Flavonoid
 Flavonoid | |
|---|---|
imprecise class of chemical entities (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
polyketide (en) , metabolite (en) da aromatic compound (en) |
| Found in taxon (en) | shuka |
Flavonoids (ko bioflavonoids; daga kalmar Latin flavus, ma'ana rawaya, launi a cikin yanayi) wani nau'i ne na polyphenolic secondary metabolites da aka samu a cikin shuke-shuke. Blackberry, black currant, chokeberry, da ja cabbage misalai ne na tsire-tsire tare da wadataccen abun ciki na flavonoids. A cikin ilmin halitta na shuke-shuke, flavonoids suna cika ayyuka daban-daban, gami da jan hankalin kwari masu shuka, kariya ta Antioxidant daga hasken ultraviolet, hana damuwa da muhalli da pathogens, da kuma tsara ci gaban tantanin halitta.[1][2]
Kodayake galibi ana cinye su a cikin Abinci na mutum da na dabba da kuma kayan abinci, ba a la'akari da flavonoids a matsayin abubuwan gina jiki ko antioxidants na halitta da ke da muhimmanci ga ayyukan jiki, kuma ba su da tasiri a kan lafiyar mutum ko rigakafin cututtuka.[1][2][3]
Ta hanyar sunadarai, flavonoids suna da tsarin gaba ɗaya na kwarangwal na carbon 15, wanda ya ƙunshi zobba biyu na phenyl (A da B) da zoben heterocyclic (C, zoben da ke dauke da iskar oxygen da aka saka).[1][4] Wannan tsarin carbon za a iya taƙaita shi C6-C3-C6. Dangane da sunan IUPAC, ana iya rarraba su cikin flavonoids ko 'neoflavonoids', isoflavonoides, wanda aka samo daga tsarin 3-phenylchromen-4-one (3-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone), da neoflavonoid, wanda aka samu daga tsarin 4-phenylcoumarin (4-phenyl-1,2-benzopyrona).
Kamar yadda mahaɗan da ke dauke da ketone, ana haɗa nau'ikan flavonoid guda uku a matsayin anthoxanthins (flavones da flavonols). [1] Wannan aji shine na farko da za a kira bioflavonoids. Kalmomin flavonoid da bioflavonoid an kuma yi amfani da su don bayyana mahaɗan polyphenol marasa ketone, waɗanda ake kira flavanoids.[4]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shekarun 1930, Albert Szent-Györgyi da sauran masana kimiyya sun gano cewa Bitamin C kadai ba shi da tasiri wajen hana scurvy kamar yadda aka cire mai launin rawaya daga orange, lemun tsami ko paprika. Sun danganta karuwar aikin wannan cirewa ga sauran abubuwa a cikin wannan cakuda, wanda suka kira "citrin" (yana nufin citrus) ko "vitamin P" (yana nuni da tasirinsa akan rage ƙarancin capillaries). Abubuwan da ake tambaya (hesperidin, eriodictyol, hesperidin methyl chalcone da neohesperidin) daga baya an nuna cewa ba su cika ka'idodin bitamin ba, don haka kalmar "bitamin P" yanzu ta zama tsohon yayi.
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Molecular structure of the flavone backbone (2-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone) -
Isoflavan structure -
Neoflavonoids structure
Biosynthesis
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Flavonoids sune magungunan metabolism na biyu waɗanda aka haɗa galibi ta shuke-shuke. Tsarin gaba ɗaya na flavonoids kwarangwal ne mai carbon goma sha biyar, wanda ke dauke da zoben benzene guda biyu da aka haɗa ta hanyar sarkar haɗin carbon guda uku.[5] Saboda haka, ana nuna su a matsayin mahaɗan C6-C3-C6. Dangane da tsarin sunadarai, digiri na oxidation, da rashin cikawa na sarkar haɗin kai (C3), ana iya rarraba flavonoids zuwa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, kamar anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, flavenonols, flavones, da isoflavones.[5] Chalcones, wanda kuma ake kira Chalconoids, kodayake ba su da zobe na heterocyclic, ana rarraba su a matsayin flavonoids. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun flavonoids a cikin tsire-tsire a cikin glycoside-bound da free aglycone forms. Tsarin glycoside-bound shine mafi yawan nau'in flavone da flavonol da aka cinye a cikin abincin.[5]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Flavonoids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 2025. Retrieved 31 August 2025. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "lpi-flav" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hollman PC, Cassidy A, Comte B, Heinonen M, Richelle M, Richling E, Serafini M, Scalbert A, Sies H, Vidry S (May 2011). "The biological relevance of direct antioxidant effects of polyphenols for cardiovascular health in humans is not established". The Journal of Nutrition. 141 (5): 989S–1009S. doi:10.3945/jn.110.131490. PMID 21451125. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "hollman" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies, European Food Safety Authority (8 April 2011). "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to: flavonoids and ascorbic acid in fruit juices, including berry juices (ID 1186); flavonoids from citrus (ID 1471); flavonoids from Citrus paradisi Macfad. (ID 3324, 3325); flavonoids (ID 1470, 1693, 1920); flavonoids in cranberry juice (ID 1804); carotenoids (ID 1496, 1621, 1622, 1796); polyphenols (ID 1636, 1637, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643); rye bread (ID 1179); protein hydrolysate (ID 1646); carbohydrates with a low/reduced glycaemic load (ID 476, 477, 478, 479, 602) and carbohydrates which induce a low/reduced glycaemic response (ID 727, 1122, 1171); alfalfa (ID 1361, 2585, 2722, 2793); caffeinated carbohydrate‐containing energy drinks (ID 1272); and soups (ID 1132, 1133) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006". EFSA Journal. 9 (4). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2082.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 de Souza Farias SA, da Costa KS, Martins JB (April 2021). "Analysis of Conformational, Structural, Magnetic, and Electronic Properties Related to Antioxidant Activity: Revisiting Flavan, Anthocyanidin, Flavanone, Flavonol, Isoflavone, Flavone, and Flavan-3-ol". ACS Omega. 6 (13): 8908–8918. doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c06156. PMC 8028018 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33842761 Check|pmid=value (help). Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "de_Souza_2021" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Flavonoids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 2025. Retrieved 31 August 2025.