Fitarwa da fitar da Jamusawa (1944-1950)

Fitarwa da fitar da Jamusawa (1944-1950)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	deportation (en)
Fuskar	Federation of Expellees (en)
Ƙasa	Jamus
Lokacin farawa	1944
Lokacin gamawa	1950
Has cause (en)	end of World War II in Europe (en)
Class of object(s) of occurrence (en)	Germans (en)
Wuri
48°41′N 9°08′E

A lokacin da aka kammala yakin duniya na biyu da kuma bayan yakin, Reichsdeutsche (yan ƙasar Jamus) da Volksdeutsche ("Jamusanci na ƙabilar da ke zaune a waje da jihar Nazi) sun gudu kuma an kore su daga ƙasashe daban-daban na Gabas da Tsakiyar Turai, gami da Czechoslovakia, da kuma tsoffin lardunan Jamus na Lower da Upper Silesia, Gabashin Prussia, da gabashin sassan Brandenburg (Neumark) da Pomerania (Farther Pomerania), waɗanda Gwamnatin Wuriyar Poland da Tarayyar Soviet suka haɗa su.

Winston Churchill ne ya gabatar da ra'ayin fitar da Jamusawa daga yankunan da aka haɗa, tare da gwamnatocin Poland da Czechoslovak da ke gudun hijira a London tun aƙalla 1942 . Tomasz Arciszewski, Firayim Ministan Poland a gudun hijira, ya goyi bayan mamaye yankin Jamus amma ya yi adawa da ra'ayin korar, yana so a maimakon haka ya zama 'yan Jamus a matsayin' yan ƙasar Poland kuma ya daidaitawa su. Joseph Stalin, tare da sauran shugabannin Kwaminisanci, ya shirya fitar da dukkan kabilun Jamus daga gabashin Oder da kuma daga ƙasashen da daga Mayu 1945 suka fada cikin yankunan Soviet. A shekara ta 1941, gwamnatinsa ta riga ta kai Jamusawa daga Crimea zuwa Asiya ta Tsakiya.

Tsakanin 1944 da 1948, miliyoyin mutane, ciki har da kabilun Jamus (Volksdeutsche) da 'yan ƙasar Jamus (Reichsdeutsche), an ƙaura su har abada ko na ɗan lokaci daga Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai. A shekara ta 1950, kimanin Jamusawa miliyan 12 sun tsere ko kuma an kore su daga gabashin tsakiyar Turai zuwa Jamus da Austria da ke da alaƙa. Gwamnatin Jamus ta Yamma ta sanya jimlar miliyan 14.6, ciki har da 'yan kabilar Jamus miliyan daya da suka zauna a yankunan da Nazi Jamus ta ci nasara a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu,' yan gudun hijirar kabilun Jamus zuwa Jamus bayan 1950, da kuma yaran da aka haifa ga iyaye da aka fitar. Mafi yawan lambobi sun fito ne daga tsoffin yankunan gabashin Jamus da aka ba da su ga Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland da Tarayyar Soviet (kimanin miliyan bakwai), kuma daga Czechoslovakia (kimani miliyan uku). 

Yankunan da abin ya shafa sun haɗa da tsoffin yankunan gabashin Jamus, waɗanda Poland ta haɗa, da Tarayyar Soviet bayan yaƙin da Jamusawa waɗanda ke zaune a cikin iyakokin Jamhuriyar Poland ta Biyu, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, da Jihohin Baltic kafin yaƙin. An yi jayayya game da yawan mutanen da suka mutu saboda jirgin da korarsu, tare da kimantawa daga 500,000 har zuwa miliyan 2.5 bisa ga gwamnatin Jamus.  

Cirewar ta faru ne a matakai uku masu haɗuwa, na farko daga cikinsu shine shirya kwashewar kabilun Jamus ta jihar Nazi a fuskar Sojojin Red Army masu ci gaba daga tsakiyar 1944 zuwa farkon 1945. Mataki na biyu shi ne ɓarna na ƙabilar Jamus nan da nan bayan mika wuya ta Wehrmacht. Mataki na uku ya kasance fitar da shi da aka tsara bayan Yarjejeniyar Potsdam ta shugabannin Allied, wanda ya sake bayyana iyakokin Turai ta Tsakiya kuma ya amince da fitar da kabilun Jamus daga tsoffin yankunan Jamus da aka sauya zuwa Poland, Rasha, da Czechoslovakia. An tura fararen hula da yawa na Jamus zuwa sansanonin fursunoni da sansanonin aiki inda aka yi amfani da su azaman aikin tilas a matsayin wani ɓangare na biyan diyya na Jamus ga ƙasashe a Gabashin Turai. An kammala manyan korar a shekarar 1950. Kimanin yawan mutanen da ke da asalin Jamus har yanzu suna zaune a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai a cikin 1950 ya kasance daga 700,000 zuwa miliyan 2.7. 

• 
  German language area after the official census of 1910
• 
  Germans in each region of Poland as percentage of the total population before the flight and expulsion
• 
  German language areas in Poland, Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), Lithuania, and Czech Republic before expulsion of Germans    
• 
  Refugees moving westwards in 1945

Tarihi

Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Gabashin Tsakiyar Turai gabaɗaya ba su da yankunan ƙabilu da aka tsara a bayyane. Akwai wasu yankuna masu kabilanci, amma akwai kuma manyan yankuna masu gauraye da ƙananan aljihun da kabilun daban-daban suka zauna. A cikin waɗannan yankuna na bambancin, gami da manyan biranen Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, mutane a cikin kabilun daban-daban sun yi hulɗa kowace rana na ƙarni, yayin da ba koyaushe ba, a kowane matakin jama'a da tattalin arziki.

Tare da hauhawar kishin kasa a cikin karni na 19, kabilanci na 'yan ƙasa ya zama matsala a cikin'awar ƙasa, fahimtar kai / asalin jihohi, da'awar fifiko na kabilanci. Daular Jamus ta gabatar da ra'ayin sulhu na kabilanci a cikin ƙoƙari na tabbatar da amincin yankinta. Har ila yau, ita ce jiha ta farko ta Turai ta zamani da ta ba da shawarar canja wurin yawan jama'a a matsayin hanyar warware "rashin jituwa na kasa", da niyyar cire 'yan Poland da Yahudawa daga shirin bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I"Polish Border Strip" da kuma sake zama tare da' yan kabilar Jamus.

Bayan rushewar Austria-Hungary, Daular Rasha, da Daular Jamus a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na I, Yarjejeniyar Versailles ta ayyana kafa kasashe masu zaman kansu da yawa a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabas, a yankunan da waɗannan ikon mulkin mallaka ke sarrafawa a baya. Babu wani daga cikin sabbin jihohin da ke da kabilanci iri daya. Bayan 1919, yawancin kabilun Jamus sun yi hijira daga tsoffin ƙasashen mulkin mallaka zuwa Jamhuriyar Weimar da Jamhuriyar Austriya ta farko bayan sun rasa matsayinsu na dama a waɗancan ƙasashen waje, inda suka ci gaba da kasancewa da al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru. A cikin 1919 kabilun Jamus sun zama 'yan tsiraru na ƙasa a Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, da Romania. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, akidar Nazi ta ƙarfafa su da su nemi ikon cin gashin kansu na gida. A cikin Jamus a cikin shekarun 1930, Farfagandar Nazi ta yi iƙirarin cewa Jamusawa a wasu wurare suna fuskantar tsanantawa. Magoya bayan Nazi a ko'ina cikin gabashin Turai (Konrad Henlein na Czechoslovakia, Deutscher Volksverband na Poland da Jungdeutsche Partei, Volksbund der Deutschen na Hungary a Ungarn) sun kafa jam'iyyun siyasa na Nazi na gida waɗanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Jamus ta tallafawa ta kudi, misali ta Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle. Koyaya, a shekara ta 1939 fiye da rabin Jamusawa na Poland suna zaune a waje da yankunan Jamus na Poland saboda inganta damar tattalin arzik

Motsi na yawan jama'a

Yawan jama'ar Jamusanci: 1958 Ƙididdigar Jamusancin Yamma da ƙididdigar ƙididdigal na ƙasa kafin yaƙi (1930-31)

Yankin ƙasa	Ƙididdigar Jamus ta Yammacin shekara ta 1958	Bayanan ƙididdigar ƙasa 1930-31	Ragewa
Poland (yanki na 1939)	1,371,000	741,000	630,000
Czechoslovakia	3,477,000	3,232,000[3]	245,000
Romania	786,000	745,000	41,000
Yugoslavia	536,800	500,000[5]	36,800
Hungary	623,000	478,000[6]	145,000
Netherlands	3,691	3,691	3,500

Bayani:

• Dangane da ƙididdigar ƙididdigal na ƙasa yawan ƙabilar Jamus a cikin yawan jama'a ya kasance: Poland 2.3%; Czechoslovakia 22.3%; Hungary 5.5%; Romania 4.1% da Yugoslavia 3.6% .
• Adadin Jamusanci na Yamma sune tushen da aka yi amfani da shi don kimanta asarar a cikin korar.
• Adadin Jamusanci na Yammacin Poland ya fashe a matsayin 939,000 na Jamusanci guda ɗaya da 432,000 na yaren Polish / Jamusanci.
• Adadin Jamusanci na Yamma don Poland ya haɗa da 60,000 a cikin Trans-Olza wanda Poland ta haɗa shi a 1938. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 1930, an haɗa wannan yankin a cikin yawan mutanen Czechoslovak.
• Binciken Yammacin Jamus game da Deutsche Volksliste na lokacin yaƙi na Alfred Bohmann (de) ya sanya yawan 'yan ƙasar Poland a yankunan Poland da Nazi Jamus ta daga waɗanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin Jamusanci a 709,500 tare da 1,846,000 Poles waɗanda aka ɗauka 'yan takara don Jamusanci. Bugu da kari, akwai Volksdeutsch 63,000 a cikin Janar Gwamnati. Martin Broszat ya ambaci wani takarda tare da adadi daban-daban na Volksliste 1,001,000 an gano su a matsayin Jamusawa da kuma 1,761,000 'yan takara don Jamusawa. Adadin Deutsche Volksliste sun cire kabilun Jamus da suka sake zama a Poland a lokacin yakin.
• Adadin ƙididdigar ƙasa na Jamusawa sun haɗa da Yahudawa masu magana da Jamusanci. Poland (7,000) Yankin Czech ba tare da Slovakia ba (75,000) Hungary 10,000, Yugoslavia (10,000)