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Fort Ricasoli

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Fort Ricasoli
Wuri
Ƴantacciyar ƙasaMalta
Region of Malta (en) FassaraPort Region (Port) (en) Fassara
ƘauyeKalkara (en) Fassara
Coordinates 35°53′51″N 14°31′33″E / 35.8975°N 14.5258°E / 35.8975; 14.5258
Map
History and use
Opening1670
Mai-iko Government of Malta (en) Fassara
Shugaba Knights Hospitaller (en) Fassara

 

Fort Ricasoli (Maltese: Forti Rikażli) wani sansani ne a Kalkara, Malta, wanda Order of Saint John ya gina tsakanin 1670 da 1698. Ginin yana zaune a wani wuri da aka sani da Gallows' Point da arewacin Rinella Bay, yana ba da umarnin ƙofar Grand Harbour tare da Fort Saint Elmo. Ita ce mafi girma a Malta kuma ta kasance a cikin jerin sunayen UNESCO World Heritage Sites tun 1998, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Knights' Fortifications a kusa da Harbours na Malta . [1]

Fort Ricasoli ya ga amfani a lokacin mamayar Faransa a Malta a cikin 1798 da kuma tashin hankali na Maltese wanda ya biyo baya, bayan haka ya ƙare a hannun Burtaniya. Ricasoli shine shafin da aka yi tawaye da Froberg a cikin 1807, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman Asibitin soja a cikin karni na 19. An sake amfani da shi a yakin duniya na biyu, lokacin da wasu sassansa suka lalace ta hanyar bama-bamai. Bayan an dakatar da shi a cikin shekarun 1960, an yi amfani da sansanin don dalilai na masana'antu. A yau, sansanin ya kasance mafi yawa amma a cikin lalacewar yanayi, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman wurin yin fim da wurin tsaftace tanki. An amince da tsare-tsaren dawo da sansanin a watan Yunin 2019.

Dokar asibiti

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Tarihi

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Fort Ricasoli yana tsaye a kan iyakar gabas a gefen gabas na Grand Harbor . Tun da farko an san shi da Rinella Point ko Punta Sottile ( Maltese ). [2] [3] A cikin 1531, shugabannin biyu na tawaye na bawa da wasu goma da suka dauki matsayi mai mahimmanci, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su mallaki Fort St. Angelo da kuma tserewa daga Malta, an azabtar da su sannan kuma aka rataye su a gabar tekun, wanda aka sani da Gallows' Point (Maltese: Ponta tal-Forka ) daga baya. A lokacin Babban Siege na Malta a cikin 1565, Ottomans sun gina baturin bindigogi a kan tsibirin don yin bam a Fort St. Elmo . [4]

Hoton 1664 na Grand Harbour na Willem Schellinks, tare da Hasumiyar Orsi da batir a kan iyakar dama

An gina ƙaramin batirin da aka sani da Batirin San Petronio, kuma daga baya a matsayin Batirin Orsi, a Gallows' Point a cikin 1602. [5] A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1629, jarumin Italiya Alessandro Orsi ya ba da kuɗin gina hasumiya kusa da batirin. An kira shi a hukumance Torre San Petronio, amma mazauna yankin sun fi sani da Hasumiyar Orsi [5] ko Torri Teftef. An zaɓi sunan San Petronio a lokacin mulkin Grandmaster de Paola, kuma sunan dell"Orso ya zama sananne sosai bayan gyaran batirin kanta ban da ginin hasumiyar. [6][2] An kuma san shi da Torre De Falcha (Hasumiyar Gallows) a cikin takardun tarihi. An rufe shi da waje kuma an fentin shi da launin rawaya.[7] Bartolomeo Ganga ne ya tsara hasumiyar. A wannan lokacin ne tsibirin ya zama sananne da Punta dell'Orso .

An gina hasumiyar ne don hana tserewa daga bayi daga tsibirin.[8] Hasumiyar da batirin sun sami kariya ta hanyar rami mai cike da teku da gada mai ɗorewa.[5][9] Hasumiyar da batirin suna bayyane a nesa a cikin zane na 1664 na Grand Harbour na Willem Schellinks.[5] Sun kasance suna tsaye har sai raƙuman ruwa sun lalata su a cikin guguwa a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 1821, kuma a yau kawai dutsen da aka sassaƙa na batirin ya rage. [5] [4][10]

A shekara ta 1644, Giovanni de" Medici ya ba da shawarar cewa a watsar da Fort St. Angelo a Birgu kuma a gina sabon sansani a Orsi Point. Sabon sansanin za a kira shi Fort St. Angelo, kuma za a yi amfani da shi tare da garuruwan tsohon sansanin. Ya tsara tsare-tsare don sansanin da aka tsara, amma ba a taɓa aiwatar da su ba.[4]

Gine-gine da gyare-gyare

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Hoton da ke nuna ƙofar Grand Harbour na Malta a c. 1750, tare da Fort Ricasoli a hagu da Fort Saint Elmo a dama

A shekara ta 1669, tsoron harin Ottoman ya tashi bayan faduwar Candia, kuma a shekara mai zuwa Grand Master Nicolas Cotoner ya gayyaci Antonio Maurizio Valperga, injiniyan soja na Gidan Savoy, don inganta ganuwar Malta. [11] Valperga ya tsara sabon sansani da za a gina a kan tudu, kuma duk da wasu zargi daga cikin tsari, an amince da shawarar.[12] Jarumin Florentine Fra Giovanni Francesco Ricasoli ya ba da gudummawar 20,000 scudi don gina sansanin, kuma an sanya masa suna don girmama shi.[9] An kafa dutse na farko a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1670, kuma Valperga da kansa ne ya kula da matakan farko na ginin. Ginin ya sami garuruwan kwarangwal a watan Yunin shekara ta 1674, kodayake har yanzu ba cikakke ba ne. A shekara ta 1681, injiniyan Flemish Carlos na Grunenbergh ya ba da shawarar wasu canje-canje ga ƙirar sansanin, kuma an aiwatar da waɗannan shawarwari. An gina barikin, ɗakin sujada da sauran gine-gine a cikin sansanin a cikin shekarun 1680 da 1690, kuma an ayyana sansanin a hukumance cikakke kuma yana da makamai a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1698.[9]

18th-century painting of the Hospitaller Governor of Fort Ricasoli, with the fort itself in the background
18th-century painting of the Hospitaller Governor of Fort Ricasoli, with the fort itself in the background

A cikin shekara ta 1714, injiniyoyin Faransa Jacop de Puigirand de Tigné, Charles François de Mondion da Philippe na Vendôme sun soki karamin girman sansanin, wanda suka ɗauka ba shi da tasiri. De Tigné ya ba da shawarar sauye-sauye da yawa, gami da gyaran shinge da ke akwai da embrasures, da kuma gina wani retrenchment a cikin sansanin. Vendôme ya ba da shawarar gina tashar da ke raba sansanin daga yankin. A cikin 1722, an aiwatar da gyaran da de Tigné ya gabatar, kodayake ba a taɓa gina tashar ba saboda rashin kuɗi. Ginin yana cikin mummunan yanayi a tsakiyar karni na 18, kuma an yi wasu ayyukan kulawa a shekara ta 1761.[9]

A shekara ta 1785, Ricasoli yana dauke da bindigogi tamanin, ciki har da arba'in da daya 24-pounders, yana mai da shi mafi yawan makamai a Malta.[13] An sake gina wasu sassan sansanin a karkashin jagorancin Antoine Étienne de Tousard a cikin shekarun 1790.[14]

An kuma yi amfani da sansanin a matsayin kurkuku kafin a gina gidan yarin Corradino . [15]

Kasuwancin Faransa

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Fort Ricasoli ya ga amfani a lokacin mamayar Faransa a Malta a watan Yunin 1798, a lokacin yakin juyin juya halin Faransa . A lokacin, Bali de Tillet ne ya ba da umarni, kuma Cacciatori ne ya tsare shi, wadanda suka kasance masu sa kai mai farauta.[16] Ginin ya kori hare-haren Faransa guda uku, kafin ya mika wuya bayan Grand Master Hompesch ya mika wuya ga Napoleon.[9]

A cikin tashin hankali da toshewar Maltese da suka biyo baya, sansanin ya kasance a hannun Faransa. Ya ci gaba da harba a San Rocco Battery na masu tayar da kayar baya, wanda ke kusa da 700 metres (2,300 ft) m (2,300 nesa.[17]

Mulkin Burtaniya

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Hoton Fort Ricasoli daga ƙarshen karni na 19 ko farkon karni na 20

Ginin ya ci gaba da kasancewa aikin soja mai aiki a duk Lokacin Burtaniya. Ya kasance wurin tawaye a cikin 1807 lokacin da sojojin Albania na Froberg Regiment suka tayar da kansu kuma suka rufe kansu a Fort Ricasoli. Duk da yunkurin tattaunawa sun fashe babban mujallar gunpowder, wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga sansanin a cikin tsari. Sojoji masu aminci sun murkushe tawaye, kuma kotun soja ta yanke wa wasu daga cikin masu tayar da kayar baya hukuncin kisa. An gyara ɓangarorin da suka lalace na sansanin, amma ba a sake gina su ba zuwa ainihin ƙirarsu. An gina sabon mujallar a 1829 don maye gurbin wanda aka lalata a cikin tawaye.[9]

An kuma yi amfani da sansanin a matsayin asibitin sojan ruwa na wucin gadi a ƙarshen 1820s da farkon 1830s, kafin a buɗe asibitin Bighi . [18] A lokacin cutar kwalara na 1837, marasa lafiya da suka kamu da cutar a Ospizio a Floriana sun koma Ricasoli. Yawancinsu sun mutu a cikin 'yan kwanaki, kuma an binne su a cikin makabartar Wied Għammieq da ke kusa. Wani annoba ta kwalara ta barke a Ricasoli a 1865.

Jirgin saman Italiya ya jefa bam a Grand Harbour a 1941, tare da Ricasoli a bayyane a saman dama. Wannan ya bayyana ya zama tarin hotuna biyu.

A cikin 1844, maza 500 ne suka yi amfani da sansanin. A cikin 1848, Sir John Fox Burgoyne ya bincika ganuwar Malta, kuma ya ɗauki Ricasoli a matsayin "marar shiga". A cikin shekarun 1850, an gabatar da bindigogi masu girma a cikin sansanin, kuma an maye gurbin bindigogi sau da yawa a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. An sake fasalin filin jirgin ruwa gaba ɗaya a shekara ta 1878, kuma a cikin shekarun 1900, an shigar da sabbin wuraren bindiga, fitilu da tashar torpedo. A cikin shekarun 1930, an gina hasumiyoyin kula da wuta a kan No. 2, No. 3 da No. 4, kuma an shigar da ƙarin fitilu.[9]

Fort Ricasoli ya kasance mai aiki a cikin tsaron Malta a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1941, bindigoginsa sun taimaka wajen kawar da harin Italiya a kan Grand Harbour . A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1942, an lalata ƙofar da Gidan Gwamna ta hanyar bama-bamai na Jamus. Bayan yakin, an ba da izinin sansanin a matsayin HMS Ricasoli tsakanin 1947 da 1958, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman Bariki sojan ruwa. A shekara ta 1958, an sake gina ƙofar, kodayake ƙirar ta ɗan bambanta da na asali. Ba a sake gina gidan Gwamna ba, galibi saboda dalilai na kudi.[9] A shekara ta 1949, hasumiyar da ke kusa da sansanin ta lalace saboda mummunan yanayi. A shekara ta 1964, Admiralty ta sauya iko da sansanin ga Gwamnatin Malta.[4]

Tarihin baya-bayan nan

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Amfani da masana'antu

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Tankunan mai a Ricasoli

Bayan da aka mika sansanin ga gwamnatin Maltese, an fara watsi da shi amma daga baya ya zama wurin ajiyar akwati don albarkatun kasa da suka isa Malta. A shekara ta 1976, an cika wani ɓangare na ramin da ke kusa da Ravelin na Hagu, kuma an karya St. Dominic Demi-Bastion don buɗe hanyar sabuwar hanya.[19]

A shekara ta 1964, ramin sansanin ya zama gonar tsaftace tanki don Malta Drydocks. Gidan ajiya, wanda aka sani da Ricasoli Tank Cleaning Facilities, yana kula da sharar ruwa daga jiragen ruwa da suka isa Grand Harbour kuma yana cire mai da sauran sunadarai kafin a saki sharar cikin teku. An mallaki wurin ne a cikin shekara ta 2012, kuma a halin yanzu yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Waste Oils Co. Ltd.

Yankin da ke kewaye da sansanin ya zama wurin shakatawa na masana'antu, wanda aka sani da Ricasoli Industrial Estate bayan sansanin. An rushe masana'antar a cikin 2007 don buɗe hanyar SmartCity Malta.

Wurin fim din

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Yawancin sansanin an ba da hayar shi ga Hukumar Fim ta Malta, kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a matsayin wuri don fina-finai da jerin fina-fakkaatu. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an gina manyan saiti a cikin ganuwarsa don fina-finai na Cutthroat Island (1995), Gladiator (2000), Troy (2004), Agora (2009), da Napoleon (2023). A cikin waɗannan fina-finai, sansanin ya tsaya a matsayin Port Royal, Roma, Troy, Alexandria, da Toulon bi da bi.[20] An kuma yi amfani da sansanin a cikin fim din Assassin's Creed (2016) [21] da Entebbe (2018).

Har ila yau, an yi fim din talabijin na Julius Caesar (2002) da Helen na Troy (2003) a Fort Ricasoli . An gina wani tsari da ake kira Roman Road don <i id="mwAZg">Julius Kaisar</i> kuma an riƙe wannan kuma an yi amfani da shi don wasu fina-finai.[22]

Lokacin farko na HBO na daidaitawa na George R. R. Martin's Game of Thrones ya yi amfani da sassa daban-daban na sansanin don wakiltar Red Keep . [23]

Yanayin yanzu

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Ra'ayi na Fort Ricasoli a cikin 2013 yana nuna lalacewar da ta haifar da rushewa
St. Dominic Counterguard, wanda ya rushe a wani bangare

A yau, Fort Ricasoli ya kasance mafi yawa ba tare da lalacewa ba, kodayake yana cikin lalacewa. Yankin da aka gina shi yana da saurin lalacewar bakin teku, kuma wasu ganuwar tsakanin No. 3 da No. 4 sun riga sun rushe cikin teku. A shekara ta 2004, an cire Sashin Ma'aikatar albarkatu da ababen more rayuwa, an dawo da shi kuma an sake haɗa shi da wani ɓangare na ganuwar sansanin, amma ba a yi wani abu ba don dawo da dukkan sansanin.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015, Jam'iyyar Democratic Alternative da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a raba harabar Jami'ar Amurka ta Malta tsakanin Fort Ricasoli da Fort Saint Rocco da Fort San Salvatore da ke kusa. Ba a aiwatar da wannan shawarar ba, saboda za a raba harabar tsakanin Dock No. 1 a Cospicua da Żonqor Point a Marsaskala .

A shekara ta 2018, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na al'adun gargajiya sun yi kira akai-akai don a dawo da sansanin. Wasu ayyukan da aka nufa don jawo hankalin karin fina-finai sun fara ne a farkon 2019, kuma an amince da shirye-shiryen ayyukan sabuntawa masu yawa (wanda aka gabatar da shi ga Hukumar Shirye-shiryen a cikin 2013) a watan Yunin 2019. Wannan yunkurin ya sami maraba daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.

Yanayi

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Fort Ricasoli yana da wani tsari mara kyau wanda ke bin bakin tekun da aka gina a kai. Ginin ya kunshi wani yanki mai karfi da kuma kayan aikinsa, wani shinge da ke fuskantar teku, da kuma hanyar da ke fuskantar Rinella Bay na Grand Harbour.

A gaban ƙasa

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St. John's Half-Bastion

Gaban ƙasa ya ƙunshi waɗannan bastions da rabin-bastions, waɗanda aka haɗa tare da ganuwar labule:

  • St. Dominic's Demi-Bastion, wanda aka fi sani da Left Demi-Bassion ko No. 5 Bastion - rabin-bastion a arewacin ƙarshen ƙasar gaba. An lalata shi a lokacin tawaye na Froberg na 1807, lokacin da aka fashe mujallarta.[24]
  • St. Francis Bastion, wanda aka fi sani da Central Bastion ko No. 6 Bastion - wani bastion pentagonal a tsakiyar ƙasar gaba. Ya ƙunshi ƙetare da kuma rufin da aka rufe.[25]
  • St. John's Demi-Bastion, wanda aka fi sani da Right Demi-Bassion ko No. 7 Bastion - rabin-bastion a kudancin ƙarshen ƙasar gaba.[26]

Yankin gaba ya ƙunshi casemates, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman Bariki.

Ravelin na hagu

A gaban ƙasa an kara waje shi ta hanyar wadannan outworks:

  • wani faussebraye a cikin nau'in kambi da ke kewaye da dukan ƙasar gaba.[27]
  • St. Dominic Counterguard - mai tsaron gida a kusa da gefen hagu na gaba. An lalata shi sosai ta hanyar aikin ruwan teku, tare da rabin tsarin ya rushe.[28]
  • ravelins guda biyu tsakanin St. Francis Bastion da kowanne daga cikin rabin bastions.[29] Ravelin na hagu ya ƙunshi wurin bindiga mai inci 6 (152mm). [30]
  • Caponiers biyu da ke jagorantar daga gaban ƙasa zuwa kowane ravelins. Birtaniya sun yi gyare-gyare masu yawa ga tsarin su.[31][32]

Ayyukan waje suna kewaye da rami, [33] hanyar ɓoye [34] da glacis. [35]

Ruwa mai ciki

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Tsakanin teku na Fort Ricasoli

Yankin da ke fuskantar bude teku ya ƙunshi wadannan bastions da ganuwar labule:

  • No. 1 Bastion - rabin-bastion da aka haɗa da tenaille, wanda ya samar da Point Battery. Da farko ya ƙunshi échaugette, hasumiya mai tsayi, amma an rushe wannan don samar da hanyar tashar jagora don Brennan Torpedo System. Wurin bindiga don bindigar RML 12.5-inch 38 ton yana kan fuskar bastion.[36]
  • No. 1 Curtain - bango na labule tsakanin No. 1 da No. 2 bastions, dauke da batir da aka rufe da kuma wurin bincike.[37]
  • No. 2 Bastion - wani bastion asymmetrical dauke da embrasures, da kuma wasu wuraren bindigogi na Burtaniya, mujallu da Hasumiyar kula da wuta.[38]
  • No. 2 Curtain - bango na labule tsakanin No. 2 da No. 3 bastions, dauke da embrasures, mujallar farashi (inda aka adana harsashi da aka nufa don amfani nan take) da kuma wurin bincike.[39]
  • No. 3 Bastion - wani bastion mai fuska, wanda ke dauke da embrasures da kuma wasu wuraren bindigogi na Burtaniya, mujallu da hasumiyar kula da wuta.[40]
  • bango mai laushi kusa da No. 4 Bastion, wanda ke dauke da embrasures, mujallu da tashar jiragen ruwa. Wani bangare na bangon labule ya rushe cikin teku.[41]
  • No. 4 Bastion - ƙaramin bastion, wanda ke dauke da wurin bindiga, mujallar, mafaka ga ma'aikatan bindiga da hasumiyar kula da wuta.[42]
  • No. 5 Curtain - bango na labule tsakanin No. 4 Bastion da St. Dominic Demi-Bastion na gaba na ƙasa, wanda ke dauke da wuraren bindiga, mujallu da mafaka na ma'aikatan bindiga.[43]

Wani rami mai zurfi wanda aka haƙa dutse ya kai daga No. 1 zuwa No. 3 bastions.[44]

Alamar tashar jiragen ruwa

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Wani bangare na tashar jiragen ruwa na Fort Ricasoli
Babban Ƙofar

Yankin da ke kusa da Rinella Bay ya ƙunshi alamar tenaille tare da manyan ganuwar.[45] Babban ƙofar sansanin yana cikin shinge.[46] Gidan Gwamna (yanzu an rushe shi) da Chapel na St Nicholas suna cikin sansanin, kusa da babban ƙofar.[47] Wani rubutu a ƙofar yana tunawa da ƙaddamar da sansanin a cikin 1698 kuma yana yaba wa Grand Master Perellos . [2]

Har yanzu ana iya ganin ramin da aka haƙa dutse na Orsi Battery a ƙarshen arewacin tenaille, a ƙarshen tsibirin.[10]

Birtaniya sun gina tashar Brennan Torpedo a kusa da hanyar a ƙarshen karni na 19. [45]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Knights' Fortifications around the Harbours of Malta". UNESCO Tentative List. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Abela, Giovanni Francesco (3 April 1772). "Malta illustrata... accresciuta dal Cte G.A. Ciantar". Mallia. p. 93. Retrieved 3 April 2019 – via Google Books. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "depaola" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ "Malta bil chzejer tehne u li ghadda min ghaliha: L'euel parti". 3 April 1865. Retrieved 3 April 2019 – via Google Books.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Quintano, Anton. "Fortifications: Fort Ricasoli". Heritage: An Encyclopedia of Maltese Culture and Civilization. Midsea Books Ltd. 4: 1101–1107. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "heritage" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "batterytower" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Zammit, Vincent (2005). "Lost ancient landmarks: Orsi tower". Heritage: An Encyclopedia of Maltese Culture and Civilization. Midsea Books Ltd. 4 (64): 1255–1257.
  7. ↑ Duggan, Terrance M. P. (20 July 2013). "Erasing Malta's Heritage of Surfacing and Paintwork on Facades and Fortifications and, A Request to the Reader". Malta Today. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  8. ↑ Quintano, Anton (1977). "Fort Ricasoli: A Historical Survey 1670–1798" (PDF). Storja (78): 164, 165. OCLC 317186765.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Bonnici, Hermann (2004–2007). "Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). Arx – Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification (1–4): 33–38. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "arxbonnici" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Orsi Battery remains – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "orsi" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Graff, Philippe (1994). "La Valette: une ville nouvelle du XVIe siècle et son évolution jusqu'à nos jours". Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée: Le carrefour maltais (in Faransanci). Publications de l'Université de Provence. 71 (1): 161. doi:10.3406/remmm.1994.1641. ISSN 2105-2271. OCLC 958683792.
  12. ↑ "Vella, J. (2007). Antonio Maurizio Valperga. Programm tal-festa Marija Immakulata fil-belt ta' Bormla Festa 2007, 49, 51, 53, 55" (PDF). Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ↑ Spiteri, Stephen C. (2014). "Fort Manoel". ARX Occasional Papers (4): 176. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  14. ↑ Spiteri, Stephen C. (2011). "Fort Tigné 1792". ARX Occasional Papers (1): 6. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  15. ↑ "Corradino Correctional Facility". Ministry for Home Affairs and National Security. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015.
  16. ↑ "Caccatori Maltesi". Historical Re-Enactment Group of Malta. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  17. ↑ Spiteri, Stephen C. (May 2008). "Maltese 'siege' batteries of the blockade 1798–1800" (PDF). Arx – Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification (6): 35. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  18. ↑ "Regimental Hospitals and Military Hospitals of the Malta Garrison". Maltarmc.com. British Army Medical Services And the Malta Garrison 1799 – 1979. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  19. ↑ Quintano, Anton. "Fortifications: Fort Ricasoli". Heritage: An Encyclopedia of Maltese Culture and Civilization. Midsea Books Ltd. 4: 1101–1107.
  20. ↑ "Fort Ricasoli". Malta Film Commission. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  21. ↑ Siegel, Lucas (4 November 2014). "New Assassin's Creed Set Pictures, Shooting Information from Malta". Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015.
  22. ↑ "Fort Ricasoli". Malta Film Commission. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  23. ↑ "Locations of Thrones: Malta (Part 1)". Cultureaddicthistorynerd.com. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  24. ↑ "St Dominic Demi-Bastion – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  25. ↑ "Central Bastion – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  26. ↑ "Right Demi-Bastion & adjoining curtain – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  27. ↑ "Faussebraye – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  28. ↑ "Counterguard – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  29. ↑ "Right Ravelin – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  30. ↑ "Left Ravelin – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  31. ↑ "Right Caponier – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  32. ↑ "Left Caponier – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  33. ↑ "Land front ditch – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  34. ↑ "Covertway – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  35. ↑ "Glacis – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  36. ↑ "No 1 Bastion and Tenaille – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  37. ↑ "No 1 Curtain – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  38. ↑ "No. 2 Bastion – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  39. ↑ "No.2 Curtain – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  40. ↑ "No. 3 Bastion – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  41. ↑ "Curtain near No.4 Bastion – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  42. ↑ "No 4 Bastion – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  43. ↑ "No 5 Curtain – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  44. ↑ "Sea front ditch – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Harbour tenaille trace – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  46. ↑ "Main Gate and remains of Governor's House – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  47. ↑ "Chapel of St Nicholas – Fort Ricasoli" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
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