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Franklin D. Roosevelt

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Franklin Delano Roosevelt[1] (30 ga Janairu, 1882 - Afrilu 12, 1945), kuma aka sani da FDR, shi ne shugaban Amurka na 32, wanda ya yi aiki daga 1933 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1945. Shi ne shu[1]gaban Amurka mafi dadewa a kan karagar mulki, kuma shi kadai ne ya yi aiki fiye da wa'adi biyu. Sharuɗɗansa na farko guda biyu sun ta'allaka ne akan yaƙi da Babban Bala'in, yayin da na uku da na huɗu suka gan shi ya karkata hankalinsa ga shigar Amurka a yakin duniya na biyu.

Wani memba na fitattun iyalan Delano da Roosevelt, Roosevelt an zabe shi a Majalisar Dattijai ta New York daga 1911 zuwa 1913 sannan ya kasance mataimakin sakataren sojojin ruwa karkashin shugaba Woodrow Wilson a lokacin yakin duniya na daya. A shekara ta 1921.


Rayuwar farko da aure

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Yarantaka

Matashi, Roosevelt, wanda ba a san shi ba a cikin 1884, ɗan shekara 2 An haifi Franklin Delano Roosevelt a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1882, a Hyde Park, New York, ga ɗan kasuwa James Roosevelt I da matarsa ​​ta biyu, Sara Ann Delano. Iyayensa, waɗanda 'yan uwan ​​juna ne na shida, [2] sun fito ne daga mawadata, sun kafa iyalai na New York - Roosevelts, Aspinwalls da Delanos, Cleveland. A lokacin wannan taron, [3] ya ce: "Ɗana ɗana, ina yi maka buri mai ban mamaki. Shi ne cewa ba za ka taba zama shugaban Amurka ba. "[4] Mahaifiyar Franklin Sara, babban tasiri a farkon shekarunsa, sau ɗaya ya bayyana, "Ɗana Franklin Delano ne, ba Roosevelt ba kwata-kwata. James ya yi hulɗa da ɗansa fiye da yadda ake yi a lokacin.[[5]] [6] [7] [8]

Ilimi da farkon aiki

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Tun yana yaro, Roosevelt ya koyi hawa, harbi, tuƙi, da wasan polo, tennis, da golf.[[9] [10] Tafiye-tafiye akai-akai zuwa Turai - tun ya yanaɗan shekara biyu kuma daga shekara bakwai zuwa sha biyar - ya taimaka wa Roosevelt ya zama mai magana cikin Jamusanci da Faransanci. Ban da halartar makarantar gwamnati a Jamus yana ɗan shekara tara [11] ya kasance malami ne ya koyar da shi a gida har ya kai shekaru 14. Daga nan ya halarci Makarantar Groton, makarantar kwana ta Episcopal a Groton, Massachusetts[12] Ba ya cikin fitattun ɗaliban Groton, waɗanda suka fi ƙwararrun ƴan wasa kuma suna da rigima na tawaye.[13] Yana [14] [15] [16] Kamar yawancin abokan karatunsa na Groton, Roosevelt ya tafi Kwalejin Harvard.[17] ] Ya kasance memba na Alpha Delta Phi fraternity[[18] Fly Club, [19] ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fara'a na makaranta[20] ya kasance ba shi da bambanci a matsayin ɗalibi ko ɗan wasa, amma ya zama babban editan jaridar The Harvard Crimson na yau da kullun, wanda ke buƙatar buri, kuzari, da ikon sarrafa wasu.[21] daga baya ya ce, “Na dauki kwasa-kwasan tattalin arziki a jami’a tsawon shekaru hudu, kuma duk abin da aka koya mini bai dace ba[22]

[23] Ya sauke karatu daga Harvard a cikin shekaru uku a 1903 tare da A.B. cikin tarihi[24] Ya zauna a can har shekara ta hudu, yana yin kwasa-kwasan karatun digiri.,[25] dan uwansa Theodore, ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Masu Bincike.,[26]


[27] [b] A cikin 1908, ya ɗauki aiki tare da babban kamfanin lauyoyi na Carter Ledyard & Milburn, yana aiki a sashin shari'ar admiralty na kamfanin.[28] Roosevelt ya kasance hamshakin mai tara tambari wanda ya shigo sha'awa tun yana dan shekara takwas, kuma ya ci gaba da wannan bibiyar har zuwa lokacin balaga da siyasa. A lokacin da yake shugaban kasa ya tada hankalin al'ummar kasar baki daya na karbar tambari. Tun daga shekarun 1930, Fadar White House ta fitar da hotunansa da dama yayin da yake halartar tarin tambarinsa. Ya keɓe lokaci kowace rana yana aiki tare da tarinsa. Ya yi aiki da s.[29]

Aure, dangi, da sha'anin aure A cikin shekara ta biyu na kwalejin, Roosevelt ya sadu da shawara ga magajin Boston Alice Sohier, wanda ya ƙi shi.[30] Daga nan Franklin ya fara zawarcin abokansa na ƙuruciya kuma ɗan uwansa na biyar da zarar an cire shi, Eleanor Roosevelt, ƴar ƙanwar Theodore Roosevelt.[31] 1903, Franklin ya ba da shawara ga anor. 17 ga Maris, 1905.[[32]] [33] Mahaifin Eleanor, Elliott, ya rasu; Theodore, wanda shi ne shugaban kasa a lokacin, ya ba da amarya.[34] Gidan hutu na dangin ma'auratan a tsibirin Campobello, wanda kuma kyauta ce daga Sara.[35] ,[36]

[37] Kamar yadda [38] Sun haifi 'ya'ya shida. Anna, James, da Elliott an haife su a 1906, 1907, da 1910, bi da bi. Ɗan ma'auratan na biyu, Franklin, ya mutu tun suna ƙanana a shekara ta 1909. An haifi wani ɗa kuma mai suna Franklin a shekara ta 1914, kuma an haifi ƙaramin John a 1916.[39]

[40] [41] [42]

Farkon aikin siyasa (1910-1920)

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Sanatan Jihar New York (1910-1913)

[43] Duk da sha'awar dan uwan ​​​​Theodore, Franklin ya raba dangantakar mahaifinsa da Jam'iyyar Democrat, kuma a shirye-shiryen zaben 1910, jam'iyyar ta dauki Roosevelt don neman kujera a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York.[44] . Roosevelt ya kasance ma'aikaci mai tilastawa: yana da hali da kuzari don yakin neman zabe da kudin da zai biya don yakin neman zabensa.[45] [46] majalisar dattijai, dake cikin Dutchess, Columbia, da Putnam, ta kasance mai ƙarfi na Republican[47] Roosevelt ya ji tsoron cewa adawar Theodore na iya kawo karshen yakin neman zabensa, amma Theodore ya karfafa masa gwiwar tsayawa takara duk da sabanin da ke tsakainsu[48] A matsayinsa nbna manajan kamfen dinsa, Roosevelt ya zagaya ko'ina cikin gundumar majalisar dattawa ta mota a lokacin da 'yan kadan ke iya samun mota.[49] Saboda tsananin kamfen ɗinsa, [50] sunansa ya sami karɓuwa a cikin kwarin Hudson, kuma a cikin zaɓen jam'iyyar Democrat a zaɓen Amurka na 1910, Roosevelt ya sabmi nasara mai ban mamaki.[51]

Duk da gajerun zaman majalisa, Roosevelt ya ɗauki sabon matsayinsa a matsayin aiki na cikakken lokaci.,[52] O'Gorman, wani alkali mai daraja wanda Roosevelt ya samu karbuwa, kuma O'Gorman ya lashe zaben a karshen watan Maris.[53] Roosevelt a cikin wannan tsari ya zama sananne a cikin New York Democrats.[54] nuna "zuwan na biyu na Roosevelt", suna aika "sanyi ratsa kashin bayan Tammany".[55] [56] [57]

Mataimakin Sakataren Sojojin Ruwa (1913-1919)

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Roosevelt a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Sojojin Ruwa, 1913[58] [59] Taimakon Roosevelt ga Wilson ya kai ga nadinsa a cikin Maris 1913 a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa, jami'i na biyu a Sashen Navy bayan Sakatare Josephus Daniels wanda bai kula da shi ba.[60] ] Roosevelt yana da sha'awar Sojan Ruwa, an karanta shi sosai a kan batun, kuma ya kasance mai tsananin goyon baya ga babban ƙarfi, ingantaccen ƙarfi.[[61]] [62] ya lura da ma'aikatan farar hula na rundunar sojojin ruwa kuma ya sami girmamawa daga shugabannin ƙungiyoyi saboda adalcinsa wajen warware takaddama.[63] Babu wani yajin aiki da ya faru a cikin shekaru bakwai da suka wuce a ofis,[64] yayin da ya sami kwarewa mai mahimmanci a cikin batutuwan aiki, sarrafa lokacin yaƙi, batutuwan ruwa, da dabaru.[65] [66] Aj cikin rardi[67] kuma kasance ba tare da goyon bayan Wilson ba, saboda shugaban yana buƙatar sojojin Tammany don dokokinsa da kuma sake zaɓe na 1916.[68] ya sha kaye da kyar a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat daga hannun Gerard, wanda kuma ya sha kaye a babban zaben da jam'iyyar Republican James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. Ya samu cewa goyon bayan tarayya kadai, ba tare da goyon bayan fadar White House ba, ba zai iya kayar da wata kungiya mai karfi ta gida ba.[69]Bayan zaben, shi da shugaban Tammany Hall Charles Francis Murphy sun nemi masauki kuma suka zama abokan tarayya.[70]

Roosevelt ya sake mai da hankali kan Sashen Sojojin Ruwa yayin da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya barke a Turai a cikin Agusta 1914.[71] Ko da yake ya kasance yana goyon bayan Wilson a bainar jama'a, Roosevelt ya ji tausayin kungiyar Shirye-shiryen, wanda shugabanninsa suka yi matukar goyon bayan Allied Powers kuma suka yi kira da a gina soja.[72] ] GwamnatiWilson ta ƙaddamar da faɗaɗa sojojin ruwa bayan nutsewar jirgin ruwa na RMS Lusitania ta wani jirgin ruwa na Jamus, kuma Roosevelt ya taimaka wajen kafa Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka da Majalisar Tsaro ta Ƙasa.[73] cikin watan Afrilun 1917, bayan da Jamus ta ayyana cewa za ta shiga cikin yaƙin ƙarƙashin ruwa mara iyaka da kuma kai hari ga jiragen ruwa na Amurka da dama, Majalisa ta amince da kiran da Wilson ya yi na ayyana yaƙi a Jamus.[74] [75] ][76] A lokacin bazara na 1918, Roosevelt ya yi tafiya zuwa Turai don duba kayan aikin sojan ruwa kuma ya gana da jami'an Faransa da Burtaniya. Dangane da alakarsa da Theodore Roosevelt, an karbe shi sosai idan aka yi la'akari da matsayinsa na ƙaramin ƙarami, inda ya sami dogon lokaci mai zaman kansa tare da Sarki George V da firayim minista David Lloyd George da Georges Clemenceau, da kuma rangadin fagen fama a Verdun.[77] AA watan Satumba, a kan tafiya ta jirgin ruwa zuwa Amurka, ya kamu da cutar mura tare da rikitarwa ciwon huhu, [78] wanda ya sa ya kasa yin aiki na wata guda.[79]

[80] A bisa shawarar tsofaffin hafsoshi irin su Admiral William S. Benson - wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba zai iya "yin amfani da duk wani amfani da jiragen ruwa za su taɓa yi don jirgin sama ba" -Roosevelt da kansa ya ba da umarnin kiyaye sashin jiragen sama na Navy.[81] Tare da Wilson.[82] [83]

Yaƙin neman zaɓe na mataimakin shugaban ƙasa

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Cox da Roosevelt a Ohio, 1920 Shirin Roosevelt na Hoover ya fadi bayan da Hoover ya bayyana kansa a matsayin dan Republican, amma Roosevelt ya yanke shawarar neman takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa a 1920. Bayan Gwamna James M. Cox na Ohio ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar a babban taron jam'iyyar Democratic National Convention na 1920, ya zabi Roosevelt a matsayin abokin takararsa, babban taron kuma ya zabe shi da karbuwa.[84] odayake nadin nasa ya ba wa yawancin mutane mamaki, amma ya daidaita tikitin a matsayin matsakaici, ɗan Wilson, da kuma mai hanawa da sajkwnnen suna.[[85] [86], dan shekara 38, ya yi murabus a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare bayan babban taron jam'iyyar Democrat kuma ya yi yakin neman tikitin jam'iyyar a fadin kasar.[87]

[88] ] Roosevelt da kansa ya goyi bayan zama memba na Amurka a cikin League, amma, ba kamar Wilson ba, ya fi son yin sulhu da Sanata Henry Cabot Lodge da sauran "Masu Tsayawa"[89] 'Yan Republican Warren G. Harding da Calvin Coolidge sun doke tikitin Cox-Roosevelt a zaben shugaban kasa da tazara mai yawa, suna dauke da kowace jiha a wajen [90] Roosevelt ya yarda da asarar kuma daga baya ya nuna cewa alaƙa da kyakkyawar niyya da ya gina a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1920 ya zama babban kadara a yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1932. Zaɓen 1920 kuma ya ga halartan jama'a na farko na Eleanor Roosevelt wanda, tare da goyon bayan Louis Howe, ya kafa kanta a matsayin ɗan wasa mai mahimmanci na siyasa.[91] [92]

dawo (1921-1928)

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Ƙarin bayani: Rashin lafiya na nakasassu na Franklin D. Roosevelt

Babban alamunsa shine zazzabi; m, hawan gurgu; shanyewar fuska; rashin aiki na hanji da mafitsara; rashin jin daɗi da hyperesthesia; da tsarin saukowa na farfadowa. An bar Roosevelt a gurguje na dindindin daga kugu zuwa ƙasa kuma an gano shi da cutar shan inna. Wani bincike na 2003 ya fi son gano cutar ta Guillain-ammaBarré, [93] amma [94] [95] [96] [97] [98] r.[99] ya gamsar da mutane da yawa cewa yana inganta, wanda ya yi imanin cewa yana da mahimmanci kafin ya tsaya takara.[100] Ya yi aiki tukuru ya koya wa kansa tafiya mai nisa kadan yayin da yake sanye da takalmin karfe a kutagunsa da kafafunsa, ta hanyar karkatar dg has gangar jikinsa yayin da yake tallafa wakansa da sanda.[101] ya yi taka-tsan-tsan don kada a gan shi yana amfani da keken guragu a bainar jama'a, kuma an kula sosai don hana duk wani hoton da za a iya gani a cikin jaridu da zai nuna rashin lafiyarsa[102] Duk da haka, an san nakasarsa kafin da lokacin shugabancinsa kuma ya zama babban bangare na siffarsa. Ya kan bayyana a fili a tsaye tsaye, wani mataimaki ko daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa ya goyi bayansa a gefe guda.[103]

[104] Da yake sha'awar yuwuwar fa'idodin hydrotherapy, ya kafa cibiyar gyarawa a Warm Springs, Jojiya, a cikin 1926, yana haɗa ma'aikatan likitocin jiki da amfani da mafi yawan gadonsa don siyan Merriweather Inn. A cikin 1938, ya kafa gidauniyar National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, wanda ya kai ga samar da rigakafin cutar shan inna.[105] Gwamnan New York (1929-1932) Babban labarin: Gwamna Franklin D. Roosevelt

Gwamna Roosevelt

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areare da magajinsa Al Smith, 1930 Smith, dan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat a zaben 1928, ya nemi Roosevelt ya tsaya takarar gwamnan New York a zaben jihar 1928.[106] da farko ya yi tsayin daka, saboda ya hakura ya bar Warm Springs kuma yana tsoron zabtarewar jam'iyyar Republican.[107] Daga karshe shugabannin jam’iyyar sun rinjaye shi ne kawhgai zai iya kayar da dan takarar gwamna na jam’iyyar Republican, Attormkney Janar na New York Albert Ottinger.[108] [109] [110] kuma ya zama dan takara a zben shugaban kasa mai zuwa.[111] [112] [113] ] Dangantaka tsakanin Roosevelt da Smith sun sha wahala bayan ya zaɓi kada ya riƙe mahimmin nagda Smith kamar Musa.[114] shi da nasa. [115] [116] [117] A cikin Oktoba 1929, Hatsarin Wall Street ya faru kuma an fara Babban Damuwa a Amurka.[118] ya ga munin lamarin kuma ya kafa hukumar daukar ma’aikata ta jiha. Ya kuma zama gwamna na farko da ya amince da ra’ayin inshorar rashin aikin yi a bainar jama’a[119] [120] “[121] ya yi kira da a ba da taimako ga manoma, da cikakken aikin yi, inshorar rashin aikin yi, da fansho na tsofaffi.[122]zabe shi a karo na biyu da kashi 14%[123] ,[124] [125] [126] Roosevelt ya ba da shawarar kunshin taimakon tattalin arziki da kafa Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Wuta don rarraba waɗannan kudaden. Jesse I. Straus ya jagoranta na farko sannan Harry Hopkins, hukumar ta taimaka sama da kashi uku na al'ummar New York tsakanin 1932 zuwa 1938.[127] [128]

1932 zaben shugaban kasa

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Babban labarin: 1932 zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka

[129] "[130] [131] Dubk da haka, ga saw kokarin da Roosevelt ya yi a matsayinsa na gwamna don magance illolin baƙin ciki a jiharsa ya sa ya zama ɗan takara na kan gaba a zaben fitar da gwani na shugaban kasa na Demokradiyya a 1932.[132] Roosevelt ya tattara magoya bayan gwamnatin Wilson masu ci gaba yayin da kuma ya yi kira ga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da yawa, ya kafa kansa a matsayin dan takara mafi girma a Kudu da Yamma. Babban masu adawa da takarar Roosevelt ya fito ne daga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Arewa maso Gabas, Shugaban Majalisar John Nance Garner na Texas da Al Smith, dan takarar shugaban kasa na Demokradiyya a 1928.[133] [134] [135] [136] ] Roosevelt ya tashi daga New York zuwa Chicgo bayan ya sami labarin cewa ya lashe zaben, ya zama dan takarar shugaban kasa na babbar jam'iyya na farko da ya karbi nadin da kansa.[137] Siffarsa tana da mahimmanci, don nuna kansa a matsayin mai ƙarfi, duk da nakasar jikinsa.[138] [139] [140] A cikin jawabinsa na karbar, Roosevelt ya bayyana cewa, "Na yi muku alkawari, na yi alkawari da kaina ga sabuwar yarjejeniya ga jama'ar Amirka ... Wannan ya wuce yakin siyasa. Kiran makamai ne." Nuna canza ra'ayin jama'a, dandalin Dimokuradiyya ya hada da kira na soke Haram; Roosevelt da kansa bai dage kan batun ba kafin babban taron amma ya yi alkawarin tabbatar da tsarin jam'iyyar.[141] [142] [143] [144] [145]

Sauyi da yunkurin kisa

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Babban labarin: mika mulki na Franklin D. Roosevelt An zabi Roosevelt a watan Nuwamba 1932 amma kamar magabatansa ba su fara aiki ba sai a watan Maris mai zuwa.[d] Bayan zaben, shugaba Hoover ya nemi ya shawo kan Roosevelt ya yi watsi da yawancin dandalin yakin neman zabensa da kuma amincewa da manufofin gwamnatin Hoover.[146] Roosevelt ya ki amincewa da bukatar Hoover na samar da wani shiri na hadin gwiwa don dakatar da koma bayan tattalin arziki, yana mai cewa zai daure hannunsa kuma Hoover yana da ikon yin aiki.[147] [148] A lokacin miƙa mulki, Roosevelt ya zaɓi Howe a matsayin babban hafsan ma'aikatansa, da Farley a matsayin Babban Jami'in Harkokin Watsa Labarai. Frances Perkins, a matsayin Sakatariyar Kwadago, ta zama mace ta farko da aka nada a matsayin minista.[149] William H. Woodin, ɗan masana'antu na Republican kusa da Roosevelt, an zaɓi shi don Sakataren Baitulmali, yayin da Roosevelt ya zaɓi Sanata Cordell Hull na Tennessee a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati. Harold L. Ickes da Henry A. Wallace, su ma 'yan Republican masu ci gaba, an zaɓi su ne don Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida da Sakataren Noma, bi da bi.[150] [151] A cikin Fabrairu 1933, Roosevelt ya tsere daga yunkurin kisan gilla da Giuseppe Zangara ya yi, wanda ya nuna "ƙiyayya ga dukan masu mulki". Yayin da yake yunkurin harbin Roosevelt, wata mata ta buge Zangara da jakarta; maimakon haka ya raunata magajin garin Chicago Anton Cermak, wanda ke zaune kusa da Roosevelt.[152]] [153]

Sharuɗɗan farko da na biyu

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(1933-1941) Babban labarin: Shugabancin Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1941)

v cikin tarihinsa[154]

Masana tarihi sun rarraba shirin Roosevelt a matsayin "taimako, farfadowa, da gyara". Marasa aikin yi na bukatar agaji cikin gaggawa. Farfadowa yana nufin haɓaka tattalin arziƙin zuwa al'ada, kuma ana buƙatar sake fasalin tsarin kuɗi da na banki. Ta hanyar Roosevelt na 30 na "tattaunawar wuta", ya gabatar da shawarwarinsa kai tsaye ga jama'ar Amurka a matsayin jerin adiresoshin rediyo.[155] Hukumar kula dabh matasa ta kasa da kungiyoyin fasaha.<4[156] [157]

Littafin sake zaɓe na 1936 don Roosevelt yana haɓaka manufofin tattalin arzikinsa Dokar hulda da ma’aikata ta kasa ta baiwa ma’aikata ‘yancin yin ciniki tare ta hanyar kungiyoyin da suka zaba. Dokar ta kuma kafa Hukumar Kula da Kwadago ta Kasa (NLRB) don sauƙaƙe yarjejeniyar albashi da kuma murkushe tashe-tashen hankula da ake yi akai-akai. Dokar ba ta tilasta wa ma'aikata su cimma yarjejeniya da ma'aikatansu ba, amma ya buɗe dama ga ma'aikatan Amurka.[158] fannin samarwa.[159] Lokacin da yajin aikin Flint ya yi barazanar samar da Janar Motors, Roosevelt ya karya ka'idar da tsoffin shugabannin da yawa suka kafa kuma ya ki shiga tsakani; Daga karshe yajin aikin ya kai ga hadewar manyan motoci na General Motors da abokan hamayyarta a masana’antar kera motoci ta Amurka.[160]

m.[161] Smith ya wuce gona da iri, kuma zazzafar maganganunsa ya bar Roosevelt ya ware abokan hamayyarsa kuma ya bayyana su da masu hannu da shuni da ke adawa da sabuwar yarjejeniyar, wanda ya karfafa Roosevelt don zabtarewar kasa a 1936.[162] Akasin haka, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, waɗanda dokokin ƙwadago suka ƙarfafa su, sun sanya hannu kan miliyoyin sababbin mambobi kuma suka zama babban mai goyon bayan sake zaɓen Roosevelt a 1936, 1940, da 1944.[163]

[164] Roosevelt ya bayar da hujjar cewa irin wannan dabarar da ake ganin ba ta dace ba ya zama dole. "Kasar tana bukatar kuma, sai dai in na yi kuskuren fushi, kasar na bukatar gwaji mai tsayi, dagewa," ya rubuta. "Yana da hankali a dauki hanya a gwada; idan ya gaza, shigar da shi a zahiri kuma gwada wani. Amma sama da duka, gwada wani abu.” [165]

Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Farko

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(1933-1934) Babban labarin: Sabuwar yarjejeniya A rana ta biyu a kan karagar mulki, Roosevelt ya ayyana “hutu na banki” na kwanaki hudu na kasa, don kawo karshen tafiyar da masu ajiya ke neman cire kudade.[166] ] Ya yi kira da a yi wani zama na musamman na Majalisa a ranar 9 ga Maris, lokacin da Majalisa ta wuce, kusan ba a gani ba, Dokar Bankin gaggawa.[167] Dokar, wanda aka fara samar da shi ta hanyar .[168]Kwanaki 100 na farko" na Amurka ta 73 [169] [170] lokacin da aka sake buɗe bankuna a ranar Litinin, 15 ga Maris, farashin hannayen jari ya tashi da kashi 15 cikin 100 kuma a cikin makonni masu zuwa an mayar da sama da dala biliyan 1 zuwa asusun ajiyar banki, wanda ya kawo karshen firgicin bankin.[171] ranar 22 ga Maris, Roosevelt ya rattaba hannu kan Dokar Cullen–Harrison, wadda ta kawo Hani ga ƙarshe[172]

[173] The [174]Hukumar kula da wutar lantarki ta Karkara (REA) ta kawo wutar lantarki a karon farko ga miliyoyin gidajen karkara.[175] Shahararriyar duk hukumomin New Deal - kuma wanda Roosevelt ya fi so - shine Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), wacce ta dauki hayar 250,000.[[176].

Kotun koli a watan Mayun 1935 ta bayyana NIRA a matsayin rashin bin ka'ida, don bacin ran Roosevelt.[177] ya sake fasalin dokokin kuɗi tare da Dokar Glass-Steagall, ƙirƙirar Kamfanin Inshorar Deposit na Tarayya don yin rajistar ajiyar kuɗi. Dokar ta kuma iyakance alaƙa tsakanin bankunan kasuwanci da kamfanonin tsaro.[178] cikin [179]

NIRA ta hada da dala biliyan 3.3 (daidai da dala biliyan 80.16 a 2024) na kashewa ta hanyar Hukumar Ayyukan Jama'a don tallafawa farfadowa.[180] ] Roosevelt ya yi aiki tare da Sanata Norris don ƙirƙirar masana'antun masana'antu mafi girma na gwamnati a tarihin Amurka-Hukumar Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) - wanda ya gina madatsun ruwa da tashoshin wutar lantarki, da sarrafa ambaliya, da sabunta aikin noma da yanayin gida a cikin kwarin Tennessee mai fama da talauci. Duk da haka, mazauna yankin sun soki TVA saboda gudun hijirar dubban mutane don waɗannan ayyukan.[181]15<Umarnin zartarwa mai lamba 6102 ya byyana cewa za a siyar da duk zinare na ƴan ƙasar Amurka zuwa Baitul malin Amurka kuma farashin ya tashi daga $20 zuwa $35 kowace oza. Manufar ita ce magance tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da ke gurgunta tattalin arziki[182] [183] [166] Ƙungiyoyin tsofaffi irin su Legion na Amirka da Tsohon Sojoji na Yakin Kasashen Waje sun yi nasara a yakin su don canza fa'idodin su daga biyan kuɗi a cikin 1945 zuwa tsabar kudi nan da nan lokacin da Majalisa ta yi watsi da veto na shugaban kasa kuma ta zartar da Dokar Bonus a cikin Janairu 1936.[184] Ya fitar da jimlar daidai da kashi 2% na GDP cikin tattalin arzikin mabukaci kuma yana da babban tasiri[185]

Zaben 1936

Sakamakon zaben 1936

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ma'aikata miliyan takwas sun kasance marasa aikin yi a 1936, kuma ko da yake yanayin tattalin arziki ya inganta tun 1932, sun kasance masu jinkiri. A shekara ta 1936, Roosevelt ya rasa goyon bayan da ya taba rikewa a cikin harkokin kasuwanci saboda goyon bayansa ga Hukumar Harkokin Kwadago ta Kasa (NLRB) da Dokar Tsaron Jama'a.[186] ] 'Yan jam'iyyar Republican suna da 'yan takarar wasu 'yan takara kuma suka zabi Gwamnan Kansas Alf Lajahdon, dan takarar da bHwhwqhuya a san shi ba, wanda damarsa ta lalace ta hanyar sake fitowar jama'a na Herbert Hoover wanda har yanzu ba a san shi ba.Yayin [187] [188] ya kafa Jam’iyyar Union[189] [190] A zaben da aka yi da Landon da dan takarar jam’iyya na uku, Roosevelt ya lashe kashi 60.8% na kuri’u kuma ya dauki kowace jiha sai Maine da Vermont.[191] Tikitin Dimokuradiyya ya sami mafi girman kaso na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.[f] 'Yan Democrat sun fadada rinjayensu a Majalisa, suna iko da kashi uku cikin hudu na kujeru a kowane gida. Zaɓen kuma ya ga [192] ya rasa masu jefa ƙuri'a masu yawa, musamman 'yan kasuwa da ƙwararru, amma ya sami babban nasara a tsakanin talakawa da tsiraru. Ya lashe kashi 86 cikin 100 na kuri’un Yahudawa, kashi 81 na mabiya darikar Katolika, kashi 80 na mambobin kungiyar, kashi 76 na ‘yan Kudu, kashi 76 na bakaken fata a garuruwan arewacin kasar, da kashi 75 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke samun agaji. Roosevelt ya ɗauki 102 daga cikin biranen ƙasar 106 masu yawan jama'a 100,000 ko fiye.[193]

sabuwar Yarjejeniya ta Biyu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

1935-1936) Babban labarin: Sabuwar Yarjejeniya ta Biyu [194] [195] [196] ,[197] Dokar Tsaron Jama'a ta kafa Tsaron Jamaa kuma ta yi alkawarin tsaro na tattalin arziki ga tsofaffi, matalauta, da marasa lafiya. Roosevelt ya dage cewa ya kamata a biya shi ta hanyar harajin biyan albashi maimakon daga babban asushah, yana mai cewa, "Mun sanya wa] annan gudunmawar albashi a can don ba wa masu ba da gudummawar haƙƙin doka, ɗabi'a, da kuma siyasa don tattara kudaden fansho da fa'idodin rashin aikin yi. Tare da waɗannan haraji a can, babu wani dan siyasa mai banƙyama da zai iya kawar da shirin tsaro na zamantakewa."[198] Dangane da ainihin manufar Roosevelt game a ɗaukar hoto na duniya, dokar ta cire manoma, ma'aikatan gida, da sauran ƙungiyoyi, waɗanda ke kusan kashi arba'in na ma'aikata.[199] [200] [201] Roosevelt ,[202]to Yaƙin Kotun Koli da dokar wa'adi na biyu Duba kuma: 'Yan takarar Kotun Koli na Franklin D. Roosevelt, Kotun Hughes, da Wiley Rutledge nadin Kotun Koli Kotun Koli ta zama babban abin da Roosevelt ya mayar da hankali a kai a lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu bayan kotun ta soke yawancin shirye-shiryensa, ciki har da NIRA. na kwangila.[203] [204] ] Shirin "kisan kotu" na Roosevelt ya ci karo da adawa mai tsanani daga jam'iyyarsa, karkashin jagorancin mataimakin shugaban kasa Garner tun lokacin da ya harzuka rabuwar mulki.[205] Gamayyar jam'iyyun biyu na .[206] [207] [208] ,[209] A wannan shekarar, Roosevelt ya nada Alkalin Kotun Koli a karon farko, kuma ta hanyar 1941, ya nada bakwai daga cikin alkalai tara na kotun. Hudu daga cikin wadanda aka nada na Kotun Koli ta Roosevelt, Felix Frankfurter, Robert H. Jackson, Hugo Black, da William O. Douglas, sun kasance masu tasiri musamman wajen sake fasalin ikon kotun.[[210] [211] [212] [213] ya yi nasarar zartar da wasu dokoki, ciki har da Dokar Gidaje ta 1937, Dokar Daidaita Aikin Noma ta biyu, da Dokar Ka'idodin Ma'aikata (FLSA) na 1938, wanda shine babban yanki na ƙarshe na New Deal dokokin. Hukumar ta FLSA ta haramta yin aiki da yara, ta kafa mafi ƙarancin albashi na tarayya, kuma ta buƙaci biyan kari ga wasu ma’aikatan da ke aiki fiye da sa’o’i arba’in a kowane mako.[214] Shi ma “.[215] [216] Littafin sake zaɓe na 1936 don Roosevelt yana haɓaka manufofin tattalin arzikinsa Dokar hulda da ma’aikata ta kasa ta baiwa ma’aikata ‘yancin yin ciniki tare ta hanyar kungiyoyin da suka zaba. ya buɗe damar yin aiki ga Amurkawa.[[217] [218] ] Lokacin da yajin aikin Flint ya yi barazanar samar da Janar Motors, Roosevelt ya karya ka'idar da tsoffin shugabannin da yawa suka kafa kuma ya ki shiga tsakani; Daga karshe yajin aikin ya kai ga hadewar manyan motoci na General Motors da abokan hamayyarta a masana’antar kera motoci ta Amurka.[219] [220] [221] amma Smith ya wuce gona da iri a hannunsa, kuma kalamansa masu tayar da hankali ya bar Roosevelt ya ware abokan hamayyarsa ya kuma bayyana su da masu hannu da shuni da ke adawa da sabuwar yarjejeniyar, inda ya karfafa Roosevelt ga zabtarewar kasa na 1936.[[222] [223] Manufofin Waje (1933-1941) Babban labarin: Manufar harkokin waje na gwamnatin Franklin D. Roosevelt [224] [225] [226] Roosevelt tare da shugaban Brazil Getúlio Vargas da sauran manyan mutane a Brazil, 1936 ya mamaye kasashen Latin Amurka da dama a lokacin yakin Banana wanda ya biyo bayan yakin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka na 1898. [227] ][228] kuma ya daidaita dangantaka da Tarayyar Soviet, wanda Amurka ta ki amincewa da ita tun [229] shekarun 1920.[230] ya yi fatan sake yin shawarwari kan bashin Rasha daga yakin duniya na daya da kuma bude huldar kasuwanci, amma ba a samu ci gaba a kan ko wanne batu ba, kuma nan da nan ba da jimawa ba kasashen biyu suka yi watsi da yarjejeniya[231] [232] [233] A cikin r.[234] yanayin da wannan rikici ya kusa ƙarewa a farkon 1939, Roosevelt ya nuna nadamar rashin taimakon 'yan Republican na Spain.[235] lokacin da kasar Japan ta mamaye kasar Sin a shekarar 1937, kadaici ya takaita ikon Roosevelt na taimakon kasar Sin[236] duk da irin ta'asar da aka yi kamar kisan kiyashin Nanking da na USS Panay.[237] Labari A shekara ta 1938 ne Jamus ta mamaye Ostiriya, kuma nan da nan ta mayar da hankalinta ga makwabtanta na gabas[238] tsaa tsaki.[239] Jamus.[240] iya aiki.[241]

[242] Shugabannin wariyar kai irin su Charles Lindbergh da Sanata William Borah sun yi nasarar shirya adawa da shawarar da Roosevelt ya yi na soke dokar ta-baci, amma Roosevelt ya sami amincewar Majalisar Dokoki ta sayar da makamai a kan tsabar kudi da kuma ɗaukar kaya.[243] yana yin waya a tsakaninsu[244] Mulki a watan Mayu 1940.[245]

manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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  221. ↑ Fried 2001, pp. 120–23
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  228. ↑ Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970. The Bureau of the U.S. Census. 1976. p. F31.
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  230. ↑ Smith 2007, pp. 341–43
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  241. ↑ Smith 2007, pp. 426–29
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  245. ↑ Roosevelt and Churchill: A Friendship That Saved The World". National Park Service.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franklin_D._Roosevelt&oldid=635548"