Fonio
.jpg)
fonio, wanda kuma wani lokacin ake kira findi ko acha, shine kalmar don ciyawa biyu da aka noma a cikin jinsin Digitaria waɗanda ke da muhimmanci amfanin ton a wasu sassan Yammacin Afirka. Yana da muhimmiyar hanyar abinci a yankunan karkara da yawa, musamman a tsaunukan Futa Djalon, Guinea" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Guinea">Guinea, amma kuma ana noma shi a Mali, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Najeriya, da Senegal. Guinea a kowace shekara tana samar da mafi yawan fonio a duniya, wanda ya kai sama da kashi 75% na samar da duniya a cikin 2019. [1] Sunan fonio (wanda aka aro zuwa Turanci daga Faransanci) ya fito ne daga Wolof Foño . A Yammacin Afirka, ana noma nau'in baƙar fata (Digitaria iburua) da fararen fonio (Digitaria exilis); ƙarshen shine mafi mahimmancin amfanin gona a tattalin arziki.
Fonio wani nau'i ne mai laushi wanda ke cikin iyalin ciyawa Poaceae da jinsin Digitaria . Duk da yake daruruwan wadannan nau'ikan crabgrass sun wanzu, kaɗan ne kawai ake samar da su don hatsi. Yana da karamin shuka na shekara-shekara tare da fure wanda ke dauke da racemes biyu ko uku. racemes suna da spikelets da aka haɗa a cikin biyu, uku, ko huɗu, tare da furen da ke da kyau wanda ke samar da hatsi na fonio. Fonio yana da ɗan gajeren lokacin girma kuma yana daidaitawa sosai ga yanayin da ya fi tsanani. Girman tsarin tushen sa, wanda zai iya fadada zuwa fiye da mita ɗaya a zurfi, yana da fa'ida a lokutan fari kuma yana taimakawa tare da daidaitawa da ƙasa mara kyau. Da zarar an yi la'akari da hatsi mai tawali'u kuma sau da yawa an yi watsi da shi wanda aka fi sani da "alkama na matalauta," fonio yanzu yana samun kulawa a biranen Yammacin Afirka. Abubuwan dafa abinci na musamman da fa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki suna haifar da sabunta sha'awa ga wannan abincin da aka sau ɗaya ba a kula da shi ba.
Nau'o'in
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Fararen fonio
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]White fonio, Digitaria exilis, wanda kuma ake kira "shinkafa mai yunwa" ta Turawa, shine mafi yawanci daga cikin rukuni daban-daban na nau'in Digitaria na daji da na gida waɗanda ake girbewa a cikin savannah na Yammacin Afirka. Fonio yana da mafi ƙanƙanta tsaba daga dukkan nau'ikan millet. Yana da damar inganta abinci mai gina jiki, inganta tsaro na abinci, [2] inganta ci gaban karkara, da tallafawa amfanin ƙasa mai ɗorewa.
Mai gina jiki, Ba tare da gluten ba, kuma yana da yawa a cikin fiber na abinci, [3] fonio yana ɗaya daga cikin hatsi mafi saurin girma a duniya, yana kaiwa ga balaga a cikin makonni shida zuwa takwas. Ana amfani da hatsi don yin burodi, couscous, burodi, da giya.
Black fonio
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Black fonio, D. iburua, wanda aka fi sani da iburu, irin wannan amfanin gona ne da aka shuka a kasashe da yawa na Yammacin Afirka, musamman Najeriya, Togo, da Benin. Kamar fararen fonio, yana da abinci mai gina jiki, yana girma da sauri, kuma yana da fa'idar balaga a gaban wasu hatsi, yana ba da damar girbi a lokacin "lokacin yunwa". Koyaya, yana ƙunshe da furotin da yawa idan aka kwatanta da D. exilis.[4]D. gudun hijira.
Black fonio galibi ana noma shi a yankunan karkara kuma ba a sayar da shi don kasuwanci, har ma a biranen Yammacin Afirka.
Noma da sarrafawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yanayi da halayen
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana noma Fonio a duk Yammacin Afirka a matsayin amfanin gona. Guinea ita ce babbar mai samar da fonio tare da samar da tan 483,906 (533,415 gajeren ton) da kuma yankin da aka noma na hekta 590,129 (1,458,240 acres) a cikin 2021, sannan Najeriya (86,609 ton (95,470 gajeren ton)) da Mali (47,664 ton (52,541 gajeren ton)). [5]
Fonio yana girma a yanayin bushe ba tare da ban ruwa ba, kuma ba zai iya zama amfanin gona mai nasara a yankuna masu zafi ba. An dasa shi ƙasa mai haske (sand zuwa dutse), kuma zai girma a cikin ƙasa mara kyau. Ana noma Fonio a matakin teku a Gambiya, Saliyo da Guinea-Bissau, amma in ba haka ba galibi ana noma shi a tsawo tsakanin mita 400 da 1,500 (1,300 da 4,900. Tsarin girma ya kasance daga kwanaki 70-130 dangane da iri-iri. Yawancin lokaci ana shuka shi a yankuna tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 900-1,000 millimeters (35-39 in). [6]
Tsire-tsire na Fonio suna da matsakaici a tsawo. Lalle ne, D. exilis na iya kaiwa tsawo na santimita 80 (31 in), kuma D. iburua tsawo na 150 centimeters (59 in). Matsayin ploidy ga jinsin ya kasance daga diploid (2n), tetraploid (4n), zuwa hexaploid (6n). </nowiki> carbon fixation, wanda ke sa ya jure fari.
Yin noma da shuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Maza ne ke noma da hannu, dabba ko kuma da tractors. Mata ne ke shuka shuka da hannu, dangane da farkon lokacin ruwan sama. Shuka na fonio yana girma da sauri; wasu landraces suna kaiwa balaga cikin makonni 8.Duk da haka, mai fafatawa ne mai rauni a farkon ci gabanta, don haka ciyawa yana da mahimmanci a matakan ci gaba na farko.[7]
Girbi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Fonio yana da ma'aikata masu yawa don girbi da sarrafawa. A wasu yankuna, ana cire tsire-tsire masu tsufa, amma hanyar da aka fi sani da ita ita ce yanke igiyoyi da wuƙaƙe wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da raunuka a hannayensu. Mata sai su tattara sheaves a cikin ɗakunan cylindrical ko katako na kwance don adana sheaves kuma su ba su damar bushewa kafin niƙa ba tare da yawan zafin jiki ba. Ana yin niƙa ta hanyar tattakewa a kan tsire-tsire ko ta hanyar doke tsire-shuke da sanduna masu tsayi ko sanduna masu sassauƙa.
Tsire-tsire na fonio suna iya zama a cikin ƙasa, wanda ke sa yiwuwar inji na hanyoyin girbi ya zama da wahala.
Rashin amfani da ita
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan girbi, hatsi na fonio har yanzu yana cikin husk kuma ƙananan hatsi suna sa cire husk da wuya kuma cin lokaci. Hanyoyin gargajiya sun haɗa da buga shi a cikin turmi tare da yashi, sannan kuma raba hatsi da yashi, ko "bugawa" shi a kan harshen wuta sannan bugawa shi, wanda ke samar da hatsi mai launi (hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita tsakanin Akposso). Abubuwan da aka kirkira na'ura mai sauƙi na fonio husking suna ba da hanya mai sauƙi ta inji don cirewa.[8]
Matsayin jinsi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Matsayin jinsi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen noma fonio; ana rarraba ayyuka daban-daban tsakanin maza da mata. Mata suna yin ciyawa, niƙa ta hanyar tattakewa, tsaftacewa da bushewa da sarrafawa, yayin da maza ke yin girbi da niƙa ta wurin dokewa. Matsayin mata ya fi yawa a cikin samar da fonio.[9] Rabin ayyukan noma mata ne kawai ke yi, idan aka kwatanta da 14% ga maza. Ayyukan da aka ba mata suna buƙatar haƙuri da hankali, yayin da waɗanda aka ba maza suna kira ga ƙarfi.
Tasirin hanyoyin sarrafawa akan darajar abinci mai gina jiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kafin amfani, dole ne a sarrafa hatsi na fonio ta amfani da hanyoyin inji (dehusking, milling) ko na zafi (precooking, parboiling, roasting). Dangane da hanyar sarrafawa, ana iya shafar darajar abinci mai gina jiki.[10][11]
Game da macronutrients, abun ciki na carbohydrate ya kasance mafi girma lokacin da aka riga aka dafa hatsi maimakon gasa. Abubuwan da ke cikin furotin sun fi ƙasa da haka Bran an niƙa shi saboda rami da aka cire ya ƙunshi furotin da yawa. Ana samun mafi girman abun ciki na furotin lokacin da ake yin gasa. Abubuwan da ke cikin lipid suna ƙaruwa lokacin da aka gasa kuma suna raguwa lokacin da aka niƙa ko aka riga aka dafa. PMID 25745226.
Game da micronutrients, abun ciki na baƙin ƙarfe da zinc ya kasance mafi girma lokacin da aka dafa shi yayin da niƙa ya haifar da asarar saboda cire bran. PMID 25745226. Phytate, wani abu mai gina jiki wanda ke hana shan ma'adanai kamar ƙarfe da zinc, ana rage shi ta hanyar wankewa da dafa abinci amma har yanzu yana da isasshen ƙarfi don hana isasshen ma'adinai.
Gabaɗaya, fonio da aka dafa yana nuna mafi kyawun abun da ke cikin abinci mai gina jiki idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin sarrafawa.
Kasuwanci a wajen Afirka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Fonio ba a san shi sosai a waje da nahiyar Afirka ba har zuwa kwanan nan, lokacin da kamfanoni a Turai da Amurka suka fara shigo da hatsi daga Yammacin Afirka, sau da yawa suna ambaton fa'idodin muhalli da abinci mai gina jiki a cikin tallan su.
Tarayyar Turai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da kasuwanci na fonio a matsayin sabon abinci a Tarayyar Tarayyar Duniya, bayan da kamfanin Obà Food na Italiya ya gabatar da shi don kerawa da tallata sabbin kayayyakin abinci. Wadannan kayayyakin sun hada da fonio pasta, yana nuna sha'awar canza fonio don ya zama mafi ganewa ga palate na Turai. [12]
Tun daga wannan amincewar farko, fonio a hankali ya zama sananne kuma ya fi samuwa a Turai. Ya zuwa 2021, Tarayyar Turai tana shigo da tan 422 (465.2) na fonio, karuwa mai mahimmanci daga tan 172 (189.6) da aka shigo da su a cikin 2016.[13]
Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Amurka, Yolélé Foods, karkashin jagorancin Senegalese-Amurka chef Pierre Thiam, ya fara shigo da sayar da fonio a cikin 2017. Thiam ya bayyana cewa yana fatan gabatar da Amurkawa ga hatsi yayin da yake tallafawa aikin gona mai ɗorewa da na gargajiya a Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali da Senegal.[14]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Digitaria compacta - Nau'ikan ciyawa wanda aka fi sani da raishan
- Digitaria sanguinalis - Nau'ikan ciyawa wani lokacin ana amfani da su azaman amfanin gona
- Teff - Ciyawa mai cin abinci na shekara-shekara na Habasha da Eritrea
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Fonio global production and top producing countries". Tridge. Retrieved 2021-12-28.
- ↑ "'Fonio just grows naturally': Could ancient indigenous crops ensure food security for Africa?". TheGuardian.com. 7 July 2022.
- ↑ Levinson, Jessica (1 September 2018). "Whole grains: Fonio". Today's Dietitian. Retrieved 22 December 2019.Levinson, Jessica (1 September 2018). "Whole grains: Fonio". Today's Dietitian. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
- ↑ "Black Fonio - Arca del Gusto". Slow Food Foundation (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-02-27.
- ↑ "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
- ↑ Kanlindogbe, Cyrille; Sekloka, Emmanuel; Zinsou, Valérien Amégnikin; Natta, Armand (2020). "Diversité des techniques et pratiques culturales du fonio (Digitaria exilis S.) en Afrique de l'Ouest (synthèse bibliographique)". BASE: 192–202. doi:10.25518/1780-4507.18695. ISSN 1780-4507.
- ↑ Ballogou, Vénérande Y.; Soumanou, Mohamed M.; Toukourou, Fatiou; Hounhouigan, Joseph D. (2014-06-02). "Indigenous Knowledge on Landraces and Fonio-Based Food in Benin". Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 53 (4): 390–409. doi:10.1080/03670244.2013.811388. ISSN 0367-0244. PMID 24884554.
- ↑ David, O.A.; Jolayemi, O.L.; Akomolafe, G.F.; Olawuni, I.J.; Jimoh, A (2019-03-04). "Phyto-extraction ability of <i>Digitaria exilis</i> (Fonio) to heavy metals". Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology. 35 (2): 43. doi:10.4314/njb.v35i2.6. ISSN 0189-1731.
- ↑ Diop, Baye Magatte; Gueye, Mame Codou; Agbangba, Codjo Emile; Cisse, Ndiaga; Deu, Monique; Diack, Omar; Fofana, Amadou; Kane, Ndjido Ardo; Ndir, Khadidiatou Ndoye; Ndoye, Ibrahima; Ngom, Ablaye; Leclerc, Christian; Piquet, Marie; Vigouroux, Yves; Zekraoui, Leila (2018-08-05). "Fonio (Digitaria exilis (Kippist) Stapf): A Socially Embedded Cereal for Food and Nutrition Security in Senegal". Ethnobiology Letters. 9 (2): 150–165. doi:10.14237/ebl.9.2.2018.1072. ISSN 2159-8126.
- ↑ Koreissi-Dembélé, Yara; Fanou-Fogny, Nadia; Hulshof, Paul J.M.; Brouwer, Inge D. (March 2013). "Fonio (Digitaria exilis) landraces in Mali: Nutrient and phytate content, genetic diversity and effect of processing". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis (in Turanci). 29 (2): 134–143. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2012.07.010.
- ↑ Ballogou, Vénérande Y.; Sagbo, Fresnellia S.; Soumanou, Mohamed M.; Manful, John T.; Toukourou, Fatiou; Hounhouigan, Joseph D. (March 2015). "Effect of processing method on physico-chemical and functional properties of two fonio (Digitaria exilis) landraces". Journal of Food Science and Technology (in Turanci). 52 (3): 1570–1577. doi:10.1007/s13197-013-1150-4. ISSN 0022-1155. PMC 4348282. PMID 25745226.
- ↑ Southey, Flora (November 4, 2019). "'You cannot find fonio pasta elsewhere in the world': Obà Food claims industry first with gluten-free ancient grain". foodnavigator.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-02-28.
- ↑ "The European market potential for fonio | CBI". CBI (Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries). Retrieved 2023-04-20.
- ↑ le Cam, Morgane (28 August 2020). "Fonio, the 'seed of the universe' that could revolutionise African agriculture" (in Turanci). Geneva Solutions. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
Ƙarin karantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- "Fonio: An African Cereal". (CIRAD). Retrieved 2021-04-21.