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Forrester single (locomotive)

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Forrester single (locomotive)

Swiftsure ita ce ta farko daga cikin jiragen sama takwas ko fiye masu kama da juna waɗanda ke da ƙafafun tuƙi guda ɗaya da George Forrester da Company (Forresters) suka gina daga 1834. Nau'in tankin shine injin tankin fasinjoji na farko da ya fara aiki a duniya.

An yi iƙirarin cewa su ne jiragen ƙasa na farko da suka yi amfani da silinda na kwance a waje [lower-alpha 1] kuma su ne na farko da suka yi amfani da crank guda huɗu masu eccentric. Amfani da silinda na waje akan gajerun ƙafafun ba tare da ma'aunin ƙafafun ba ya haifar da motsi mai juyawa a cikin sauri, wanda ya haifar da laƙabi na "Boxers" kuma yawancinsu an sake gina su daga 2-2-0 don haɗa axle mai biye da baya wanda aka tsara shi azaman 2-2-2 .

An samar da hanyoyin jigilar kaya zuwa layin dogo na Liverpool da Manchester (L&MR), Dublin da Kingstown (D&KR), London da Greenwich (L&GR), Birmingham da Gloucester (B&GR), da kuma wasu ƙananan layukan dogo.

Tarihi

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An kafa kamfanin samar da auduga na George Forrester a Liverpool a shekarar 1827, inda ya mallaki wani injin niƙa auduga da ba a yi amfani da shi ba. Wurin yana da nisan 1.5 miles (2.4 km) daga L&MR's Edge Hill Workshops kuma ya kasance mai sauƙi ga tashoshin jiragen ruwa. L&MR ta fara aiki a shekarar 1830, inda ta zama misali na farko na nasarar gudanar da layin dogo a duniya da kuma tsarin da tsararrun layin dogo na gaba suka yi amfani da shi a matsayin misali na nazari kan ayyukan su. Yayin da yawancin jiragen ƙasa na L&MR a farkon shekarun 1830 Robert Stephenson da Kamfanin Newcastle ne suka samar da wannan kamfanin ba tare da iya samar da buƙata ba kuma sauran masu samar da kayayyaki suna shiga kasuwa. jiragen ƙasa masu saukar ungulu don amsa gayyatar da L&MR ta yi masa a watan Mayu na 1831 amma ya janye bayan rashin fahimta da sakataren L&MR Henry Booth, kamfanin Bee da Liver daga Edward Bury da Experiment daga Robert Sharp sun amince da tayin. [1] Forresters, tare da wasu kamfanoni, duk da haka, sun yi wasu ayyukan gina ko gyara sassan jiragen ƙasa na L&MR a farkon shekarun 1830. [1]

Asalin

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Kamfanin D&KR ya fara siyan jiragen ƙasa don yin tayin jiragen ƙasa a watan Agusta na 1833, inda ya kusanci kamfanoni tara da ke buƙatar jigilar jiragen ƙasa shida a cikin tsari mai kyau kafin 1 ga Mayu 1834; bakwai ɗin sun amsa duk waɗanda suka yi tsokaci kan ɗan gajeren lokacin. [2] Kamfanin D&KR ya ɗauki John Urpeth Rastrick a matsayin mai ba da shawara don ziyartar masu ginin kuma ya dawo da takamaiman bayanai wanda ya dace da ingantaccen jirgin ƙasa na Experiment daga Sharp Brothers na Manchester. [2] Injiniyoyin D&KR Vignoles da Bergin suna da damuwa game da silinda masu tsaye da sauran fannoni na ƙirar ' Experiment and Sharp Brothers kuma kwamitin gudanarwa na D&KR ya nemi masana'antun jirgin ƙasa su gabatar da nasu shawarwarin; Edward Bury na Liverpool, wanda wasu daga cikin kwamitin Quaker na D&KR suka fifita, an cire shi a matakinsa saboda dagewar amfani da ƙirar silinda ta ciki tare da axle mai crank wanda injiniyoyin D&KR ba su fifita ba. [2]

Kayan aikin Valve na jirgin ƙasa na Forrester's Swiftsure (wanda aka gina a 1834)

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1833, tare da ƙarancin lokaci don gina jiragen ƙasa don fara ayyukansu, hukumar D&KR ta yanke shawarar yin odar jiragen ƙasa guda uku daga Sharp Brothers waɗanda za su zama nau'in, da uku daga George Forrester. Da farko sun fi son sanya dukkan shida tare da masana'anta ɗaya don haɗa sassan, amma ikon kammala ginin a cikin lokacin da ake buƙata ya zama fifiko kuma matakan rashin tabbas game da ƙirar biyu na iya zama abin da ya haifar da hakan. [2] Forrester bai gina kowace motar ƙasa ba kafin umarnin D&KR, [3] don haka cin nasarar odar na iya zama kamar ba zato ba tsammani. Forrester yana da wasu fa'idodi: sansaninsa na Liverpool ya dace da L&MR da bita, akwai kyakkyawar sadarwa tare da fakitin tururi na yau da kullun zuwa Dublin, ya riga ya gina kayan aiki don aiki akan L&MR, yana da alaƙa mai kyau da abokin ciniki kuma yana da suna don kyakkyawan aiki, kodayake hakan na iya samun riba daga baya.

Tsarin ya samo asali ne daga haɗin gwiwa ko kuma da nufin gamsar da Vignoles da Bergin. Snell ya yi iƙirarin cewa Vignoles ya sami zane-zane daga Dodds, kodayake Snell ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa tasirin Dodds bai kasance ba sai daga baya injunan D&KR. Duk da cewa da alama ba shi da hannu a cikin ƙirar, aikin Alexander Allan daga Stephenson zai taimaka. Haka kuma lamarin ya kasance cewa an bai wa Forrester motar motsa jiki ta Stephenson Milo ta L&MR a 1834 don neman ƙimar gyara; L&MR daga ƙarshe ta amince da Milo ba ta da tattalin arziki don gyara, ta bar Forrester ya cire Milo kuma tare da L&MR ya tabbatar da Swiftsure a matsayin madadinsa a farkon 1834 - ainihin kwanakin ba su da tabbas kuma wataƙila ya yi latti a shekarar don canza duk wani fasalin ' zuwa ƙirar Forrester. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

Jami'an D&KR sau da yawa suna ziyartar Forresters a lokacin gina manyan jiragensu kuma galibi Forresters sun yi musu maraba sosai, binciken wurin da suke yi a Sharps wani lokacin yana nuna matsalolin ma'aikata da rashin zuwa aiki. [2]

Kamfanin ya fara samar da jiragen ƙasa na layin dogo a shekarar 1834. [3] Jiragen ƙasa da aka gina a wannan shekarar Swiftsure ne don L&MR; tare da Vauxhall, Dublin da Kingstown don D&KR wanda za a fara aiki a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar. Swiftsure jirgin ƙasa ne da Forresters na Vauxhall Foundry da ke Liverpool ya gina wanda ya fara aiki da L&MR a shekarar 1834 a matsayin lamba ta 36. [4]

Stretton ya yi iƙirarin cewa Swiftsure ita ce jirgin farko da kamfanin ya gina, kodayake wasu sun bayyana cewa ba haka lamarin yake ba. [5] [6] [7] Duk da haka, bayanai daga Mr Alexander Allan (injiniya a Forresters) da aka buga a 1883 sun nuna kuskure a cikin wani littafi a cikin The Engineer a 1881 [8] inda aka jera Swiftsure a ginin a 1835. Ya nuna cewa Swiftsure ita ce jirgin farko da aka gina 'a farkon 1834', kuma ya halarci gwaje-gwaje, da sauransu; ya kuma je Dublin a ƙarshen 1834 tare da jiragen ƙasa uku na Dublin da Kingstown Railway ('masu girma da ƙira iri ɗaya da Swiftsure'), kuma shine ke da alhakin kula da su yayin da yake ƙarƙashin kwangilar gyara Forrester. Wataƙila ruɗani ya taso ne saboda Swiftsure ta yi aiki daga ƙarshen Liverpool na L&MR a 1834, kafin a mayar da ita zuwa ƙarshen layin Manchester a 1835. [4] An ƙara wa Swiftsure tayoyi biyu masu birgima a 1836, kuma tana aiki akai-akai har zuwa 1842. [9]

Zane

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Nau'in su ne jiragen ƙasa na farko da suka yi amfani da silinda na waje da kuma firam na farko na waje da na ciki, kodayake ba a yaba wa na baya a lokacin ba kuma an yi amfani da su ne kawai bayan shekaru goma. [10] Haɗa firam ɗin waje akan ɗan gajeren ƙafafun 2-2-0 tare da ƙafafun tuƙi marasa daidaito ya haifar da motsi mai juyawa kuma ya haifar da sunan laƙabi na "Boxers". [10]  An sanya wa manyan jiragen ƙasa da yawa a ƙarƙashin gatari mai bin diddigi don su zama 2-2-2 T don taimakawa wajen rage matsalar.

Liverpool da Manchester

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Swiftsure ta fara aiki a L&MR a matsayin 2-2-0 a watan Oktoban 1834 da biyu a waje 11 by 18 inches (279 mm × 457 mm)silinda , [lower-alpha 2] akan farashin £860. [1] [lower-alpha 3] An lura cewa ya shiga cikin wani karo da aka yi da shi a Parkside a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1934, wanda sakamakon haka aka murƙushe wani ma'aikaci tsakanin kekunan da ke tsaye tsakanin kekunan da ke tsaye. [lower-alpha 4] Daga baya ma'aikacin ya mutu sakamakon raunin da ya samu kuma an tuhumi "injin da ke aiki lokaci-lokaci" na Swiftsure da laifin shiga wurin ruwa a fiye da 6 miles per hour (9.7 km/h) kuma an amince da shi ta hanyar rasa lokacinsa a cikin jerin masu haɓaka. [1] Swiftsure ya shiga wani lamari kuma a watan Yulin 1835 yayin da yake saukowa kan titin Whiston, Merseyside lokacin da jirgin kekunan siliki guda biyar ya kama da wuta; jirgin ya yi tafiyar yadi da yawa don tsayawa kuma wasu kekunan sun rabu da wahala kawai. Daga ƙarshe an shawarci L&MR da ta biya diyya ta £3,000 don ɗaukar kaya mai tsada saboda ba su nuna sanarwa da ta dace ba cewa ya kamata masu shi su yi inshora. [1]

Swiftsure ta shiga cikin gwaje-gwaje da dama a lokacin da take aiki. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1836 ' kamfanin L&MR ya gudanar da gwajin kona kwal wanda ya shafi Swiftsure da wasu jiragen sama da dama, sakamakon bai yi nasara ba, sakamakon ya kasance ba a kammala ba, inda aka lalata akwatin wutar Swiftsure sakamakon zafi mai yawa. [1] An tilasta wa jiragen sama na Locomotives amfani da coke mai tsada kuma wani lokacin mai matsala domin biyan bukatar "cin hayakinsu"; ya ɗauki shekaru da dama kafin fasahar ta yi amfani da kwal cikin nasara a cikin jiragen sama ta bunƙasa. [1]

Dublin da Kingstown

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An san jiragen ƙasa na Forresters na D&KR da Vauxhall, Dublin da Kingstown ; sunayensu su ne na kamfanin kera jiragen da kuma ƙarshen layin.

Jirgin farko na D&KR [lower-alpha 5] ya yi aiki mai kyau a gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a L&MR wanda shugabansu na Manchester ya ba shi izinin ɗaukar nauyin jirgin farko mai daraja zuwa Liverpool a ranar 27 ga Yuni 1834. An kammala tafiyar cikin awa 1 da mintuna 17 tare da wasu mutanen D&KR da suka haɗa da James Pim, Thomas Flemming Bergin, Vignoles da sauran daraktoci. [2]

An kai Vauxhall tare da Hibernia zuwa Dublin a cikin wannan jirgin ruwa kafin a ja su ta kan tituna a kan titunan wucin gadi. [2] Murray ya ce akwai tatsuniya cewa Vauxhall ita ce jirgin farko da ya isa layin D&KR, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama jirgin farko da ya fara tashi a Ireland. [2]

Sabis na farko da aka yi rikodin na mutanen da aka gayyata da aka yi jigilar su shine tafiya ta musamman ta farko zuwa Martello Tower da Booterstown ta Vauxhall a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1834. Girman gwajin farko a duk tsawon layin ya koma hannun Forresters Hibernia a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1834, inda Vauxhall ya yi tafiya daga baya a ranar.

Daraja jirgin ƙasa na farko da aka tsara a Ireland ta koma hannun jirgin ƙasa na Sharp's Locomotive Hibernia da ƙarfe 09:00 na safe 17 ga Disamba 1834; wannan shine bikin farko da aka yi bikinsa. Yayin da Vauxhall na Forrester ya gudanar da aikin na gaba kuma duka biyun suka ci gaba da tafiye-tafiyen gudu a duk tsawon yini. D&KR ta fara cikakken aikinta a watan Janairu 1835.

An yi gyaran ajin ne a "asibitin injina" na Serpentine Road, tare da wani sashe da aka keɓe don motocin jigilar kaya na Forrester tare da shugabansu Alexander Allan a wurin na tsawon shekara guda bisa ga kwangilar siyan. [2]

Kamfanin D&KR ya fara neman farashi don ƙarin injuna biyu a watan Fabrairun 1835; Shawarar Vignoles a baya za a buƙaci jiragen ƙasa guda takwas waɗanda suka fi daidaito a aikace fiye da shawarar Rastrick, wanda ke nuna cewa huɗu ne kawai za a buƙaci. [2] A ranar 28 ga Maris 1835, yanayin wutar lantarki ya yi muni lokacin da jirgin ƙasa na Forrester Vauxhall da Dublin suka yi karo, tare da buƙatar ƙarin tayin zuwa Ingila. [2] Murray ya yi iƙirarin cewa D&KR ta fara la'akari da injunan tanki suna ɗauke da nasu coke kuma an fara la'akari da ruwa daga watan Fabrairu saboda wahalar aiki na raba jirgin ƙasa da na tender don a iya juya kowannensu daban-daban a kan 10 feet (3.0 m) na'urorin juyawa, aƙalla ana tura na biyu da hannu. [2] An sanya odar jiragen sama guda biyu masu ƙarfin 2-2-0 T a cikin Forrester's, idan aka sanya musu suna Comet da Victoria, inda Murray ya yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan su ne "injinan tanki na farko da suka yi aiki a kowace layin dogo na jama'a". [2]

An mayar da dukkan motocin Forrester D&KR guda biyar zuwa injinan tanki shida a shekarar 1841, sauya fasalin ya kasance mai sauƙi tare da sanya tankunan ruwa a ƙarƙashin tukunyar jirgi da kuma faɗaɗa farantin ƙafa don haɗa matakin coke da kuma ƙara gatari mai biye da shi. [2]

London da Greenwich

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Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na London da Greenwich ya fara hidimar jama'a a kan layin dogo sashen tsakanin Spa Road da Deptford a watan Fabrairun 1836. [12] Motocin da ake amfani da su a wannan lokacin nau'ikan <i id="mwASU">Planet</i> guda biyu ne na tsarin 2-2-0 . William Marshall & Sons ne suka samar da Royal William . [lower-alpha 6] Lowe ya kuma sami wasu majiyoyi da ke nuna cewa Charles Tayleur da Kamfanin ne suka samar da No. 1 wanda ke da hanyoyin haɗi zuwa Stephenson kuma wannan a matsayin saitin sassa ne kuma an haɗa su a wurin. Wannan majiyar ta kuma nuna cewa a da Marshalls sun kasance Braithwaites har zuwa 1839, ( kuma Venus da L&MR ta samar wataƙila a matsayin haya don maye gurbin wani injin tururi mai juyawa mai ban mamaki 0-2-0 wanda Earl Dundonald ya samar. Victoria daga Forresters ta zama injin aiki na uku a watan Mayun 1836 kan jimlar £1,010 10s 0d. [12] L&GR ta fara yin odar jiragen ƙasa daga Stephenson's da Burys amma babu wanda ya samar da su. [lower-alpha 7]

Injin Forrester na biyu Walter [lower-alpha 8] ya isa a watan Disamba na shekarar 1836 a lokacin da za a fadada tashar London Bridge, inda ya zama injin aiki na shida, Royal William bayan ya sami jiragen sama guda uku 'yan'uwa a cikin wannan lokacin. [12] Victoria da Walter tare da tsarin 2-2-0 2-2-0 kuma sun sami laƙabin "Boxers" don motsin yawing na yau da kullun. Gwaje-gwaje a cikin 1837 sun nuna cewa Walter ya fi Royal William ƙarfi. Dukansu an mayar da su zuwa jiragen sama masu laushi, wataƙila don ƙoƙarin rage yawing. An fentin su kore, sun sami lambobi biyar da shida bi da bi kuma wataƙila sun rasa sunayensu daga shekarun 1840.

An ƙara gatari mai juyawa a Victoria a shekarar 1841 don zama 2-2-0, kafin ta zama injin famfo a Bricklayers Arms daga Disamba 1845 kuma C. Tomkins a Reading ya saya shi akan tarkace akan £110. Walter bai taɓa sanya wa motar tirela ba. An yi masa hidima a shagunan gyaran Redhill daga Janairu 1846 sannan aka tura shi zuwa wuraren gyaran yashi na Gomshall daga 1853 har sai da aka lalata shi tare da Victoria . [12]

Birmingham da Gloucester

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Jirgin ƙasa na Birmingham da Gloucester yana da jiragen Forrester guda huɗu 2-2-2 : [13] Cheltenham, Worcester, Bromsgrove da Tewkesbury . [14] Edward Bury ne ya ba su odar jim kaɗan bayan naɗinsa a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan sufuri da wakili, biyu kuma sun isa a watan Nuwamba 1838 kuma an yi amfani da su a gini. [15] Sun tabbatar da cewa sun fi injunan Norris na Amurka inganci kuma an ware su ga muhimman ayyukan aika saƙonni. [15] Tare da tsarin ƙafafunsu 2-2-2 ba su dace ba kwata-kwata kuma ba a yi nufin hawa babban layin Lickey ba kuma don wannan hawan an taimaka musu da injunan banki na Norris Type A Extra. [15]

Sauran layin dogo

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Takardun majalisar da aka buga a shekarar 1842 sun nuna cewa wasu layukan jirgin ƙasa suna amfani da injunan Forrester 2-2-0 da 2-2-2 . [13] Jirgin ƙasa na Preston da Wyre (P&WR) yana da Forrester 2-2-0 wanda ya kai ƙara saboda ƙananan kayayyaki, aikin ballasting, da kuma jiragen ƙasa na musamman na fasinja. Wani injin ɗinsa kayan 2-2-2 ne kuma galibi ana amfani da ayyukan fasinja ta wani layin dogo. Kamfanin P&WR ya san cewa jirgin ƙasa mai ƙafa shida yana haifar da ƙarancin lalacewar hanya fiye da sauran jiragen ƙasa masu ƙafa huɗu da ake amfani da su a layin dogo, amma akwai Forrester mai ƙafa huɗu da zai iya yin sulhu da wasu lanƙwasa waɗanda ƙafafun shida ba za su iya yi ba. [13] [lower-alpha 9] Babban Jirgin Ƙasa na Junction yana da tsakanin injunan Forrester ɗaya da uku injunan 2-2-2 bisa ga bayanin da suka bayar cewa suna da jiragen ƙasa uku tare da silinda na waje tare da ɗaya daban da sauran biyun. [13] Jirgin ruwan Manchester, Bolton &amp; Bury Canal Navigation and Railway (MB&CNR) yana da Forrester guda biyu 2-2-0 da kuma 0-4-0 takwas daga Edward Bury da William Fairbairn, inda suka fi son injin Bury idan ana buƙatar ƙarin. [13]

Gado

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An tsara wannan ajin ne don samar da tushen jiragen ƙasa na baya-bayan nan da D&KR ta gina wa kanta, farawa daga Gimbiya a 1939. [2] Jirgin ƙasa na Alexander Allan ya tsara don Babban Jirgin Ƙasa na Junction, kuma Jirgin Ƙasa na London da North Western (gami da nau'in Crewe (locomotive) ) ya nuna tasirin aikin Forrester. [3]

Bayanan kula

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  1. ↑ Outside cylinders means the cylinders were placed outside of the wheels. It is possible some earlier engines may have had outside cylinders. Dodd's Star of 1833 and possibly one other may have a claim.
  2. ↑ The date seems surprisingly late in the year if Samfuri:Harv is correct.
  3. ↑ Dawson states the L&MR ordered Swiftsure in November 1834 for £860 as a replacement for Milo. and was delivered in spring 1834, with a Forrester D&KR engine running trials earlier in July 1834 on the L&MR.[11]
  4. ↑ Freight or goods trains were termed luggage trains in this period.
  5. ↑ It would probably be reasonably assumed this was Vauxhall but it is not named as such in the source.
  6. ↑ Samfuri:Harv locates Marshall & Sons at Tipton while Samfuri:Harv indicates Gravesend.
  7. ↑ Samfuri:Harv says Bury subcontracted to Forrester (both factories were in the Liverpool docks area) while Stephenson had links to Charles Tayleur.[Ana bukatan hujja]
  8. ↑ Forrester's had named the locomotive William but the L&GR renamed it Walter to avoid a clash, presumably after their director George Walter.
  9. ↑ The P&WR included docks where sharp curves might be found.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Thomas 1980.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 Murray 1981.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lowe 2014.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Links in the History of the Locomotive No. XIII". The Engineer: 150. 23 Feb 1883. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Eng1883" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Stretton 1892.
  6. ↑ Stretton 1903.
  7. ↑ Pangborn 1894.
  8. ↑ "Links in the History of the Locomotive No. X". The Engineer. 18 Mar 1881.
  9. ↑ "Links in the History of the Locomotive No. XIV". The Engineer: 160. 2 Mar 1883.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Nock 1975.
  11. ↑ Dawson 2021, p. 150.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Thomas 1986.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Various 1842.
  14. ↑ Whishaw 1842.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Long & Awdry 1987.
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