Fitar da 'yan gudun hijira a Tekun Bahar Rum
| Iri |
crisis (en)  |
|---|---|
| Bangare na |
European migrant crisis (en) |
| Wuri | Bahar Rum |
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A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an bayyana smuggling na mutum a matsayin "samsaka, don samun, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, fa'idar kudi ko wasu kayan aiki, na shigar mutum ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin Jam'iyyar Jiha wacce mutumin ba ɗan ƙasa ba ne ko mazaunin dindindin. "[1]
Kalmomin "mutane masu safarar mutane" da "mutanen da ke safarar baƙi" galibi ana amfani da su tare da "smuggling na mutane", kuma suna bin ma'anar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar.
Fitar da baƙi laifi ne mai launin shudi, ma'ana wani nau'i na aikata laifuka a teku. Fiye da haka, yana wakiltar wani nau'in aikata laifuka mai launin shudi wanda ya haɗa da aikata laifukan ta hanyar smuggling da motsi na teku na mutane.
Ba a la'akari da ƙaura ba bisa ka'ida ba a matsayin laifi mai launin shudi, saboda ba lallai ba ne a tsara shi. Koyaya, lokacin da ya shafi safarar ƙaura, yana iya fadawa ƙarƙashin wannan rukuni. Sau da yawa masu safarar mutane ne ke sauƙaƙe ƙaura ba bisa ka'ida ba a fadin Bahar Rum, waɗanda ayyukansu suka bambanta dangane da tsari, sikelin, da hanyoyin. Wadannan na iya kasancewa daga ƙananan ƙungiyoyi na mutane zuwa manyan cibiyoyin sadarwa na ƙasashen duniya. Saboda haka safarar baƙi tana da alaƙa da ƙaura mara kyau, yayin da masu safarar mutane ke ba da hanyar sufuri ga mutanen da ke ƙoƙarin ƙetare Tekun Bahar Rum ta hanyoyi masu haɗari. Saboda haka, yawan shigo da 'yan gudun hijira yana shafar yanayin ƙaura da' yan gudun hijira.[2]
Duk da yake kwararar ƙaura ta zo kuma ta tafi a cikin tarihi, lambobin yanzu da ke kewaye da motsi na ɗan adam ba a taɓa gani ba. Yanayi, tattalin arziki, da kuma yawan jama'a suna haifar da bambancin tsarin ƙaura da hanyoyi a tsawon lokaci. A cikin 2020, akwai 'yan gudun hijira na kasa da kasa miliyan 281 a duk faɗin duniya, wanda ya kai kashi 3.6% na yawan jama'ar duniya. Kodayake wannan karamin kashi ne na yawan jama'a, yawan mutanen da ke zaune a jihohin da ba a inda aka haife su ba ya ninka fiye da sau uku tun daga shekara ta 1970.
Ana rarraba hanyoyin tsallaka Bahar Rum zuwa manyan hanyoyi huɗu: hanyar Gabashin Bahar Rum, tare da tashi daga Turkiyya zuwa Girka, Cyprus, ko Bulgaria; hanyar Bahar Rum ta Tsakiya daga Aljeriya, Misira, Libya da Tunisia zuwa Italiya da Malta; hanyar Yammacin Bahar Rum daga Aljariya da Morocco zuwa Spain - ban da Tsibirin Canary; da kuma hanyar Yamma ta Afirka daga Senegal, Mauritania, Morocco da Yammacin Sahara zuwa Tsibirin Canari.[3] Hanyoyin Yammacin biyu galibi ana haɗa su tare kuma ana kiransu gaba ɗaya a matsayin hanyar Yamma.[4]
Tun lokacin Rikicin ƙaura na 2015, an ayyana hanyar Bahar Rum ta Tsakiya a matsayin hanyar ƙaura mafi muni a duniya. Fiye da baƙi 20,000 sun mutu ko sun ɓace a kan hanyoyin Bahar Rum tsakanin 2014 da 2022.[5] A cikin 2024, kusan baƙi 208,000 ba bisa ka'ida ba sun haye Tekun Bahar Rum kuma sun isa Turai, gami da 70,664 ta hanyar Yamma, 70,295 ta hanyar Gabas, da 66,855 ta hanyar Tsakiya. Wannan ya nuna raguwa daga sama da mutane 275,000 da suka isa a 2023. Ya zuwa Mayu 2025, jimlar baƙi 41,875 sun isa a fadin manyan hanyoyin Bahar Rum guda uku.
Rikicin Shige da Fice na 2015
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Fiye da baƙi miliyan 1.3 sun isa gabar Turai a cikin 2015 kadai, kuma fiye da mutane 3,500 sun mutu yayin ƙoƙarin tafiya. Adadin wadanda suka mutu yana iya zama mafi girma, saboda akwai yiwuwar mutane da yawa wadanda ba a gano jikinsu daga teku ba. Fiye da kashi 75% na waɗannan bakin haure suna tserewa daga rikice-rikicen da ke Siriya, Afghanistan, da Iraki. Ana iya gano manyan abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga wannan zuwa 2011 tare da farkon Arab Spring da manyan yaƙe-yaƙe a Gabas ta Tsakiya.[6] Yawancin waɗannan ƙetare an kiyasta cewa masu safarar mutane ne suka sauƙaƙe su. Kamar yadda cibiyoyin smuggling suka bambanta da girman da iyawa, haka kuma hanyoyin da suke amfani da su. Misali, a kan hanyar Bahar Rum ta Tsakiya - wanda ya fi tsayi kuma ya fi haɗari fiye da sauran hanyoyin - ana amfani da manyan jiragen ruwa. Wadannan yawanci ba su da kyau kuma suna da yawa. A cikin 2016, fiye da mutane miliyan 1.3 sun nemi mafaka a cikin EU, Norway, da Switzerland, wanda ya ninka fiye da rikodin da ya gabata wanda aka kafa a cikin 1992.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. United Nations. 2000.
- ↑ Papadouka, Maria Eirini; Montagna, Nicola; Serrantino, Giuseppe (2024-11-11). "Human smugglers or criminalised migrants? Securitarian bordering and the criminalisation of 'captains' in the Mediterranean". Trends in Organized Crime (in Turanci). doi:10.1007/s12117-024-09553-1. ISSN 1936-4830.
- ↑ "West and Central Mediterranean situation". Global Focus (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2025-03-27. Retrieved 2025-05-25.
- ↑ "EU migration and asylum policy". Consilium (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-05-25.
- ↑ "World Migration Report 2024. Reveals Latest Global Trends and Challenges in Human Mobility" (PDF). worldmigrationreport.iom.int (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-05-23.
- ↑ Spindler, William (2015-12-08). "2015: The year of Europe's refugee crisis". UNHCR US (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-29.