, 10-30% Aglianico da / ko Sciascinoso da har zuwa 10% na sauran nau'ikan inabi na gida (ja da fari). Fararen sun hada da 50-70% Falanghina, 10-30% Biancolella da / ko Coda di Volpe, tare da har zuwa 30% na sauran nau'ikan farin inabi na gida.[30]

Muhimmancin al'adu

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Campi Flegrei yana da mahimmancin dabarun da al'adu.

  • Yankin ya kasance wurin da ake amfani da dutse na piperno, ignimbrite (tuff mai laushi), dutse da aka yi amfani da shi don gina yawancin Naples; piperno "watakila shine mafi mahimmancin dutse na Naples, wanda aka yi amfani dashi a tsawon lokaci daga akalla zamanin Roman har zuwa farkon karni na 20. " [31] An yi amfani da dutsen Piperno a cikin ginin Pompeii, tare da wasu dutse ciki har da Naples yellow tuff, foamy basalt, da dutse.[32]
  • Yankin ya kasance sananne ga Helenawa na dā, waɗanda ke da mulkin mallaka a kusa da Cumae, wurin zama na Cumaean Sibyl.
  • Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Miliscola, a Bacoli, shi ne hedkwatar makarantar soja ta Roma.
  • An yi imanin cewa Tafkin Avernus shine ƙofar duniyar ƙasa, kuma an nuna shi a matsayin haka a cikin Aeneid na Virgil . A lokacin yakin basasa tsakanin Octavian da Antony, Agrippa ya yi ƙoƙari ya juya tafkin zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta soja, Portus Julius .
  • Baiae, yanzu an rufe shi da wani ɓangare, ya kasance wurin shakatawa na bakin teku kuma shine wurin zama na Julius Kaisar, Nero, da Hadrian (wanda ya mutu a can).
  • A cikin Pozzuoli akwai Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Flavian, gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya uku mafi girma na Italiya bayan Colosseum da Capuan Amphitheatre.
  • Hanyar Appia ta ratsa garin Quarto, wanda aka gina shi gaba ɗaya a kan wani rami da ya ƙare.
  • Cave of Dogs, sanannen jan hankalin yawon bude ido a farkon zamani, yana gefen gabas na Filin.
  • Dutsen mafi ƙanƙanta a Turai, Monte Nuovo, yana nan.[33] Wani oasis na WWF yana cikin babban rami na Astroni.
  • Kabarin Agrippina the Elder da Scipio Africanus suna nan.
  • A Baiae, yanzu a cikin comune na Bacoli, an gina mafi tsufa mai zafi ga Romawa mafi arziki. Ya haɗa da mafi girman tsohuwar dome a duniya kafin gina Roman Pantheon .
  • Mai watsa shirye-shiryen taurari kuma marubuci Patrick Moore ya yi amfani da waɗannan Filin a matsayin misali na dalilin da ya sa Craters na tasiri a kan Wata dole ne ya kasance na asalin dutsen wuta, wanda wasu suka ɗauka a matsayin ingantaccen ra'ayi har zuwa shekarun 1960.
  • Akwai ka'idar cewa babban fashewar Ignimbrite na Campanian a kusa da shekaru 39,280 ± 110 da suka gabata ya ba da gudummawa ga halakawar Neanderthals, bisa ga shaidar daga kogon Mezmaiskaya a cikin Dutsen Caucasus na kudancin Rasha.[34]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Questions About Supervolcanoes". Volcanic Hazards Program. USGS Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. 2015-08-21. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
  2. 1 2 Scarpati, Claudio; Cole, Paul; Perrotta, Annamaria (1993). "The Neapolitan Yellow Tuff — A large volume multiphase eruption from Campi Flegrei, Southern Italy". Bulletin of Volcanology. 55 (5): 343–356. Bibcode:1993BVol...55..343S. doi:10.1007/BF00301145. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Scarpati et al" defined multiple times with different content.
  3. ↑ "Campi Flegrei - stato attuale". Vesuvius Observatory. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  4. ↑ Howard, Brian Clark (22 December 2016). "One of Earth's Most Dangerous Supervolcanoes Is Rumbling". Nationalgeographc.com. National Geographic. Archived from the original on April 5, 2021.
  5. ↑ de Silva, Shanaka (2008). "Arc magmatism, calderas, and supervolcanos". Geology. 36 (8): 671. Bibcode:2008Geo....36..671D. doi:10.1130/focus082008.1.
  6. ↑ (Vladimír ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ↑ Armienti, P.; Barberi, F.; Bizojard, H.; Clocchiatti, R.; Innocenti, F.; Metrich, N.; Rosi, M.; Sbrana, A. (September 1983). "The phlegraean fields: Magma evolution within a shallow chamber". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 17 (1–4): 289–311. Bibcode:1983JVGR...17..289A. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(83)90073-2.
  8. ↑ Fernandez, Giada; Costa, Antonio; Giaccio, Biagio; Natale, Jacopo; Palladino, Danilo M.; Sottili, Gianluca (15 January 2025). "The Maddaloni/X-6 eruption stands out as one of the major events during the Late Pleistocene at Campi Flegrei". Communications Earth & Environment. 6 (1). Bibcode:2025ComEE...6...27F. doi:10.1038/s43247-025-01998-8. ISSN 2662-4435. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  9. ↑ "One of the most powerful eruptions in the history of Campi Flegrei discovered". Agenzia Nova. 4 February 2025.
  10. ↑ Fisher, Richard V.; Giovanni Orsi; Michael Ort; Grant Heiken (June 1993). "Mobility of a large-volume pyroclastic flow — emplacement of the Campanian ignimbrite, Italy". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 56 (3): 205–220. Bibcode:1993JVGR...56..205F. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(93)90017-L. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
  11. ↑ Fedele, Francesco G.; et al. (2002). "Ecosystem Impact of the Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption in Late Pleistocene Europe". Quaternary Research. 57 (3): 420–424. Bibcode:2002QuRes..57..420F. doi:10.1006/qres.2002.2331. S2CID 129476314.
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "brand".
  13. ↑ S. Carlino; E. Cubellis; A. Marturano (2010). "The catastrophic 1883 earthquake at the island of Ischia (southern Italy): macroseismic data and the role of geological conditions". Natural Hazards. 52 (231): 231–247. Bibcode:2010NatHa..52..231C. doi:10.1007/s11069-009-9367-2. S2CID 140602189. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  14. ↑ De Siena, Luca; Chiodini, Giovanni; Vilardo, Giuseppe; Del Pezzo, Edoardo; Castellano, Mario; Colombelli, Simona; Tisato, Nicola; Ventura, Guido (2017). "Source and dynamics of a volcanic caldera unrest: Campi Flegrei, 1983–84". Scientific Reports. 7 (1). Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.8099D. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08192-7. PMC 5556014. PMID 28808286.
  15. ↑ Isaia, Roberto; Marianelli, Paola; Sbrana, Alessandro (2009). "Caldera unrest prior to intense volcanism in Campi Flegrei (Italy) at 4.0 ka B.P.: Implications for caldera dynamics and future eruptive scenarios". Geophysical Research Letters. 36 (L21303): L21303. Bibcode:2009GeoRL..3621303I. doi:10.1029/2009GL040513.
  16. ↑ D'Auria, Luca; Susi Pepe; Raffaele Castaldo; Flora Giudicepietro; Giovanni Macedonio; Patrizia Ricciolino; Pietro Tizzani; Francesco Casu; Riccardo Lanari; Mariarosaria Manzo; Marcello Martini; Eugenio Sansosti; Ivana Zinno (2015). "Magma injection beneath the urban area of Naples: a new mechanism for the 2012–2013 volcanic unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera". Scientific Reports. 5. Bibcode:2015NatSR...513100D. doi:10.1038/srep13100. PMC 4538569. PMID 26279090.
  17. ↑ "Naples astride a rumbling mega-volcano".
  18. ↑ "Campi Flegrei volcano eruption possibly closer than thought".
  19. ↑ "One of World's Most Dangerous Supervolcanoes is Rumbling". 22 December 2016. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016.
  20. ↑ "One of the world's most terrifying supervolcanoes is showing signs of reawakening in Italy". Independent.co.uk. 21 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26.
  21. ↑ "Italian Supervolcano Could be Closer to Erupting Than Previously Thought". 15 May 2017.
  22. ↑ "M 4.3 - 5km NW of Monte di Procida, Italy". USGS.
  23. ↑ "Ischia earthquake: cheers go up as rescuers free third trapped brother". Guardian. 22 August 2017.
  24. ↑ "Campi Flegrei volcano (Italy) status report: no significant variations in activity". www.volcanodiscovery.com. 21 November 2019.
  25. ↑ "Campi Flegrei volcano (Italy) status report: continuing slow inflation". www.volcanodiscovery.com. 27 February 2020.
  26. ↑ "Campi-Flegrei-volcano-(Italy):Seismic swarm reported". www.volcanodiscovery.com. 27 April 2020.
  27. ↑ "Earthquake with magnitude of Md 4.4 on date 13-03-2025 and time 01:25:02 (Italy) in region Campi Flegrei". ingv.it. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. Retrieved 13 March 2025.
  28. ↑ "Terremoti, il sismologo: "Nessun legame tra Marche e Napoli. Nei Campi Flegrei la sismicità sta aumentando da anni, ma non c'è da temere"" [Earthquakes, the seismologist: "No connection between Marche and Naples. Seismicity has been increasing for years in the Campi Flegrei, but there is no cause for alarm"] (in Italiyanci). La Repubblica. 8 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023.
  29. ↑ "The First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites" (PDF). IUGS International Commission on Geoheritage. IUGS. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  30. 1 2 P. Saunders Wine Label Language pg 132 Firefly Books 2004 ISBN 1-55297-720-X Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Saunders" defined multiple times with different content.
  31. ↑ Calcaterra, Domenico; Cappelletti, Piergiulio; Langella, Alessio; Morra, Vincenzo; Colella, Abner; de Gennaro, Roberto (December 2000). "The building stones of the ancient centre of Naples (Italy): Piperno from Campi Flegrei. A contribution to the knowledge of a long-time-used stone". Journal of Cultural Heritage. 1 (4): 415–427. doi:10.1016/S1296-2074(00)01097-9.
  32. ↑ Marra, F.; Palladino, D. M.; Licht, O. A. Boni (July 2022). "The peperino rocks: historical and volcanological overview". Bulletin of Volcanology. 84 (7). Bibcode:2022BVol...84...69M. doi:10.1007/s00445-022-01573-5. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  33. ↑ "Pozzuoli: history, archeology, art, architecture, environment".
  34. ↑ Liubov Vitaliena Golovanova; Vladimir Borisovich Doronichev; Naomi Elancia Cleghorn; Marianna Alekseevna Koulkova; Tatiana Valentinovna Sapelko; M. Steven Shackley (October 2010). "Volcanoes Wiped out Neanderthals, New Study Suggests" (news release). Current Anthropology. 51 (5): 655–691. doi:10.1086/656185. S2CID 144299365. Significance of Ecological Factors in the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition
  1. ↑ Non-scientific media have described the area as a supervolcano[4] but it does not meet the criterion set by vulcanologists: an eruption with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 8,[5] the largest recorded value on the index. This means the volume of deposits for such an eruption is greater than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cubic miles)
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