Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Janairu 30, 1882 - Afrilu 12, 1945), wanda aka fi sani da FDR, shi ne shugaban Amurka na 32, ya yi aiki daga 1933 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1945.[lower-alpha 1] Shi ne Shugaban Amurka mafi tsawo, kuma shi kadai ne ya yi aiki fiye da wa'adi biyu. Shirinsa na farko da na biyu sun kasance a kan yaki da Babban Mawuyacin hali, yayin da na uku da na huɗu suka gan shi ya canza mayar da hankali ga shigar Amurka a yakin duniya na biyu. Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat, Roosevelt a baya ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattijan Jihar New York daga 1911 zuwa 1913 kuma a matsayin gwamnan 44 na New York daga 1929 zuwa 1932. –
An haife shi a cikin shahararrun Delano da Roosevelt a Hyde Park, New York, Roosevelt ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Harvard tare da digiri na farko. An fara zabarsa a Majalisar Dattijai ta Jihar New York a 1910, kuma ya yi aiki a wannan kujerar kafin ya zama mataimakin sakataren Sojan Ruwa a karkashin Shugaba Woodrow Wilson, yana riƙe da wannan mukamin daga 1913 zuwa 1920. Roosevelt ya kasance abokin takarar James M. Cox a kan tikitin Democrat a Zaben shugaban kasa na 1920, wanda Cox ya rasa ga dan takarar Republican Warren G. Harding . A shekara ta 1921, ya kamu da cutar shanyewar jiki wanda ya gurgunta ƙafafunsa har abada. Koyaya, a wani bangare ta hanyar ƙarfafawar matarsa Eleanor, ya koma ofishin gwamnati bayan an zabe shi gwamna na New York a 1928, kuma a lokacin da yake gwamna, ya inganta shirye-shirye don yaki da Babban Mawuyacin hali. Bayan karbar zaben Democrat, Roosevelt ya kayar da Shugaba Herbert Hoover a cikin nasara mai yawa a Zaben shugaban kasa na 1932.
Rayuwa ta farko da aure
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yaronta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An haifi Franklin Delano Roosevelt a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1882, a Hyde Park, New York, ga ɗan kasuwa James Roosevelt I da matarsa ta biyu, Sara Ann Delano . Iyayensa, wadanda 'yan uwansa ne na shida, sun fito ne daga masu arziki, wadanda suka kafa iyalan New York - Roosevelts da Delanos, bi da bi - kuma sun zauna a Springwood, babban yanki a kudancin cibiyar tarihi ta Hyde Park.[2][3] James ya kasance fitaccen dan jam'iyyar Bourbon Democrat wanda ya taba daukar Franklin don saduwa da Shugaba Grover Cleveland . A lokacin wannan taron, Cleveland ya ce: "Mutumina, ina yin burin ban mamaki a gare ku. Yana da cewa ba za ku taɓa zama Shugaban Amurka ba. " Mahaifiyar Franklin Sara, babbar tasiri a farkon shekarunsa, da zarar ta bayyana, "Ɗana Franklin Delano ne, ba Roosevelt ba ne kwata-kwata. " James, wanda ke da shekaru 54 lokacin da aka haifi Franklin, wasu suka ɗauka a matsayin uba mai nisa, kodayake mai ba da labari James MacGregor Burns ya nuna James yana hulɗa da ɗansa fiye da yadda ya saba a lokacin.[4][2][5][2] Franklin yana da ɗan'uwa, James Roosevelt "Rosy" Roosevelt, daga auren mahaifinsa na baya.[3]
Ilimi da farkon aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yayinda yake yaro, Roosevelt ya koyi hawa, harbi, tashi, da kuma yin polo, wasan tennis, da golf.[3][6] Tafiye-tafiye zuwa Turai akai-akai - farawa tun yana da shekaru biyu kuma daga shekaru bakwai zuwa goma sha biyar - ya taimaka wa Roosevelt ya zama mai magana da Jamusanci da Faransanci. Sai dai don halartar makarantar jama'a a Jamus yana da shekaru tara, Roosevelt ya sami koyarwa a gida har zuwa shekara 14.[3] Daga nan sai ya halarci Makarantar Groton, makarantar kwana ta Episcopal a Groton, Massachusetts . [7] Bai kasance daga cikin shahararrun ɗaliban Groton ba, waɗanda suka kasance 'yan wasa mafi kyau kuma suna da ra'ayoyin tawaye.[8] Shugabanta, Endicott Peabody, ya yi wa'azi game da aikin Kiristoci don taimakawa marasa galihu kuma ya bukaci ɗalibansa su shiga aikin gwamnati. Peabody ya kasance mai tasiri sosai a duk rayuwar Roosevelt, yana yin bikin aurensa kuma ya ziyarce shi a matsayin shugaban kasa.[2][9]
Kamar yawancin abokan karatunsa na Groton, Roosevelt ya tafi Kwalejin Harvard.[10] Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Alpha Delta Phi da Fly Club, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gaisuwa a makaranta. [9] Roosevelt bai kasance sananne ba a matsayin dalibi ko ɗan wasa, amma ya zama babban editan jaridar Harvard Crimson ta yau da kullun, wanda ke buƙatar burin, kuzari, da ikon sarrafa wasu.[9] Daga baya ya ce, "Na dauki darussan tattalin arziki a kwaleji na tsawon shekaru hudu, kuma duk abin da aka koya mini ba daidai ba ne".[2]
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Samfuri:Cite American Heritage Dictionary
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Burns 1956.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Smith 2007.
- ↑ Leuchtenburg 2015.
- ↑ Lash 1971.
- ↑ Black 2005.
- ↑ "FDR Biography-The Early Years". Roosevelt Library and Museum. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
- ↑ Leuchtenburg, William E. (September 26, 2016). "FDR: Life Before the Presidency". Univ. of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Gunther 1950.
- ↑ Leuchtenburg, William E. (September 26, 2016). "FDR: Life Before the Presidency". Univ. of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
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