Florence Merriam Bailey

Florence Merriam Bailey
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Locust Grove (en) , 8 ga Augusta, 1863
ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Mutuwa	Torremolinos (en) , 22 Satumba 1948
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Clinton L. Merriam
Abokiyar zama	Vernon Orlando Bailey (en)  (1899 -  unknown value)
Ahali	Clinton Hart Merriam (mul)
Karatu
Makaranta	Jami'ar Stanford Smith College (en) (1882 - 1886)
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	ornithologist (en) , zoologist (en) , naturalist (en) , marubuci da environmentalist (en)
Muhimman ayyuka	Bird-Lore, Volume I (en) Birds of Village and Field: a bird book for beginners (en) Birds Through an Opera Glass (en) A-birding on a bronco (en)
Kyaututtuka	gani Brewster Medal  (1931)
Mamba	American Ornithological Society (en) Audubon Society of the District of Columbia (en)

Florence Augusta Merriam Bailey (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, na shekara ta 1863 - 22 ga Satumba, 1948) masaniyar ilimin tsuntsaye ce ta Amurka, Mai kallon tsuntsaye, kuma marubuciyar yanayi.  – Tsakanin 1890 da 1939, ta wallafa jerin jagororin filin kan rayuwar tsuntsaye ta Arewacin Amurka. Wadannan jagororin galibi ana rubuta su tare da masu kallon tsuntsaye masu son zuciya, wanda ke haifar da shahararren motsi na tsuntsaye.

Tare da karancin ilimi a matsayin yarinya, Merriam ta ci gaba da sha'awar kimiyyar halitta daga bincikenta na Dutsen Adirondack, kusa da inda ta girma, da kuma sha'awar kimiyya na danginta, gami da babban ɗan'uwanta Clinton Hart Merriam. Rubuce-rubucen yanayi da gwagwarmayarta sun fara ne a Kwalejin Smith a 1882, inda aka yi mata rajista a matsayin dalibi na musamman. Daga baya aka ba ta digiri a lokacin da take da shekaru 58, saboda gwagwarmayarta da rubuce-rubuce. Yayinda take can, ita da Fannie Hardy Eckstrom sun kirkiro wani babi na Audubon Society don ilimantar da abokan aikinsu kan ilimin tsuntsaye da kuma hana su sanya hular da fuka-fuki. A lokacin da Merriam ta bar Smith a 1886, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ɗaliban ɗalibai suna cikin Society.

A cikin 1890, Merriam ta juya jerin bayanan tsuntsaye da ta buga a cikin Audubon Magazine zuwa littafi, Birds Through a Looking-Glass . Ba kamar sauran ayyukan ornithological ba, wanda ke nazarin tsuntsaye da aka kama a cikin gida, rubuce-rubucen Merriam sun karfafa nazarin halitta, na waje na tsuntsaye masu rai. Ayyukanta na baya, kamar Birds of Village and Field, sun fi fasaha fiye da rubuce-rubucenta na farko, amma sun ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan ilimin muhalli. A shekara ta 1899, Merriam ta auri Vernon Orlando Bailey, memba na Binciken Biological na Amurka. Tsakanin 1902 da 1919, ta rubuta labarai sama da 50 don jaridu kamar The Condor bisa ga abubuwan da ta lura. magnum opus dinta shine Birds of New Mexico, wanda ta kammala a buƙatar Binciken Biological na Amurka bayan mutuwar Wells Cooke. Da farko, an lissafa ita da Cooke a matsayin marubuta, amma Merriam ta sami nasarar yin kira ga Binciken da ya ba ta suna marubuciya ɗaya saboda girman gudummawar da ta bayar.

Merriam da mijinta sun zauna a Washington, DC, inda ta koyar da darussan kallon tsuntsaye a National Zoological Park . Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Fellow na Ƙungiyar Ornithologists ta Amurka kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Brewster . Bayan rasuwar mijinta a 1942, Merriam galibi ta janye daga rayuwar jama'a har zuwa mutuwarta tana da shekaru 85. Parus gambeli baileyae, wani nau'in dutse na chickadee, an sanya masa suna ne don girmama ta.

Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

Hoton littafin shekara-shekara na Bailey na 1886 daga lokacin da take a Kwalejin Smith.

An haifi Florence Augusta Merriam a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 1863, a Locust Grove, New York, ƙarami ne cikin yara huɗu da Clinton Levi da Caroline (née Hart) Merriam suka haifa. Mahaifinta ya kasance dan kasuwa da kuma banki a Utica da Birnin New York kafin ya zauna a Locust Grove, jim kadan kafin a haifi 'yarsa. Tsakanin 1871 da 1875, Clinton Merriam ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Amurka daga Lewis County, New York, a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Republican . Caroline Merriam, a halin yanzu, ta kammala karatu a Kwalejin Mata ta Rutgers kuma 'yar Levi Hart, alƙalin kotun gundumar kuma memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York daga Collinsville .

Yawancin dangin Merriam sun nuna sha'awar kimiyyar halitta. Yayinda take Rutgers, Caroline ta ci gaba da sha'awar ilimin taurari, wanda ta raba tare da mijinta da 'ya'yanta ta hanyar ba su damar kallon taurari da hasken rana ta hanyar madubi. Merriam ta taɓa magana game da kawunta, Helen Bagg, a matsayin "masanin ilimin shuke-shuke na iyali". Mahaifinta, a halin yanzu, ya ci gaba da sha'awar yanayi lokacin da, a cikin 1870, ya yi tafiya zuwa California a kan Hanyar jirgin kasa ta farko. Clinton yana da sha'awar glaciation kamar yadda ya danganta da tafiye-tafiyensa a cikin Kwarin Yosemite, kuma ya shiga cikin dogon rubutu tare da masanin halitta John Muir akan wannan batu.

Gidan dangin Merriam, mai suna Homewood, yana kusa da Dutsen Adirondack, tare da isasshen damar bincika namun daji na gida. Merriam za ta yi tafiya a kusa da gidan tare da mahaifinta da ɗan'uwanta, suna haɓaka iliminta game da nau'in yankin. Babban sha'awarta ita ce tsuntsaye, waɗanda halayensu, waƙoƙi, da nau'in da ta koya ta gano ta hanyar kallon su daga taga na ɗakin cin abinci. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara tara, Merriam ta bi mahaifinta da dan uwanta, Clinton Hart Merriam, a kan tafiyarsu ta sansani zuwa Florida. C. Hart, kamar yadda aka sani a rayuwarsa ta girma, yana da sha'awar kimiyyar halitta, yana ciyar da ƙuruciyarsa yana nazarin tsuntsaye da yin taxidermy a kan dabbobi da ya kama a kan dukiyar iyali. Lokacin mahaifinsu a Majalisa ya ba su alaƙa da yanayin halitta a Washington, DC: dattijo Merriam ya shirya ganawa da Spencer Fullerton Baird, a lokacin mataimakin sakatare na Smithsonian Institution, don amfani da C. Hart a matsayin masanin ilimin tsuntsaye a kan balaguron Yellowstone a 1872.

Yayinda take yarinya, Merriam ta fara karatu a gida, wanda ta bayyana a matsayin wanda ya dogara da sha'awar kimiyya da na halitta na danginta. Ilimi na farko ya faru ne a Syracuse, New York, inda aka tura Merriam don magani saboda rashin lafiya. Ta zauna tare da dangin likitanta na shekara guda kuma ta halarci makarantar jama'a a can. Bayan wannan gogewa, Merriam ta halarci makaranta a Birnin New York, inda iyalinta suka yi hunturu, kuma a makarantar Mrs. Piatt mai zaman kanta a Utica.

Kwalejin da gwagwarmayar farko

Bailey da wasu mutane da yawa sun taru a Lake Placid, New YorkTafkin Placid, New York

A kan dagewar 'yan uwanta, Merriam ta shiga a 1882 a sabuwar Kwalejin Smith da aka kafa a Northampton, Massachusetts. Rashin lafiya da ya dame ta a duk lokacin yarinta kuma ya hana ta samun ilimi mai yawa ya nuna cewa za ta iya yin rajista ne kawai a matsayin dalibi na musamman. Wannan ya hana ta daga ci gaba da nazarin zane-zane, amma kuma ya ba ta damar ɗaukar darussan da take da sha'awar kanta maimakon bin tsarin karatun da aka tsara. A lokacin da ta yi rajista, Smith ba ta da darasi na kimiyya, don haka yawancin ayyukanta na aji sun kasance a rubuce, adabi, ilimin ƙasa, ɗabi'a, addinai masu kwatankwacin, falsafar, kiɗa, da fasaha. A ƙarshen aikinta na kwaleji, duk da haka, ta mai da hankali kan kimiyya kuma ta rubuta babban rubutun kan juyin halitta.

A watan Satumbar 1885, yayin da ta shiga shekarar karshe a Smith, Merriam tana da damuwa da tsuntsaye wanda ya fara ne da ƙarfafawar abokiyar iyali Ernest Thompson Seton. C. Hart, wanda a wannan lokacin ya zama shugaban Binciken Biological na Amurka kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Ornithologists ta Amurka, ya zaba ta a matsayin mace ta farko ta kungiyar. A watan Janairu mai zuwa, Merriam, wacce ta yi abota da Fannie Hardy Eckstrom, ta yi mamakin ganin cewa abokiyarta tana sanye da gashin tsuntsaye a cikin hularta. Yayin da yawancin abokan aikinsu suka fara aiki, Merriam ta fara ba da shawara a ciki da waje da harabar don kare tsuntsaye da canje-canje ga masana'antar millinery. A cikin 1886, Merriam ta buga jerin labaran jarida a New York, New Hampshire, da Washington, DC, suna jayayya da ƙarshen kayan ado na gashin tsuntsaye.

A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1886, masanin halitta George Bird Grinnell ya rubuta wani edita wanda ya ba da shawarar kafa kungiyar Audubon Society don kare tsuntsayen daji. Wata daya bayan Grinnell ya yi wannan kira, Merriam da Hardy, wadanda a wannan lokacin suka daina sanya gashin gashin gashi, sun kirkiro daya daga cikin surori na farko na Audubon Society a Kwalejin Smith. Kimanin dalibai 75 da malamai sun halarci taron farko na kungiyar, kuma a ranar 17 ga Maris, 1886, Smith College Audubon Society ta karɓi kundin tsarin mulki, jami'ai, da kwamitin filin. A wannan shekarar, Merriam ta wallafa wata kasida a cikin Mujallar Audubon game da manufofin kulob din, wanda ya karfafa nazarin filin ta hanyar tambayar dalibai su lura da "yadda tsuntsaye suke kallo, abin da suke fada, yadda suke ciyar da lokacinsu, irin gidajen da suke ginawa, da kuma menene asirin danginsu".

Merriam ta yi imanin cewa maimakon gaya wa abokan karatunta su daina sanya gashin gashin tsuntsaye, ya fi tasiri a kai su kan tafiye-tafiye na yanayi, wanda zai sa su zama haɗe da namun daji na gida kuma su dakatar da aikin kansu. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan tsari, ta dauki John Burroughs don ya zo harabar kuma ya dauki ɗalibai a kan tafiya ta yanayi. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ziyarar Burrough ta Mayu 1886, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan ɗalibai a Smith sun yi tir da amfani da gashin tsuntsaye masu kyau kuma sun shiga ƙungiyar Audubon ta gida. Burroughs, a halin yanzu, ya koma harabar a kowace shekara don jagorantar tafiya ta tsuntsaye, koda bayan Merriam ta bar Smith.

Lokacin da Merriam ta bar Smith a watan Yunin 1886, ƙungiyar Audubon ta zama sananne, yayin da abokan karatunta suka ci gaba da sadarwa ta hanyar wasiƙun aji tare da manyan sabuntawa na rayuwa. A matsayinta na daliba ta musamman, Merriam ba ta sami digiri ba bayan shekaru hudu na kwaleji, amma daga ƙarshe ma'aikatar ta gabatar da ita da digiri na farko a 1921, lokacin da take da shekaru 58. Yunkurin Merriam don kare tsuntsaye daga masana'antar millinery ya ci gaba bayan ta bar Smith: Dokar Lacey ta 1900 ta haramta cinikin dabbobin daji da aka samu ba bisa ka'ida ba, yayin da Dokar Yarjejeniyar Tsuntsaye ta 1918 ta sanya kariya ga tsuntsaye masu ƙaura dokar tarayya.

Rubuce-rubucen yanayi da gwagwarmaya

Bailey a cikin 1916

Bayan barin Smith a 1886, Merriam, har yanzu ba ta da aure, an kama ta tsakanin sha'awarta na inganta rubuce-rubucen yanayinta da kuma ba da gudummawa ga duniya a cikin al'umma. Labaranta na farko game da ilimin tsuntsaye a cikin Audubon Magazine ya bayyana a 1887, kuma lokacin da ba ta rubutu ba, Merriam ta shiga aikin sa kai na mahaifiyarta a kungiyoyin ayyukan zamantakewa na mata da 'yan mata masu aiki. A shekara ta 1891, ta kwashe wata daya a Birnin Chicago a makarantar bazara don 'yan mata masu aiki da aka kafa a matsayin reshe na Jane Addams's Hull House, tana koyar da aji kan tsuntsaye. A lokacin rani mai zuwa, ta yi aiki a Birnin New York a daya daga cikin kungiyoyin zamantakewa na Grace Hoadley Dodge.

Dukansu Merriam da mahaifiyarta sun sha wahala daga rashin lafiya, mai yiwuwa ya haifar da tarin fuka, wanda ya sa iyalin su yi hutu a yankuna da ke da yanayin da ake zaton zai sauƙaƙa rashin lafiya, kamar West Coast, Lake Placid, New York City, da Florida. A shekara ta 1889, Merriam da iyalinta sun yi tafiya zuwa San Diego County, a gidan kawunta Gustavus, da fatan inganta lafiyar Merriam da mahaifiyarta. Baya ga sauƙaƙe rashin lafiyarta, zaman watanni na Kudancin California ya ba Merriam sha'awar Yammacin Amurka da rayuwar tsuntsaye da aka samu a can. A wannan lokacin, Mujallar Audubon ta daina bugawa, kuma Merriam ta yanke shawarar tattara tsuntsaye guda hamsin da ta rubuta don mujallar kuma ta tattara su cikin littafi. Birds Through an Opera-Glass, wanda Houghton Mifflin ya buga a 1890 a Boston, tarin bayanan Audubon ne da ƙarin tsuntsaye 20, gami da ƙarin kari don taimakawa masu kallo su rarraba tsuntsaye da ƙarin kayan bincike ga waɗanda suke so su ci gaba da karatun su.

Tsuntsaye Ta hanyar Opera-Glass da sauran aikin Merriam sun kauce daga nazarin ornithological na tsaranta: maimakon bincika jikin tsuntsaye da aka kama ko aka kashe a cikin gida, Merriam ya yi imani da lura da namun daji a waje a cikin yanayin su na halitta, akai-akai ta hanyar binoculars. Bayanan martaba a cikin Birds Through an Opera-Glass sun kasance daga rabin shafi zuwa shafuka biyar ko shida kuma sun ƙunshi kwatancin jiki na bayyanar tsuntsaye, waƙa, gidaje, da halaye, sau da yawa tare da zane-zane ko ƙididdigar kiɗa. Marubucin Scott Weidensaul ya ambaci Birds Through an Opera-Glass a matsayin "a wata ma'ana, Jagoran filin farko ga tsuntsayen Amurka". Duk da yake ilimin tsuntsaye na kimiyya ya kasance filin da maza suka fi rinjaye, kallon tsuntsaye ya zama sananne a tsakanin mata, kamar yadda ya ba da izini ga nazarin mai son.

Duk da bugawa, Merriam da sauran mambobin mata na kungiyar Ornithologists ta Amurka an sake su zuwa "mataki mai zurfi" idan aka kwatanta da mambobin maza. Wannan bai canza ba har zuwa 1901, lokacin da Merriam, Mabel Osgood Wright, Harriet Mann Miller, da wasu mata suka sami matsayin "memba mai zaɓaɓɓu". Merriam abokiyar kirki ce tare da Miller, wanda ya karfafa mata rubuce-rubuce a farkon aikinta kuma wanda ya koya mata dabarun kasancewa ba tare da tsuntsayen da take kallo ba. A shekara ta 1893, Merriam ta shiga Miller a Utah, kuma ta rubuta game da abubuwan da ta samu a shekara mai zuwa a cikin littafin da ake kira My Summer in a Mormon Village . Da farko Labarin tafiye-tafiye, Merriam ya haɗa da bayanin yanayi da kira don kawo ƙarshen kashe tsuntsaye don wasanni. Ra'ayinta game da membobin Ikilisiyar Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe da ta haɗu da su an dauke su a matsayin yabo ga lokacin, kodayake ɗan'uwanta ya gyara rubutun sosai.

Bayan barin Utah, Merriam ta yi watanni shida a California a Jami'ar Stanford, wacce abokiyar ɗan'uwanta David Starr Jordan ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci. A can, ta yi abota da masanin tsire-tsire Alice Eastwood. Merriam ta kasance a California har zuwa watan Agusta 1894, tana so ta ciyar da watanni na rani tana lura da rayuwar tsuntsaye. A lokacin watanni na bazara, ta zauna a ranch na kawunta a cikin Twin Oaks Valley, tana rubuta abin da ya zama A-Birding a kan Bronco. An kwatanta shi da Louis Agassiz Fortes, sa'an nan dalibi a Jami'ar Cornell, A-Birding a kan Bronco ya bayyana abubuwan da Merriam ta lura da tsuntsaye a California da kuma dangantakarta da Canello, fararen doki da ta hau a kan tafiye-tafiye.

Washington, DC, da haɗin gwiwa tare da mijinta

Lokacin da ba ta tafiya ba, Merriam ta zauna a Washington, DC, a bene na uku na gidan ɗan'uwanta tare da matarsa da 'ya'yansa. Ta koma can gaba ɗaya bayan tafiya ta ƙarshe zuwa Dutsen San Francisco kusa da Flagstaff, Arizona, kuma nan da nan ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin kimiyya na gida. Merriam ta kasance memba na Kungiyar Kimiyya ta Mata ta Kasa, ta taimaka wajen gano Audubon Society na Gundumar Columbia, kuma ta yi aiki tare da Miller a Kwamitin Kungiyar Ornithologists ta Amurka kan Kare Tsuntsaye na Arewacin Amurka. A shekara ta 1898, Merriam ta sami gayyatarta ta farko don shiga cikin ɗan'uwanta a kan wani balaguron filin, tana aiki a matsayin mataimaki ga ƙungiyar da ke nazarin rayuwar halitta a Dutsen Shasta, California.

Ta ci gaba da rubutawa sosai, kuma an sake buga labaranta a wannan lokacin a matsayin yadda tsuntsaye ke shafar gona da lambu a 1896 da Tsuntsaye na ƙauye da filin a 1898. Ayyukan na ƙarshe, mai taken A Bird Book for Beginners, ya fi fasaha fiye da littattafanta na baya. Ya rufe tsuntsaye 212, kowane shigarwa ya fara da sunan Latin na jinsin, halaye na jiki, da rarraba ƙasa. Baya ga zane-zanen tsuntsaye, akwai kuma zane-zane na takamaiman sassan jiki kamar bakuna, fuka-fuki, da ƙafafu. An rubuta Birdsong a matsayin sauti maimakon a matsayin alamar kiɗa. Merriam kuma tana mai da hankali kan muhalli, tana kwatanta abincin tsuntsaye da kuma yadda waɗannan abincin ke shafar noma. Ta kuma ba da shawara game da yadda za a gina gine-ginen da za su kare tsuntsaye daga cats da mafarauta da za su kashe su.

A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, 1899, Merriam ta auri Vernon Orlando Bailey, abokiyar ɗan'uwanta kuma ɗan'uwansa memba na Binciken Biological na Amurka. C. Hart Merriam ya saba da Bailey lokacin da yake matashi a Minnesota. Bailey ya rubuta wa Merriam, marubucin Mammals of the Adirondacks, yana neman taimako wajen gano samfurori da ya tattara. A shekara ta 1887, C. Hart, wanda aka nada shi shugaban Sashen Ornithology na Tattalin Arziki da Mammalogy, ya nada Bailey a matsayin wakilin filin don Binciken Biological na Amurka a albashi na $ 40 a kowane wata. Ayyukan mijinta na Merriam ya ba ta damar haɗa bayanai, sigogi, da zane-zane da Binciken Biological ya gudanar a cikin ayyukanta na gaba.

Baileys sun fara tafiya tare a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1900, lokacin da suka ɗauki karusa daga Corpus Christi zuwa Brownsville, Texas. Sun ci gaba da tafiya tare a cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa, tare da Merriam yana rubutu yayin da mijinta ke gudanar da nazarin filin don Binciken Biological. Mafi girman waɗannan ayyukan shine littafinsa na 1902 Handbook of Birds of the Western United States, ƙarar aboki ga littafin Frank M. Chapman's Handbook of tsuntsaye na Gabashin Arewacin Amurka. Filin ya lura da cewa Merriam ta dAuk a cikin tafiye-tafiyen ta sun zama fiye da labarai 50 da suka bayyana a cikin jaridu irin su The Auk da The Condor . Tsakanin 1902 da 1919, wani aikin Merriam ya bayyana a kusan kowane kundin The Condor. Yawancin waɗannan sun mayar da hankali kan namun daji a Arewacin Dakota, inda mijinta ya kwashe lokacin rani daga 1909 zuwa 1916. Bayananta daga wannan yankin sun zama takardu 17 don The Condor .

A cikin 1917, gwamnati ta nemi Baileys su kirkiro jagorar baƙi don namun daji na Glacier National Park. Vernon ya ba da gudummawa ga sassan game da rayuwar dabbobi masu shayarwa, yayin da Florence ta rubuta game da tsuntsaye. A wannan lokacin, Edward William Nelson, shugaban binciken halittu na Amurka, ya kusanci Merriam tare da buƙata. Wells Cooke ya kasance a tsakiyar rubuce-rubuce game da rayuwar tsuntsaye a New Mexico kafin mutuwarsa ba zato ba tsammani a 1916, kuma Nelson yana son Merriam ya kammala aikinsa. Duk da yake an kammala rubutun Tsuntsaye na New Mexico a 1919, masu bugawa da yawa sun ƙi ɗaukar kuɗin samar da aikin shafi 800 tare da taswira da zane-zane, kuma ba a saki aikin ba har zuwa 1928, lokacin da Ma'aikatar Wasanni da Kifi ta New Mexico ta amince da bugawa da rarraba aikin. Da farko, Binciken Biological ya nemi a lissafa Cooke da Merriam a matsayin marubuta, wanda Merriam ya yi tsayayya da shi. Daga ƙarshe, an ga sake dubawa ga ma aikin Cooke na asali a matsayin muhimmiyar gudummawa cewa an lissafa ta a matsayin marubuciya ɗaya, tare da Cooke da aka ba da kyauta a cikin gabatarwa. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Vernon Bailey ya buga wani aboki ga aikin matarsa, mai taken Mammals of New Mexico .

Hoton da ba a san shi ba na Bailey

Lokacin da ba sa tafiya, Baileys sun zauna a Washington, DC, suna ciyar da shekarunsu na ƙarshe a gida a kan 1834 Kalorama Road.[1] Baƙi sun tuna gidansu kamar yadda aka yi wa ado da kayan tunawa da aka taru a kan tafiyarsu. Babban abu na gidansu shine hoton Bengal tiger da ke zaune a lokacin a National Zoological Park. Wanda mai zane-zane na namun daji Charles R. Knight ya zana, Merriam ta ba da zanen ga Cibiyar Smithsonian bayan mutuwarta, kuma yanzu tana zaune a Gidan Tarihin Amurka na Smithsonian.[1] Gidan su na Washington shine batun bukukuwan abincin dare da yawa ga masu ilimin halitta, ciki har da Alice Eastwood, Clarence Birdseye, da kuma ma'aurata masu ilimin halitta Olaus da Margaret Murie.

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