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Franklin Boukaka

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Franklin Boukaka
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Brazzaville, 10 Oktoba 1940
ƙasa Jamhuriyar Kwango
Mutuwa Brazzaville, 22 ga Faburairu, 1972
Sana'a
Sana'a masu kirkira
Artistic movement Cuban rumba

Franklin Boukaka (10 ga Oktoba, 1940 - kimanin 23-24 ga Fabrairu, 1972) mawaki ne na ƙasar Congo, mai yin guitar, kuma mawaƙi wanda aka san shi a matsayin majagaba a fannin waƙoƙin gargajiya na ƙasar Congo. Ya yi wasa a cikin ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa da ke cikin kowace "ƙasar Congo biyu," wato, ƙasashen da yanzu ake kira Jamhuriyar Congo da Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo ; ya yi yawon buɗe ido a duk faɗin duniya; ya sami shahara sosai; ya ɗauki matsayin siyasa a fili; kuma ana kyautata zaton an kashe shi ba tare da shari'a ba a lokacin wani yunƙurin juyin mulki a Jamhuriyar Kongo .

Rayuwar farko

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An haifi Franklin Boukaka a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1940, a Brazzaville (babban birnin Congo-Brazzavile na yanzu). [1] [2] Iyayensa duka mawaka ne; mahaifinsa, Aubin Boukaka, yana tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa "La Gaieté," yayin da mahaifiyarsa, Yvonne Ntsatouabaka, mawaƙiya ce kuma mai masaukin baki ga jana'iza da bukukuwa masu farin jini. [2] Shi ne ɗan fari cikin yara takwas, maza biyar da mata uku, kuma ya halarci makarantu a Brazzaville. [2]

Aikin kiɗa

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Ƙungiyoyin farko (Mai Zaki Jazz, Jazz Mai Tausayi, Ƙungiyar Mawakan Negro, Jazz ta Afirka/Jazz ta Afirka, Vox Africa), 1955-62

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Bayan kammala karatunsa, Boukaka ya shiga jerin ƙungiyoyin mawaka, suna tafiya tsakanin kowace babban birni biyu a fadin Kogin Congo daga juna: Brazzaville, da Leopoldville (daga baya Kinshasa ), babban birnin abin da a da ake kira Congo ta Belgium, kuma bayan samun 'yancin kai ta zama Jamhuriyar Congo, sannan Zaire, kuma yanzu Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo .

Wannan ci gaban ƙungiyoyin mawaka ya fara ne a shekarar 1955, lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 14 ko 15 ya shiga ƙungiyar Sexy Jazz, wadda Miguel Samba, Siscala Mouanga, da Aubert Nganga suka kafa. [2] A shekarar 1957, lokacin da Miguel Samba da Siscala Mouanga suka tafi don shiga wata ƙungiya mai suna Cercul Jazz, Boukaka ya shiga ƙungiyar Sympathic Jazz, ta Alphonse Marie Toukas, kuma ya zagaya Kabinda da Leopoldville. [2]

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1958, tare da wasu mawaka da dama wadanda galibinsu daga Brazzaville ne, ciki har da abokinsa Michel Boyibanda wanda ya kasance tare da shi a cikin Sympathic Jazz, Boukaka ya kafa Negro Band. :163[3] A cewar wasu majiyoyi, an kafa ƙungiyar Negro kuma koyaushe tana zaune a Brazzaville, [4] :163yayin da a cewar wasu, an kafa ta ne a Leopoldville a lokacin mulkin Boukaka tare da ita, kuma a shekarar 1960 ta ƙaura zuwa Brazzaville. [3] A cikin dukkan waɗannan yanayi, Boukaka yana aiki a Leopoldville a shekarar 1960, lokacin da ya haɗu da mawaƙa daga Afirka Jazz, ciki har da Tabu Ley Rochereau, don yin waka a matsayin "Jazz African" yayin da shugaban ƙungiyar Joseph Kabasele ( Le Grand Kallé ) yake a Brussels don taron zagaye kan ' yancin kan Belgium Congo. [4] :163[5] Daga baya, har yanzu yana Leopoldville, tare da Jeannot Bombenga da Casino Mutshipule daga African Jazz, ya kafa ƙungiyar Vox Africa; sauran membobin ƙungiyar farko sun haɗa da Papa Noël da Djeskain Massengo. [4] :163[6]

Cercul Jazz, 1962-67

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A shekarar 1962, wurin aikinsa ya dawo daga Leopoldville zuwa Brazzaville inda ya shiga ƙungiyar Cercul Jazz, wadda abokan aikinsa biyu daga Sexy Jazz suka shiga shekaru biyar da suka gabata. An kafa Cercul Jazz a shekarar 1954 kuma aka sanya masa suna bayan wata ƙungiyar matasa da take da alaƙa da ita, Cercule Culturel de Bacongo. [1] Boukaka ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar, kuma ya sami mabiya da yawa. [1] Cercul Jazz a ƙarƙashin Boukaka ya haɓaka wani salo na musamman wanda, kodayake an yi la'akari da shi a baya, ya kasance mai aminci ga salon ƙungiyar Congo ("restée fidèle au style de l'orchester de Bacongo"); [7] an bayyana waƙar ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyau a cikin rumba ("l'un des plus beaux de la Rumba"). [2]

Baya ga rangadin ƙasarsu, a tsakanin 1963-64, Cercul Jazz ya fara rangadin Afirka, inda ya buga wasa a Gabon, Chad, Kamaru da Najeriya. A tsakanin 1965-66, sun yi watanni takwas a Kamaru.

A lokaci guda kuma, Boukaka ya faɗaɗa batutuwan rubuta waƙarsa fiye da "soyayya da yanayi" don haɗawa da batutuwan zamantakewa da siyasa, ko kuma "nazari da sukar ran ɗan adam." :163–164[5] Siyasarsa ta gurguzu ce, kuma ya jaddada adawa da mulkin mallaka da haɗin kan Afirka musamman. [8] [9] A lokaci guda kuma, yana son yin suka ga gwamnatocin Afirka bayan samun 'yancin kai saboda cin hanci da rashawa da nuna wariya. [10]

A shekarar 1967, Cercul Jazz ya rubuta waƙarsa mai suna "Pont sur le Congo" (Gada a kan Kongo), yana nuna cewa, bayan an gama mulkin mallaka, ya kamata Kongo biyu su haɗu. :164 An haɗa da kalmominsa (an fassara):

Ka karɓi addu'ata a wannan rana
Don haɗin kan Kongo.
Idan muka yarda da koyarwar Lumumba
Kinshasa da Brazza za su yi zaman lafiya tare.
'Yan'uwa maza da mata na bankunan biyu,
Mu haɗu mu gina ɗaukaka
Na ƙasar Kongo. :164

"Pont Sur le Congo" ya zama ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin Cercul Jazz da aka fi sani, amma shawarwarin da aka bayar ba su yi daidai ba, kuma shugabannin ƙasashen biyu, waɗanda ke da alaƙar siyasa daban-daban, ba su yi la'akari da su ba, inda kowane shugaba ke neman lalata ɗayan. [1] :162,164

A matsayina na mai zane kai kaɗai kuma shugaban ƙungiya, wasanni da rikodin ƙasashen duniya, 1967-71

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Daga baya a shekarar 1967, Boukaka ya bar Cercul Jazz don fara yin wasa da yin rikodi da sunansa. [2] Ya shirya ƙungiyar 'yan wasan sanza (babban piano) a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tatsuniyar Congo da ta yi tafiya zuwa Paris ƙarƙashin kulawar gwamnatin Faransa. Boukaka zai rera waƙa kuma ya buga guitar, tare da 'yan wasan sanza biyu ko uku. A Paris Boukaka ya yi wa kamfanin shirya fina-finai na mawaƙin Faransa Gilles Sala rikodi, tare da 'yan wasan sanza biyu da mai wasan saxophone na Congo Jean Serge Essous na Les Bantous de la Capital, waƙoƙi da dama da suka haɗa da "Les Brazzavilloises," game da matan Brazzaville. :164[2] An sake fitar da waɗannan rikodin a cikin shekarun 1980 a matsayin kundin waƙoƙin Survivance.

Daga baya, tare da ƙungiyarsa ta sanza a Brazzaville, Boukaka ya gabatar da sabuwar waƙa, "Les Immortels," inda ya rera waƙar wani dattijo yana gaya masa (wanda aka fassara) "saurayi, kowane mutum dole ne ya mutu wata rana, amma ba duk mutuwa ke da ma'ana ɗaya ba," kuma waƙar ta ambaci shahidai goma sha shida da aka kashe saboda imaninsu, ciki har da Patrice Lumumba, Che Guevara, Malcolm X, Simon Kimbangu, Albert Luthuli, da Andre Matswa . An kira wannan waƙar annabci, ganin cewa an kashe Boukaka saboda imaninsa shekaru kaɗan bayan haka. Hakanan ana iya ɗaukarta a matsayin suka a ɓoye ga shugabannin siyasa na Kongo biyu a wancan lokacin, saboda rashin bin ƙa'idodin jarumtaka na magabatansu. :164–65[9] [11] [12]

A shekarar 1969, Boukaka ya yi wasa tare da ƙungiyar sanza a bikin al'adu na Pan-African da ke Algiers . [1] An ɗauki wasan kwaikwayonsa na "Les Immortels" a matsayin babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali a wannan babban taron. :165[11]

A shekarar 1970, Boukaka ya yi rikodin waƙoƙi da dama a birnin Paris, Manu Dibango ya shirya kuma ya raka shi da saxophone da piano. An bayyana waɗannan zaman a matsayin "babban abin da ya faru" a rayuwar Boukaka. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin maestro na Kamaru da kuma kayan kida daban-daban ciki har da goge da piano maimakon gita, kiɗan waɗannan zaman ya bambanta sosai a salo daga waƙar sanannen Kongo, rumba na Kongo ko soukous, wanda Boukaka ya yi a baya. Kundin waƙoƙi goma sha biyu daga waɗannan zaman, wanda aka shirya bayan mutuwarsa a matsayin Franklin Boukaka à Paris, an kira shi "aikin da ke da iko da kyau wanda ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba." [1] :165–66Waƙoƙi masu ban mamaki a cikin kundin waƙoƙin à Paris sun haɗa da shirye-shirye daban-daban, waɗanda aka cire daga kundin waƙoƙin "Pont sur la Congo" da "Les Immortels," da kuma sabuwar rumba mai suna "Likambo Oyo" (wannan matsala). Amma waƙar Boukaka wadda ta sami babban nasara, kuma wacce aka fi tunawa da ita kuma aka saurare ta shekaru hamsin bayan haka, ita ce "Le Bucheron" (mai yanke itace; sigar Kenya ta waƙar an yi mata taken "Le Bucheron (Afirka)"), wani korafi game da yanayin Afirka da matalautanta, waƙar da ke kuka (an fassara ta) "Oh, Afirka, ina 'yancin kai yake? ... ina 'yancinka yake?

A cikin 1970, ya zagaya Guinea, tare da goyon bayan manyan ƙungiyoyin gida, Keletigui Traoré's Keletigui et ses Tambourinis . Sun yi tare a nau'in 1970 na Quinzaine Artistique et Culturelle Nationale, bikin kasa na Guinea na shekara-shekara. [13] :1016–17Kamfanin wakokin Guinea Syliphone ya fitar da rikodinsa guda uku tare da wannan ƙungiyar mawaka. [14] A cikin ɗaya, wanda aka yi wa taken "Unité Africaine," wani wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye daga bikin ƙasa, Boukaka ya yi kira da a "haɗa kan Afirka da ƙarfi" a cikin yaren Kongo, Lingala ; ya ambaci ƙasashe da shugabanni na Afirka a cikin kira da amsa; sannan ya yi magana da taron jama'a a cikin Susu, harshen Guinea da ya koya a lokacin. [13] :1017–18

A shekarar 1971, ya yi aiki a matsayin "mai kula da dabbobi" a UNESCO da ke Paris, kuma Darakta Janar na hukumar ya yaba masa. [2]

Boukaka ya kuma yi wasanni a ƙasashen duniya a Spain, Jamus, Tarayyar Soviet, China, Yugoslavia, Mongolia, da Koriya ta Arewa, a cewar Guy Menga da Clement Ossinonde. [2]

Rayuwar iyali

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Boukaka ya auri Antoinette Mouanga, wacce ta mutu bayan rabuwarsu. [2] [15] Waƙoƙinsa guda biyu masu shahara sun samo asali ne daga gare ta: "Luzolo" da ɗaya da aka sani da "Antoinette Mouanga" ko "Mwanga." [2] [16] [15] "Mwanga," wanda har yanzu yana da shahara kuma wasu mawaka da dama sun yi rubutu a kai, ya haɗa da waƙoƙin da aka fassara da "Mwanga, babu wanda ya tsira daga mutuwa, mun san ta, amma radadin da mutuwarki ta haifar ya sa na yi mamakin dalilin da yasa kika tafi da wuri haka. Abokanka da duk birnin Brazzaville suna yi miki makoki. Ina Mwanga ya tafi? Da mutuwa tana da farashi, ni, Boukaka, da na biya don in cece ki." [2] [16]

An sanya wa ɗansa guda ɗaya, Malcom Boukaka, suna bayan Malcolm X. [2]

Mutuwa

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A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1972, wata ƙungiya ta yi ƙoƙarin yin juyin mulki a kan gwamnatin Jamhuriyyar Jama'ar Kongo mai ikirarin bin tsarin Marxist-Leninist ƙarƙashin jagorancin Marien Ngouabi, wacce ta karɓi mulki da kanta a juyin mulkin 1968, kuma daga baya aka kashe ta a juyin mulkin 1977. Boukaka yana da hannu, kuma daga baya yana cikin mutane biyu ko uku da aka lissafa a matsayin waɗanda suka mutu a juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba. Ba a taɓa yin bayani game da yanayin mutuwarsa ba. Masanin tarihin kiɗan Kongo Gary Stewart ya ba da rahoton cewa "da yawa daga cikin 'yan Kongo suna zargin an kashe shi - musamman saboda sunansa ya bayyana a cikin jerin waɗanda aka kama." :185–86Ganin rashin bayanai, ba a san ainihin ranar mutuwarsa ba; wasu majiyoyi sun bayyana cewa wataƙila 22 ga Fabrairu, [1] [17] yayin da wasu kuma suka ce an kashe shi a daren 23-24 ga Fabrairu. [2] [18] [9]

Kimantawa da tunawa

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An yaba wa Boukaka saboda "babban baiwar kiɗansa," musamman "bayyanar sa mai kyau a kan dandamali, salon baritone mai laushi, da kuma waƙoƙin da ke ƙara yaɗuwa." :163Gilles Sala, wanda ya yi rikodinsa a birnin Paris a shekarar 1967, ya ce "Na ji daɗin muryar Franklin Boukaka sosai. Yana da kyakkyawan sautin waƙa, murya mai daɗi sosai. Sannan a matsayinsa na mawaki... kamar Joseph Kabasele, kamar Nico, kamar Franco, suna da kyakkyawar fahimtar waƙoƙin da suka shahara." [4] :164

Boukaka ya kasance babban mutum na farko a cikin ci gaban wakokin gargajiya na Kongo, wanda ya kafa rumba da soukous waɗanda suka mamaye Afirka daga shekarun 1970 zuwa 1990. Haka kuma, a taƙaice, shi ɗan "Pont sur le Congo", yana aiki a kowace ƙasa biyu masu adawa da siyasa waɗanda manyan biranensu ke ketare kogin daga juna, kuma babban mai shiga tsakani, a ɓangarorin biyu, a cikin al'adun da suka haɗu a wancan lokacin tsakanin Brazzaville da Kinshasa.

Bayan mutuwarsa, an dakatar da wakokinsa a rediyo a Brazzaville. [10] Amma kusan shekaru hamsin bayan haka, Boukaka ya ci gaba da tunawa da shi. An fitar da ƙarin rikodin wakokinsa bayan mutuwarsa fiye da lokacin da yake raye. Sabbin rubuce-rubucen jaridu, rubuce-rubucen yanar gizo da sauran muƙaloli daga, misali, Indiya, Netherlands, Amurka, da Kenya sun tuna da rayuwarsa kuma sun haskaka wakokinsa, musamman waƙar "Le Bucheron" mai "marasa lokaci." [11] [17] [19] Duk da cewa aƙalla ƙwararren masanin kiɗan ƙasar Yamma kan ƙasar Congo ya ƙi shi," [20] wataƙila saboda ana kunna shi sosai, waƙar ta kasance batun murfin waƙa da sake yin ta, misali, na John Kazadi na Zimbabwe a 1985, [21] ƙungiyar Nairobi City a 2005, [22] Manu Dibango, Aïcha Koné (fr), da Bisso Na Bisso tare da Passi . Cewa wannan jerin ya haɗa da mawaka daga Kudancin, Gabas, Yamma, da Tsakiyar Afirka, da kuma ƙasashen Ingilishi da Faransa, yana nuna cewa mawaka sun yi biyayya ga saƙon Boukaka na Pan-African, ko da 'yan siyasa ba su yi ba.

A shekarar 1975, mawaƙin Kamaru Dicky Ndoumbé ya fitar da waƙar "Nadamar Franklin Boukaka." [23] A shekarar 2016, mawallafin Faransa La Doxa Éditions ya buga waƙar Franklin, l'insoumis: d'après une idée de Marien Fauney Ngombé a cikin tunawa da shi (Franklin, mai tawaye: bisa ga ra'ayin Marien Fauney Ngombé). Littafi ne mai labarai goma sha huɗu na marubuta goma sha huɗu, ciki har da Ndèye Fatou Kane, kowannensu ya samo asali ne daga waƙa ta Boukaka. [15] A shekarar 2019, lokacin da aka shirya gadar zahiri a kan Kogin Congo, wadda za ta haɗa biranen Brazzaville da Kinshasa da suka daɗe suna rabuwa, wani ɗan jarida ya bayyana ta a matsayin jinkirin cikar waƙar Boukaka ta 1967 "Pont sur le Congo." A Brazzaville, an shirya bikin tunawa da ranar haihuwarsa ta 80 a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2020.

An kwatanta shigar Boukaka a harkokin siyasa da kuma adawa da shi ga iko da na Bob Marley da Fela Kuti . [1] :166[17] Ana kiransa da shahidi, kuma mutuwarsa a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa tana da shekaru 32 ta yi ta'aziyya. [1] [9]

Kundin Waƙoƙi

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Ɗaiɗaiku da kuma EPs

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  • Franklin Boukaka, "Ba Yemba Ba Kongo" / "Yambi Na Bana Poto" / "Les Brazzavilloises" / "Pasi Na Komona" (Riviera Afrique, 231.305) 1969
  • Franklin Boukaka avec Keletigui et ses Tambourinis, "Munu Ngiidi" / "Kitoko Mingi" (Editions Syliphone Conakry, SYL 251) 1970
  • Franklin Boukaka avec Keletigui et ses Tambourinis, "M'Bongi Eyi" / "Tata aleleti" (Editions Syliphone Conakry, SYL 252) 1970 [an yi rikodin kai tsaye a Palais de la Peuple, Guinea]
  • Franklin Boukaka avec Keletigui et ses Tambourinis, "Unité Africaine" / "Kitoko Mingi" (Editions Syliphone Conakry, SYL 253) 1971
  • Franklin Boukaka, "Le Bucheron" / "Nakoki" (Sonafric, SAF 1518) 1972
  • Franklin Boukaka, shirye-shirye da mawaƙa Manu Dibango, "Dia Bikolo" / "Luzolo" (Sonafric, SAF 1528) 1972
  • Franklin Boukaka, "Etumba" / "Les Immortels" (Sonafric, SAF 1506) ba a sani ba
  • Franklin Boukaka, mawaƙa Manu Dibango, "Le Bucheron" / "Likambo Oyo" (Sonafric, SAF 1578) ba a sani ba.
  • Franklin Boukaka, "M'Bongi" / "Ya M'Bamba" (Sonafric, SAF 1711) unknown

Kundin waƙoƙi

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An fitar da rikodin waƙoƙi da yawa na Boukaka na 1955-67 tare da ƙungiyoyi kamar Negro Band, Vox Africa, Cercul Jazz, da wataƙila wasu a ƙarƙashin sunayen waɗannan ƙungiyoyin, kuma ba a haɗa su a nan ba. Wasu daga cikinsu an tattara su a cikin kundin waƙoƙi da aka fitar da sunansa:

  • Franklin Boukaka (EMI Pathe C 064-15992) 1978
[kundin da wani lokacin ake kira "Bibi," a matsayin taken waƙarsa ta farko. Cercul Jazz ne ya fara fitar da dukkan waƙoƙi 11 a Pathe: waƙa ta 1 a kan Congo? Bolingo! (Pathé CPTX 240.807), waƙa ta 2-5 a kan Super Cercul Nº 1 (Stenco EG 783), waƙa ta 6-7 a kan Cercul Interafricain, kuma waƙa ta 8-11 a kan Super Cercul Nº 2 (Stenco Pathé EG 799).]
  • Franklin Boukaka, Les Merveilles du Passé 1967 (Afirka 360.153) 1986
[tarin waƙoƙin waƙoƙin da aka yi a shekarun 1960, gefe na 1 tare da waƙoƙin Cercul Jazz guda biyu, da kuma waƙoƙin Negro Band guda biyu. Gefen na 2 ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi huɗu na Orchestre Negro-Succes, na Bavon Marie-Marie. Babu wata majiya da ta nuna alaƙa tsakanin Boukaka da wannan rukunin; don haka, duk da sunan da murfin kundin, Boukaka a bayyane yake ba ya cikin Side 2.]

Zaman rikodin Paris na 1967 tare da Gilles Sala:

  • Franklin Boukaka ses Sanzas da Son Orchester Congolais, Tsira (Gilles Sala GS 8403) 1983
[wanda aka bayyana a matsayin sake fitowa ta 1967; waƙoƙi 6, huɗu a Riviera Afrique 231.305 (a sama), "Kue Tu Kuenda," da "Couple Ya Bolingo"]
  • Franklin Boukaka ses Sanzas da Son Orchester Congolais, Tsira (Tarin Bolibana) (Bolibana Productions BIP 333) 2010?
[daidai da GS 8403 da ƙari, waƙa ta bakwai, "Rendez-vous à Bamako"]

Zaman rikodin Paris na 1970 tare da Manu Dibango:

  • Franklin Boukaka, shirye-shirye da mawaƙa Manu Dibango (Sonafric SAF 50 001) 1970 ko 1974
[wani lokacin ana kiransa "Le Bucheron," a matsayin taken waƙarsa ta farko]
  • Franklin Boukaka a Paris, shirye-shirye da mawaƙa Manu Dibango (Sonafric SAF 50 048) 1977
[sake fitowa ta SAF 50 001 tare da ƙara waƙoƙi biyu, "Etumba" da "Les Immortels," jimilla waƙoƙi 12 maimakon 10, da kuma sauya taken waƙa ɗaya daga "Nakoki" zuwa "Nakoko" na kuskure.]
  • Franklin Boukaka à Paris, shirye-shirye Manu Dibango (Sonafric - CD 50048) 1999
[Sake fitar da CD na SAF 50 048]

An haɗa a cikin tarin bayanai

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  • 1er Festival Culturel Africain, Alger 1969, Culture et Arts Congo-Brazzaville (LPL 4779, 4780) 19 ??
[Waƙoƙi goma sha ɗaya na mawaka daban-daban, guda biyu - na farko da na ƙarshe - na Franklin Boukaka et les Sanzas: "Les Immortels" da "Mpassi Zi Sakidi"]
  • Afrique Varietes (Riviera Afrique - 521.186 T) 1972
[Waƙa guda goma sha shida na masu fasaha daban-daban, gami da biyar na Franklin Boukaka Ses Sanzas et Son Orchester Congolais: huɗun akan Riviera Afrique 231.305, da "Kue Tu Kuenda"]
  • Keletigui et ses Tambourinis: Shekarun Syliphone (Sterns STCD3031-32) 2009
[Ya haɗa da "M'bongi Eyi" na Franklin Boukaka avec Keletigui et ses Tambourinis]

Bayanan kula

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Stewart, Gary. "Boukaka, Franklin". Rumba on the River: Web Home of the Book. Retrieved 21 October 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "River-web" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 Ossinonde, Clément (5 September 2010). "Franklin Boukaka, un artiste du Cinquantenaire des Indépendances". www.congopage.com (in Faransanci). Retrieved 20 October 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "OSSINONDE" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ossinonde, Clément (26 May 2020). "REGARD SUR LE PASSE. 1960 - ORCHESTRE NEGRO BAND : De Kinshasa, Installation définitive à Brazzaville". Pagesafrik.info (in Faransanci). Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named River-Book
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Bridge". WorldService. 5 April 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WorldService" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ "JEANNOT BOMBENGA / LA BELLE EPOQUE, The Best Of Vox Africa". EL SUR RECORDS. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Cercul-Jazz
  8. ↑ Foukissa, Aurore. "Franklin Boukaka - Les Immortels". antiwar songs (in Faransanci). Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Mouyoungi, Anthony (3 June 2016). "Franklin Boukaka, l'immortel!". African Counter (in Faransanci). Retrieved 23 October 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Mouyoungi" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "African Pearls: Congo 70 Rumba Rock (press kit)" (PDF) (in Faransanci). Retrieved 23 October 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Rumba-Rock" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Ghosh, Astri (22 April 2020). "The Art of Solitude: Franklin Boukaka and Manu Dibango provide a soothing touch to the eerie quiet". Scroll.in. Retrieved 21 October 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Ghosh" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ "The Immortals" of Franklin Boukaka (lyrics, with their French and English translations). "African Heritage (afrolegends.com)" (PDF). Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Hashachar, Yair (2018). "Guinea Unbound: Performing Pan-African Cultural Citizenship between Algiers 1969 and the Guinean National Festivals". Interventions. 20 (7): 1003. doi:10.1080/1369801X.2018.1508932. S2CID 149515775.
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Keletuigi
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Roland, Thomas (14 April 2016). "Marien Fauney Ngombé présente "Franklin l'insoumis"". Culturopoing (in Faransanci). Retrieved 20 October 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Insomis" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mwanga
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Smasher of the week #3 Le Bucheron (Yeke Yeke) by Franklin Boukaka (Okt 10 1940 – Feb 22 1972)". Mijngroeve. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Mijngroeve" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 75th
  19. ↑ Curtis, Stephanie (14 February 2019). "The Five: A love story, a Jane Eyre retelling, and a protest song". MPR News. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  20. ↑ "Music of Congo pt 3". Muzikifan.
  21. ↑ "Various - Hits Of Zimbabwe: Independence Special '85". Discogs (in Turanci). Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  22. ↑ "Nairobi City Ensemble, Le Bucheron". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  23. ↑ "Central Africa, African 91.000 – 91.099 (11/17)". Afrodisc: African Discographies. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
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