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Fred Hampton

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Fred Hampton
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Summit (en) Fassara, 30 ga Augusta, 1948
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Mutuwa Chicago, 4 Disamba 1969
Makwanci Bethel Cemetery (en) Fassara
Yanayin mutuwa  (gunshot wound (en) Fassara)
Killed by 'yan sanda
COINTELPRO (en) Fassara
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama Akua Njeri (en) Fassara
Yara
Karatu
Makaranta Proviso East High School (en) Fassara
Triton College (en) Fassara
Harsuna Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a gwagwarmaya, ɗan siyasa, Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam da social activist (en) Fassara
Mamba Black Panther Party (en) Fassara
Imani
Jam'iyar siyasa Black Panther Party (en) Fassara
IMDb nm0358980

Fredrick Allen Hampton Sr. (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 1948 - ya mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, 1969) ɗan gwagwarmayar Amurka ne kuma ɗan gurguzu. [1][2] Ya zama sananne a ƙarshen shekarunsa da farkon shekaru 20 a Birnin Chicago a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Jam'iyyar Black Panther Party ta kasa da kuma shugaban sashen Illinois. Ya kafa kungiyar adawa da wariyar launin fata, mai adawa da aji Rainbow Coalition, wata babbar kungiya ta siyasa ta al'adu da ta hada da Black Panthers, Young Patriots (wanda ya shirya matalauta), da Young Lords (wanda ya tsara Puerto Ricans), da kuma kawance tsakanin manyan kungiyoyin titin Chicago don taimaka musu kawo karshen fadace da aiki don canjin zamantakewa.[3] Ya yi ikirarin cewa shi Marxist-Leninist ne.[4][5] Hampton ya yi la'akari da fascism babbar barazana, yana cewa "babu wani abu da ya fi muhimmanci fiye da dakatar da fascisme, saboda fascism zai dakatar da mu duka".[6][7]

A cikin 1967, Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI) ya gano Hampton a matsayin barazana mai tsanani. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya rushe ayyukansa a Birnin Chicago, ya shuka ɓarna tsakanin kungiyoyin baƙar fata masu ci gaba da kuma sanya wani mai aiki hana leken asiri a cikin kungiyar Panthers ta gida. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1969, an yi wa Hampton miyagun ƙwayoyi, [8] [9] sannan aka harbe shi kuma aka kashe shi a gadonsa a lokacin wani hari da aka kai shi Chicago ta hanyar wani sashi na Ofishin Lauyan Jihar Cook County, wanda ya sami taimako daga Sashen 'yan sanda na Chicago da FBI wanda ya kai harin. Masu tilasta bindiga sun yada fiye da 100 a ko'ina cikin ɗakin; mazauna sun harbe sau ɗaya.[10] A lokacin harin, an kashe Panther Mark Clark kuma wasu da yawa sun ji rauni sosai. A watan Janairun 1970, mai binciken Cook County ya gudanar da bincike; juriyar mai binciken ta kammala cewa mutuwar Hampton da Clark sun kasance kisan kai.[6][11][12]

Daga baya aka shigar da karar farar hula don mutuwar da ba daidai ba a madadin wadanda suka tsira da dangin Hampton da Clark. an warware shi a cikin 1982 ta hanyar sasantawa na dala miliyan 1.85 (daidai da dala miliyan 6.03 a cikin 2024); gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka, da Cook County, da birnin Chicago kowanne ya biya kashi daya bisa uku ga rukunin masu shigar da kara tara. Idan aka ba da wahayi game da shirin COINTELPRO da takaddun da ke da alaƙa da kisan, malamai da yawa yanzu suna ɗaukar mutuwar Hampton, yana da shekaru 21, kisan kai da gangan a shirin FBI. [13]

Tarihin rayuwa

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Rayuwa ta farko da ƙuruciya

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Hampton a cikin littafin shekara na 1966

An haifi Fredrick Allen Hampton Sr. a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 1948, a Summit Argo na yanzu, Illinois (yawanci an taƙaita shi zuwa Summit), kuma ya koma tare da iyayensa zuwa wani yanki na Chicago, Maywood, yana da shekaru 10.[6] Iyayensa sun fito ne daga Louisiana a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban ƙaura na 'yan Afirka na Afirka a farkon karni na 20 daga Kudu. Dukansu sun yi aiki a Kamfanin Argo Starch, mai sarrafa starch na masara. Yayinda yake matashi, Hampton ya kasance mai baiwa a cikin aji da kuma wasanni, kuma yana fatan yin wasa a tsakiyar filin ga New York Yankees . A lokacin da yake da shekaru 10, ya fara karbar bakuncin karin kumallo na karshen mako ga wasu yara daga unguwar, yana dafa abinci da kansa a cikin abin da za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin mai gabatarwa ga shirin karin kumallo kyauta na Panthers.[14] A makarantar sakandare, ya jagoranci zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da fitar da daliban baƙar fata daga gasar don sarauniya mai dawowa gida da kuma kiran jami'ai da su hayar karin malamai da masu gudanarwa.[14] Hampton ta kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Proviso East tare da girmamawa da haruffa, da kuma lambar yabo ta Junior Achievement, a shekarar 1966.

A shekarar 1966, Fred Hampton ya cika shekaru 18.[6] A wannan lokacin, ya fara nuna kansa tare da gwagwarmayar gurguzu ta Duniya ta Uku, da kuma karanta masu juyin juya hali Kwaminisanci Che Guevara, Ho Chi Minh, da Mao Zedong.[6] Ba da daɗewa ba, Hampton ya bukaci ba kawai zaman lafiya a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam ba, har ma da nasarar Arewacin Vietnam.[6]

Hampton ya zama mai fafutuka a cikin Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Mutane masu launi (NAACP) kuma ya ɗauki jagorancin Majalisar Matasa ta Reshen Suburban ta Yamma. A matsayinsa na mai shirya matasa na NAACP, ya nuna ikon jagoranci: daga al'ummar 27,000, ya iya tattara ƙungiyar matasa na 500 mambobi masu karfi. Ya yi aiki don samar da ƙarin wuraren nishaɗi da aka kafa a cikin unguwannin da kuma inganta albarkatun ilimi ga al'ummar baƙar fata Maywood da ke fama da talauci.

Ayyuka a Birnin Chicago

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We got to face some facts. That the masses are poor, that the masses belong to what you call the lower class, and when I talk about the masses, I'm talking about the white masses, I'm talking about the black masses, and the brown masses, and the yellow masses, too. We've got to face the fact that some people say you fight fire best with fire, but we say you put fire out best with water. We say you don't fight racism with racism. We're gonna fight racism with solidarity. We say you don't fight capitalism with no black capitalism; you fight capitalism with socialism.

—Fred Hampton on solidarity.[15]

A shekara ta 1968, an zargi Hampton da cin zarafin wani direban motar ice cream, da satar sandunan ice cream da darajarsu ta kai dala $71, tare da bai wa yara kanana kan titi. An yanke masa hukunci a watan Mayu 1969 kuma ya yi zaman kurkuku.[8] A cikin wani abin tunawa, Frank B. Wilderson III ya sanya wannan lamarin a cikin mahallin kokarin COINTELPRO na rushe Black Panthers na Chicago ta hanyar "hawan zarge-harbe".[13]

A shekara ta 1969, Hampton, yanzu mataimakin shugaban BPP Illinois, ya gudanar da wani taro da ke Allah wadai da nuna bambancin jinsi.[16] Bayan 1969, jam'iyyar a hukumance ta yi la'akari da jima'i 'mai adawa da juyin juya hali'.[17] A shekara ta 1970, kimanin kashi 40-70% na mambobin jam'iyyar mata ne.[18]

A cikin shekara ta gaba, Hampton da abokansa da abokansa sun sami nasarori da yawa a Chicago. Watakila mafi mahimmanci shine yarjejeniyar rashin cin zali tsakanin manyan ƙungiyoyin gungun titina na Chicago. Da yake jaddada cewa rikicin kabilanci da na kabilanci a tsakanin kungiyoyi zai sa mambobinsa su shiga cikin talauci kawai, Hampton ya yi kokarin kulla kawance mai kyamar wariyar launin fata, mai son kishin al'umma, da bambancin launin fata a tsakanin BPP, Kungiyar Matasan Patriots, da Young Lords karkashin jagorancin Jose Cha Cha Jimenez, wanda ya kai ga hadakar Rainbow Coalition . [19]

Hampton ya gana da Matasan Iyayengiji a unguwar Lincoln Park na Chicago washegarin da suke cikin labarin mamaye taron 'yan sanda a ofishin 'yan sanda na gundumar Chicago 18. An kama shi sau biyu tare da Jimenez a Ofishin jin dadin jama'a na Wicker Park, kuma an tuhume su da "matakin 'yan zanga-zanga" a wani ofishin na lumana. Daga baya, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararru (SDS), Brown Berets, AIM, da Red Guard Party. A watan Mayun 1969, Hampton ya kira taron manema labarai don ya sanar da cewa an kafa haɗin gwiwar. Abin da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar za su yi shi ne a kan aiki tare. Wasu daga cikin batutuwan haɗin gwiwarsu sun haɗa da talauci, yaƙi da wariyar launin fata, cin hanci da rashawa, zaluncin 'yan sanda, da kuma gidaje marasa inganci.[20] Idan akwai zanga-zanga ko zanga-zanga, kungiyoyin za su halarci taron kuma su goyi bayan juna. [20][21]

Jeffrey Haas, wanda ya kasance lauyan Hampton, ya yaba da wasu siyasar Hampton da nasararsa wajen hada ƙungiyoyi.[22] ko da yake Haas daga baya ya kasance mai mahimmanci cewa Hampton da BPP sun shirya a cikin tsarin 'pyramidal' ko 'tsaye', suna kwatanta wannan tare da tsarin da ya fi dacewa da Matter Lives Matter na baya a lokacin: "Sun kuma iya ɗauka a kan rashin lafiyar motsi na matsayi inda kake da jagora guda ɗaya, wanda ya sa motsi ya zama mai rauni sosai idan wannan shugaban ya kasance a kurkuku, ko kuma ya yi tunanin cewa an kashe shi. 'Mu masu jagoranci ne, ba marasa shugabanni ba' watakila ya sa su kasa fuskantar irin wannan hari na gwamnati.[22]

Hampton da Benjamin Spock (dama) a wani zanga-zangar zanga-zanga a waje da Kotun Amurka ta Everett McKinley Dirksen a Birnin Chicago, Oktoba 1969

Hampton ya tashi da sauri a cikin Black Panthers bisa la'akari da dabarun tsarawa, kyaututtukan magana, da kwarjini. Da ya zama shugaban kungiyar Chicago, ya shirya taruka na mako-mako, ya shiga yajin aiki, ya yi aiki kafada da kafada da asibitin mutane na BPP, ya koyar da azuzuwan ilimin siyasa kowace safiya da karfe 6 na safe, kuma ya kaddamar da wani shiri na kula da al'umma na 'yan sanda. Hampton kuma ya kasance kayan aiki a cikin Shirin Breakfast na Kyauta na BPP. Lokacin da Bob Brown ya bar jam'iyyar tare da Kwame Ture, a cikin jam'iyyar SNCC/Panther da ta kafa FBI, Hampton ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar BPP na jihar Illinois. Hakan ya sa ya zama mataimakin shugaban BPP na kasa. Yayin da COINTELPRO na FBI ya fara lalata shugabancin Panther na ƙasa baki ɗaya, ficewar Hampton a cikin manyan mukamai na ƙasa ya ƙaru cikin sauri da ban mamaki. Daga karshe dai ya kasance a nadin da za a nada shi a matsayin shugaban ma’aikatan kwamitin tsakiya na jam’iyyar. Da ya samu wannan matsayi da ba a kashe shi ba. 

Binciken FBI

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FBI ta yi imanin cewa jagorancin Hampton da basirar sadarwa sun sanya shi babbar barazana a tsakanin shugabannin Black Panther. Ya fara lura da ayyukansa. Bincike ya nuna cewa daraktan hukumar FBI J. Edgar Hoover ya kuduri aniyar hana samar da hadaddiyar kungiyar bakar fata a Amurka. Hoover ya yi imani da Panthers, Young Patriots, Young Lords, da kuma irin wannan haɗin gwiwar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da Hampton ya ƙirƙira a Chicago sun kasance wani tsani ga haɓakar juyin juya hali wanda zai iya haifar da canji mai mahimmanci a cikin gwamnatin Amurka.

FBI ta bude fayil a kan Hampton a shekarar 1967. Ya buga wayar mahaifiyar Hampton a watan Fabrairun 1968 kuma a watan Mayu ya sanya Hampton a kan "Agitator Index" na ofishin a matsayin "shugaban mai tayar da kayar baya". A ƙarshen 1968, ƙungiyar Racial Matters na ofishin filin FBI na Chicago ta dauki William O'Neal don yin aiki tare da shi; kwanan nan an kama shi sau biyu saboda satar mota da kuma ya zama jami'in tarayya. A musayar da aka sauke tuhumar laifinsa kuma ya karɓi biyan kuɗi na kowane wata, O'Neal ya amince da shiga cikin BPP a matsayin mai aiki da leken asiri.

O'Neal ya shiga jam'iyyar kuma ya tashi cikin sauri a cikin kungiyar, ya zama Daraktan Tsaro na Babi da mai tsaron Hampton. A cikin 1969, Wakilin FBI na Musamman a Caji (SAC) a San Francisco ya rubuta Hoover cewa binciken wakilin ya gano cewa, a cikin garinsa aƙalla, Panthers suna ciyar da karin kumallo ga yara. Hoover ya mayar da martani da wata takarda da ke nuni da cewa aikin wakilin ya dogara ne kan samar da hujjojin da za su goyi bayan ra’ayin Hoover na cewa BPP “k’ungiya ce mai saurin tashin hankali da ke neman hambarar da gwamnati ta hanyar juyin juya hali".

Yin amfani da haruffan da ba a san su ba, FBI ta shuka rashin amincewa kuma a ƙarshe ta haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin Panthers da Blackstone Rangers. O'Neal ya haifar da rikici tsakanin su da makamai a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1969. Panthers sun zama ware sosai daga tushen ikonsu a cikin ghetto na Chicago, don haka FBI ta yi aiki don lalata alakar ta da sauran kungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. An umurci O'Neal da ya "ƙirƙirar baraka" tsakanin jam'iyyar da Students for a Democratic Society, wanda hedkwatar Chicago yana kusa da na Panthers.

FBI ta fitar da wani rukuni na zane-zane na wariyar launin fata a cikin sunan Panthers, da nufin ware masu gwagwarmayar fararen fata. Har ila yau, ta ƙaddamar da shirin yaudara don hana kafa Rainbow Coalition, amma BPP ta yi kawance da Young Patriots da Young Lords. A cikin umarni da aka maimaita, Hoover ya bukaci ma'aikatan COINTELPRO su binciki Rainbow Coalition, "ka lalata abin da [BPP] ke tsaye", da kuma "kawar da shirye-shiryen 'bautar da mutane'".

Takardun da masu binciken Majalisar Dattijai suka samu a farkon shekarun 1970 sun nuna cewa FBI ta karfafa tashin hankali tsakanin Panthers da sauran kungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi; wannan ya haifar da kisan kai da yawa a birane a duk faɗin ƙasar. A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1969, wani rikici tsakanin mambobin jam'iyyar da Sashen 'yan sanda na Chicago ya haifar da rauni mai tsanani, kuma an kama wasu shida a kan manyan tuhume-tuhume.

A farkon Oktoba, Hampton da budurwarsa Deborah Johnson (yanzu ana kiranta Akua Njeri), wacce ke dauke da juna biyu (Fred Hampton Jr.), sun yi hayar wani gida mai daki hudu da rabi a 2337 West Monroe Street don zama kusa da hedkwatar BPP. O'Neal ya ba da rahoto ga manyansa cewa an adana yawancin tarin makamai na Panthers '' masu tayar da hankali '' a can. Ya zana musu taswirar falon. A farkon Nuwamba, Hampton ya yi tafiya zuwa California a kan tattaunawa tare da UCLA Law Students Association. Ya gana da sauran shugabannin BPP na kasa, wadanda suka nada shi a kwamitin tsakiya na jam’iyyar. Ba da jimawa ba ya zama shugaban ma'aikata kuma babban mai magana da yawun.[23]

Kashewa

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Gabatarwa

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A daren Nuwamba 13, 1969, yayin da Hampton ke California, an kashe jami'an 'yan sanda na Chicago John J. Gilhooly da Frank G. Rappaport a cikin yakin bindiga tare da Panthers; daya ya mutu washegari. An harbe jimillar jami'an 'yan sanda tara. Spurgeon Winter Jr, mai shekaru 19 mai suna Panther, 'yan sanda ne suka kashe shi. Wani Panther, Lawrence S. Bell, an tuhume shi da kisan kai. A cikin wani edita da ba a sanya hannu ba mai taken "No Quarter for Wild Beasts," jaridar Chicago Tribune ta bukaci jami'an 'yan sanda na Chicago da ke kusantar Panthers da ake zargi "ya kamata a umarce su da su kasance a shirye don harba".

A matsayin wani ɓangare na babban aikin COINTELPRO, FBI ta ƙaddara don hana duk wani ci gaba a cikin tasirin jagorancin BPP. FBI ta shirya wani hari tare da 'yan sanda na Chicago da Lauyan Jihar Cook County a gidan Hampton na Chicago. Sun sami cikakkun bayanai game da ɗakin, gami da shimfidar kayan ɗaki, daga O'Neal. An shirya ƙungiyar mutane 14 na SAO (Sashin Shari'a na Musamman na Jiha) don wani hari da aka kai kafin asuba; suna dauke da takardar izinin bincike don makamai ba bisa ka'ida ba.

A yammacin ranar 3 ga Disamba, Hampton ya koyar da kwas na ilimin siyasa a wata majami'a, wanda yawancin membobin Panther suka halarta. Bayan haka, kamar yadda aka saba, Johnson da Panthers da yawa sun raka shi zuwa gidansa na Monroe Street: Blair Anderson, James Grady, Ronald "Doc" Satchell, Harold Bell, Verlina Brewer, Louis Truelock, Brenda Harris da Mark Clark. O'Neal ya riga ya shirya, bayan da ya shirya abincin dare, wanda ƙungiyar ta ci a tsakar dare. O'Neal ya zame secobarbital a cikin wani abin sha da Hampton ya sha a lokacin cin abincin dare don kwantar da Hampton don kada ya farka yayin harin na gaba. O'Neal ya tafi bayan abincin dare. Da misalin karfe 1:30 na safe, 4 ga Disamba, Hampton ya yi barci a tsakiyar yanke hukunci yayin da yake magana da mahaifiyarsa ta wayar tarho.

Ko da yake ba a san Hampton da shan kwayoyi ba, daga baya masanin kimiya na Cook County Eleanor Berman ya ba da rahoton cewa ta yi gwaje-gwaje biyu, kowanne yana nuna alamun barbiturates a cikin jinin Hampton. Wata kwararriyar chemist ta FBI ta kasa gano irin wadannan alamu, amma Berman ya tsaya kan binciken nata.[6]

Harin

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Shafin yanar gizon Black Panther Party Raid, Mutuwar Fred Hampton
Fayil:Fred Hampton murder scene bedroom bloody mattress.jpg
Gada da dakin da aka harbe Hampton da kisa a lokacin harin, yana nuna jini mai yawa a gefen katifar da kuma ramukan harsashi masu yawa a bango.

Ofishin Lauyan Jihar Cook County Edward Hanrahan ya shirya harin, ta amfani da jami'an da ke haɗe da ofishinsa. Hampton kwanan nan ya soki Hanrahan sosai, yana mai cewa jawabin Hanrahan game da "yaƙi da ƙungiyoyi" hakika magana ce da aka yi amfani da ita don ba shi damar gudanar da "yaƙin da matasa baƙi".[6]

Da karfe 4 na safe, ƙungiyar 'yan sanda masu dauke da makamai sun isa shafin, sun kasu kashi biyu, takwas a gaban ginin da shida a baya. Da karfe 4:45 na safe, sun mamaye gidan. Mark Clark (22), yana zaune a cikin dakin gaba na ɗakin tare da bindiga a cinyarsa, yana aiki ne na tsaro. 'Yan sanda sun harbe shi a kirji, suka kashe shi nan take. Wani labari na daban ya ce Clark ya buɗe ƙofar kuma nan da nan 'yan sanda suka harbe shi. Ko ta yaya, bindigar Clark ta fito sau ɗaya a cikin rufin. An harbe wannan zagaye guda ɗaya lokacin da ya sha wahala daga mummunar mutuwa bayan an harbe shi. Wannan shi ne kawai harbi da Panthers suka harba.[6][24][23]

Fred Hampton, wanda barbiturates suka yi masa miyagun ƙwayoyi, yana barci a kan matashi a cikin ɗakin kwana tare da Deborah Johnson (18) wanda ke da wata takwas da rabi yana da ciki da ɗansu.[23] Jami'an 'yan sanda sun cire ta daga dakin yayin da Hampton ya kwanta ba tare da sanin komai ba a gado. Sa'an nan kuma ƙungiyar masu kai hari ta harbe a kan shugaban ɗakin kwana na kudu. Hampton ya ji rauni a kafada ta hanyar harbi.[23] A cewar National Archives and Records Administration, "a kan wannan binciken, wani jami'in ya harbe shi sau biyu a kansa kuma ya kashe shi. "[23]

Abokin Black Panther Harold Bell ya ce ya ji musayar da ke biyowa:

"Wannan shi ne Fred Hampton. "

"Shin ya mutu?... Ka fitar da shi.

"Yana da rai sosai".

"Zai yi. "

Panthers da suka ji rauni sun ce sun ji karar harbe-harbe biyu. A cewar magoya bayan Hampton, an harbe harbe-harbe a kan Hampton. A cewar Johnson, wani jami'in ya ce: "Yana da kyau kuma ya mutu yanzu".

'Yan sanda na Chicago suna cire jikin Hampton

An ja jikin Hampton zuwa ƙofar ɗakin kwana kuma an bar shi a cikin tafkin jini. Jami'an sun ba da umarnin harbin bindigogi ga sauran Panthers waɗanda ke barci a cikin ɗakin kwana na arewa. Wannan ya hada da Ronald "Doc" Satchel (18), Blair Anderson (18), Verlina Brewer (17), da Brenda Harris (19). Brewer, Satchel, Anderson, da Harris sun ji rauni sosai, [25] sannan aka doke su kuma aka ja su cikin titi. An kama su ne bisa zargin kai hari da kuma yunkurin kashe jami'an. An tsare kowannensu a kan beli na $ 100,000.

A farkon shekarun 1990, Jose "Cha Cha" Jimenez, wanda ya kafa Young Lords, gungun 'yan aware na Puerto Rican, wanda ya kulla dangantaka ta kut da kut da Hampton da Chicago Black Panther Party a karshen shekarun 1960, ya yi hira da Johnson game da harin. Ta ce:

Na yi imani Fred Hampton an yi amfani da kwayoyi. Dalilin da ya sa shi ne saboda lokacin da ya farka lokacin da mutumin (Truelock) ya ce, "Chairman, chairman," yana girgiza hannun Fred, ka sani, hannun Fred ya nade a kan gadon. Kuma Fred-ya ɗaga kansa sama sosai a hankali. Ya kasance kamar kallon motsi a hankali. Ya daga. Idanunsa a bude suke. Ya dago kansa a hankali, ka san idonsa ya nufi kofar shiga, ya nufi dakin barci ya mayar da kansa kasa. Motsin da ya yi kenan[...]

Wani babban alkali ne ya gurfanar da Panthers bakwai da suka tsira daga farmakin kan zargin yunkurin kisan kai, tashin hankali da sauran laifukan makamai. Daga baya an yi watsi da waɗannan tuhumar. A yayin shari’ar, rundunar ‘yan sandan Chicago ta yi ikirarin cewa ‘yan Panthers ne suka fara harbin bindiga, amma wani bincike da aka gudanar ya gano cewa ‘yan sandan Chicago sun yi harbin tsakanin 90 zuwa 99, yayin da Panthers kadai ya harba daga bindigar Clark da ya jefar.[26]

Bayan kai farmakin, an bar gidan ba a tsare. Panthers sun aika da wasu membobin don yin bincike, tare da mai daukar hoto Mike Gray da mai daukar hoto Norris McNamara don tattara bayanan wurin. Daga baya an fitar da faifan a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin 1971 Kisan Fred Hampton. Bayan an shiga wani ofishin FBI da ke Pennsylvania, an bayyana kuma an ba da rahoton wanzuwar COINTELPRO, wani shiri na yaƙi da leƙen asiri ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Da wannan shirin ya bayyana, da yawa masu fafutuka da wasu sun fara zargin cewa an gudanar da harin 'yan sanda da kisan Hampton a karkashin wannan shirin. Ɗaya daga cikin takardun da aka fitar bayan an yi watse shi ne tsarin bene na ɗakin Hampton. Wata takarda ta bayyana wata yarjejeniya da FBI ta kulla da mataimakin babban lauyan Amurka Richard Kleindienst don boye rawar da FBI ta taka a mutuwar Hampton da kuma kasancewar COINTELPRO. [26]

Sakamakon haka

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Masu makoki na wucewar gawar Hampton. Sama da mutane 5,000 ne suka halarci jana'izarsa a watan Disamba.

A wani taron manema labarai washegari, 'yan sanda sun sanar da cewa 'yan Panthers masu "hargitsi" da "mai tsanani" sun kai wa tawagar kama hari kuma sun kare kansu daidai da haka.[27] A taron manema labarai na biyu a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, jagorancin 'yan sanda sun yaba wa tawagar harin saboda "tsayawa mai ban mamaki," "jargauta," da "tsayayyar sana'a" ba tare da kashe duk Panthers da ke wurin ba. An gabatar da shaidar hoto na "rami na harsashi" wanda ake zargin an yi shi ne ta hanyar harbe-harbe da Panthers suka harba, amma nan da nan 'yan jarida suka kalubalanci wannan da'awar. An gudanar da bincike na ciki, kuma 'yan sanda sun yi iƙirarin cewa an wanke abokan aikinsu a cikin ƙungiyar harin daga duk wani laifi, suna kammala cewa "sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace don shawo kan harin".[28]

Mutane dubu biyar ne suka halarci jana'izar Hampton. Shugabanin bakaken fata, da suka hada da Jesse Jackson da Ralph Abernathy, magajin Martin Luther King Jr. sun yaba masa a matsayin shugaban taron jagoranci na Kirista na Kudu. A cikin yabonsa, Jackson ya ce, "Lokacin da aka harbe Fred a Chicago, baƙar fata musamman, da kuma mutanen kirki gabaɗaya, suna zubar da jini a ko'ina". A ranar 6 ga Disamba, 'yan kungiyar Weather Underground sun lalata motocin 'yan sanda da dama a wani harin bam na ramuwar gayya a titin 3600 N. Halsted Street, Chicago.

'Yan sanda sun kira hari da suka kai a gidan Hampton "harbe-harbe". Black Panthers sun kira shi "harbe" saboda' yan sanda sun harbe-harben da yawa.

A ranar 11 da 12 ga watan Disamba, jaridu biyu na yau da kullun, Chicago Tribune da Chicago Sun-Times, sun buga labaran da suka faru amma sun kammala daban-daban. An daɗe ana ɗaukar Tribune a matsayin jaridar mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta siyasa, kuma Sun-Times a matsayin takarda mai sassaucin ra'ayi. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba, Tribune ta wallafa wani labarin shafi na 1 mai taken, "Exclusive - Hanrahan, Police Tell Panther Story. " Labarin ya haɗa da hotunan da ofishin Hanrahan ya bayar waɗanda suka nuna ramukan harsashi a cikin wani farar farar fata da ƙofar ƙofa a matsayin shaida cewa Panthers sun harbe harsashi da yawa a kan 'yan sanda.

Jack Challem, editan Wright College News, jaridar dalibai a Wright Junior College a Chicago, ya ziyarci gidan a ranar 6 ga Disamba, lokacin da har yanzu ba a sami tsaro ba. Ya dauki hotuna masu yawa na wuraren da aka aikata laifin. Wani memba na Black Panthers yana barin baƙi su zagaya ɗakin. Hotunan Challem ba su nuna ramukan harsashin da jaridar Tribune ta ruwaito ba. A safiyar ranar 12 ga Disamba, bayan labarin Tribune ya bayyana tare da hotunan Hanrahan da aka kawo, Challem ya tuntubi wani ɗan jarida a Sun-Times, ya nuna masa nasa hotunan, kuma ya ƙarfafa ɗayan ɗan jaridar ya ziyarci ɗakin. A wannan maraice, jaridar Sun-Times ta buga labarin shafi na 1 tare da kanun labarai: "Waɗannan 'ramukan harsashi' ba." A cewar labarin, ramukan harsashi da ake zargi (wato sakamakon harbin Panthers a wajen ‘yan sanda) sun kasance kawunan kusoshi.

Makonni hudu bayan shaida mutuwar Hampton a hannun 'yan sanda, Johnson ta haifi dansu, Fred Hampton Jr. [29]

Masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama Roy Wilkins da Ramsey Clark, waɗanda aka tsara a matsayin "Kwamitin Bincike a cikin Black Panthers da 'yan sanda", sun yi zargin cewa' yan sanda na Chicago sun kashe Hampton ba tare da hujja ko tayar da hankali ba kuma sun keta haƙƙin tsarin mulki na Panthers game da bincike da kwace-kwace mara ma'ana. "Kwamitin" ya ci gaba da zargin cewa Sashen 'yan sanda na Chicago ya sanya takamaiman hukunci a kan Panthers.[30]

Babban juri na tarayya bai mayar da wani zargi a kan kowane ɗayan mutanen da ke da hannu a cikin shirin ko aiwatar da harin ba, gami da jami'an da ke da alaƙa da kashe Hampton.[31] O'Neal, wanda ya ba FBI tsarin bene na ɗakin kuma ya ba Hampton miyagun ƙwayoyi, daga baya ya yarda da sa hannu a kafa harin.[32] Ya kashe kansa a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1990.[6]

Bincike

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Ba da daɗewa ba bayan harin, Cook County Coroner Andrew Toman ya fara kafa juri na musamman na mambobi shida don gudanar da bincike game da mutuwar Hampton da Clark. A ranar 23 ga watan Disamba, Toman ya ba da sanarwar ƙarin abubuwa huɗu ga juri, wanda ya haɗa da maza biyu na Afirka: likita Theodore K. Lawless da lauya Julian B. Wilkins, ɗan J. Ernest Wilkins Sr.[33] Ya ce an zaɓi su huɗu daga ƙungiyar 'yan takara da suka gabatar wa ofishinsa ta ƙungiyoyi da mutane da ke wakiltar al'ummomin baki da fari na Chicago.[33] Shugabannin kare hakkin bil'adama da masu magana da yawun baƙar fata sun bayar da rahoton takaici da zaɓin.

Wani jami'in da ke tare da kungiyar Chicago Urban League ya ce, "Da na sami ƙarin amincewa da juriya idan daya daga cikinsu baƙar fata ne wanda ke da alaƙa da matasa da tushen ciyawa a cikin al'umma. " Gus Savage ya ce irin wannan mutumin da al'umma za ta iya danganta da shi ba lallai bane ya zama baƙar fata. A ƙarshe juriya ta haɗa da baƙar fata na uku, wanda ya kasance memba na juri na farko da aka rantsar a ranar 4 ga Disamba.

Kwamitin blue-ribbon ya taru don binciken a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1970. A ranar 21 ga watan Janairu, sun yi mulki mutuwar Hampton da Clark a matsayin kisan kai. [11] [12][6] Kotun ta cancanci hukuncin da suka yanke game da mutuwar Hampton a matsayin "wanda ya dogara ne kawai da shaidar da aka gabatar ga wannan binciken"; [34] 'yan sanda da shaidu masu ƙwarewa sun ba da shaida kawai yayin binciken.

Wani jami'in alkali James T. Hicks ya bayyana cewa ba za su iya yin la'akari da tuhume-tuhumen da suka yi na tsira daga Black Panthers da suka kasance a cikin gidan ba; sun shaida wa manema labarai cewa ‘yan sanda sun shiga gidan suna harbin bindiga. An bayar da rahoton cewa wadanda suka tsira da rayukansu sun ki bayar da shaida a yayin binciken saboda sun fuskanci tuhumar aikata laifukan yunkurin kisan kai da kuma mumunar hari a lokacin farmakin. Lauyoyi ga iyalan Hampton da Clark ba su gabatar da wani shaidu ba yayin shari'ar amma sun kira binciken "a da kyau-re-re-show wasan kwaikwayo tsara don tabbatar da jami'an 'yan sanda". Hanrahan ya ce hukuncin ya kasance amincewa "na gaskiyar labarin jami'an 'yan sanda game da abubuwan da suka faru".[34]

Babban juri na Tarayya

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An sake shi a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1970, rahotanni na babban juri na tarayya sun soki ayyukan 'yan sanda, Black Panthers da suka tsira, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai na Chicago. Babban juri ya kira harin sashen 'yan sanda "ba daidai ba" kuma ya ce an yi kurakurai da yawa yayin binciken bayan harin da sake gina abubuwan da suka faru. Ya ce ƙin Black Panthers da suka tsira don ba da hadin kai ya hana binciken, kuma cewa manema labarai "ba daidai ba ne kuma sun wuce gona da iri". [35] [36]

1970 karar kare hakkin bil'adama

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A shekara ta 1970, wadanda suka tsira da dangin Hampton da Clark sun shigar da karar farar hula, suna mai bayyana cewa 'yancin farar hula na mambobin Black Panther sun keta dokar ta hanyar hadin gwiwar' yan sanda / FBI kuma suna neman dala miliyan 47.7 a cikin lalacewa. An ambaci mutane ashirin da takwas da ake tuhuma, ciki har da Hanrahan da kuma Birnin Chicago, Cook County, da gwamnatocin tarayya.[37] Ya ɗauki shekaru kafin shari'ar ta kai ga shari'a, wanda ya ɗauki watanni 18. An ruwaito cewa ita ce shari'ar tarayya mafi tsawo har zuwa wannan lokacin.[37] Bayan kammala shi a shekarar 1977, Alkalin Joseph Sam Perry na Kotun Gundumar Amurka na Gundumar Arewacin Illinois ya watsar da karar a kan 21 daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma kafin tattaunawar juri.[37] Bayan masu juriya sun yi watsi da hukuncin, Perry ya watsar da karar da aka shigar a kan sauran wadanda ake tuhuma.[37] 

Masu shigar da kara sun daukaka kara. A shekara ta 1979, Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta Kotun Bakwai a Birnin Chicago ta gano cewa gwamnati ta hana takardun da suka dace, don haka ta hana tsarin shari'a. Da yake dawo da karar a kan 24 daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma, Kotun daukaka kara ta ba da umarnin sabon shari'a.[37] Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ji karar da wadanda ake tuhuma suka yi amma ta kada kuri'a 5-3 a 1980 don tura karar zuwa Kotun Gundumar don sabon shari'a.[37]

A shekara ta 1982, Birnin Chicago, Cook County, da gwamnatin tarayya sun amince da sulhu wanda kowannensu zai biya $ 616,333 (daidai da dala miliyan 2.01 ga kowane mai karɓa a shekara ta 2024) ga ƙungiyar masu shigar da kara tara, gami da uwayen Hampton da Clark. Kudin dala miliyan 1.85 (daidai da dala miliyan 6.03 a 2024) an yi imanin cewa shine mafi girma a cikin shari'ar kare hakkin bil'adama.[37] G. Flint Taylor, daya daga cikin lauyoyin da ke wakiltar masu shigar da kara, ya ce, "Sakamako shine yarda da makircin da ya kasance tsakanin FBI da mutanen Hanrahan don kashe Fred Hampton. " Mataimakin Lauyan Amurka Robert Gruenberg ya ce an yi sulhu ne don kauce wa wani shari'a mai tsada kuma ba yarda da laifi ko alhakin kowane ɗayan wadanda ake tuhuma ba. [38]

Rikici

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Kwanaki goma bayan an kashe Hampton, Bobby Rush, mataimakin ministan tsaro na jam'iyyar Black Panther Party ta Illinois, ya kira jam'iyyar da ta kai hari "squad na zartarwa". Kamar yadda ya saba a cikin sulhu, wadanda ake tuhuma uku na gwamnati ba su yarda da ikirarin alhakin zargin masu shigar da kara ba.

Michael Newton yana daga cikin marubutan da suka kammala cewa an kashe Hampton. A cikin littafinsa na 2016 Unsolved Civil Rights Murder Cases, 1934-1970, Newton ya rubuta cewa Hampton "an kashe shi a cikin barcinsa ta 'yan sanda na Chicago tare da makircin FBI. " Wannan ra'ayi kuma an gabatar da shi a cikin littafin Jakobi Williams Daga Bullet zuwa Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party da Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago.

Hampton ya kasance kusa da limamin Katolika Baƙar fata George Clements, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba shi shawara kuma a matsayin limamin cocin Panther na gida. Hampton da Panthers kuma sun yi amfani da Ikklesiya ta Clements, Cocin Katolika na Holy Angels a Chicago (yanzu Ikklesiya ta Uwargidanmu ta Afirka [39]), a matsayin mafaka a lokuta na musamman sa ido ko bin sa daga 'yan sanda. Sun kuma ba da tsaro ga da yawa daga cikin "Black Unity Masses" na Clements, wani bangare na ayyukansa na juyin juya hali a lokacin Black Catholic Movement. Clements ya yi magana a jana'izar Hampton, kuma ya ce masa Mass na Bukatu a Mala'iku Masu Tsarki.[40][41][42]

Kyauta

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Tasirin shari'a da siyasa

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A cewar wani rahoto na Chicago Tribune na 2007, "Harin ya kawo karshen aikin siyasa mai ban sha'awa na Atty County na Cook County. Edward V. Hanrahan, wanda aka tuhume shi amma an share shi tare da wasu jami'an tilasta bin doka 13 bisa zargin hana adalci. Bernard Carey, dan Republican, ya kayar da shi a zabe na gaba, a wani bangare saboda goyon bayan masu jefa kuri'a na bakar fata. " Iyalan Hampton da Clark sun shigar da karar dala miliyan 47.7 a kan gwamnatocin birni, jihohi, da tarayya. An kai karar ne a gaban Alkalin Kotun Tarayya J. Sam Perry. Bayan fiye da watanni 18 na ba da shaida kuma a ƙarshen shari'ar mai ƙara, Perry ya yi watsi da karar. Masu shigar da kara sun daukaka kara, kuma Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta yi watsi da karar, inda ta ba da umarnin a sake shari'ar. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan shigar da karar, a karshe an yanke hukuncin kan dala miliyan 1.85.[1] Iyalan biyu kowanne ya yi tarayya a wurin.

Jeffrey Haas, tare da abokan aikinsa na lauya G. Flint Taylor da Dennis Cunningham da lauya James D. Montgomery, sune lauyoyin masu kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya Hampton v. Hanrahan, sun gudanar da ƙarin bincike kuma sun rubuta littafi game da waɗannan abubuwan. An buga shi a cikin 2009. Ya ce Chicago ta fi muni ba tare da Hampton ba:

Tabbas, akwai kuma gadon da, ba tare da matashin shugaba ba, Ina tsammanin Yankin Yamma na Chicago ya lalata da yawa cikin kwayoyi. Kuma ba tare da shugabanni irin su Fred Hampton ba, ina tsammanin ƙungiyoyin da kwayoyi sun zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Yammacin Turai. Ya kasance madadin wancan. Ya yi magana game da yi wa al'umma hidima, ya yi magana game da shirye-shiryen karin kumallo, ilmantar da jama'a, kula da al'umma na 'yan sanda. Don haka ina tsammanin wannan shine rashin alheri wani gado na kisan Fred.[43]

A cikin 1990, Majalisar Birnin Chicago baki ɗaya ta zartar da wani kuduri, wanda a lokacin Alderman Madeline Haithcock ya gabatar, wanda ke tunawa da Disamba 4, 2004, a matsayin ranar Fred Hampton a Chicago. Kudurin ya karanta a bangare:

"A cikin 1990, Majalisar Birnin Chicago baki ɗaya ta zartar da wani kuduri, wanda a lokacin Alderman Madeline Haithcock ya gabatar, wanda ke tunawa da Disamba 4, 2004, a matsayin ranar Fred Hampton a Chicago. Kudurin ya karanta a bangare"

Abubuwan tunawa da tituna

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  • An sanya wa wani tafkin jama'a suna don girmama shi a garinsu na Maywood, Illinois . [44][45]
  • A ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2007, an gina wani bus na Hampton da masanin zane-zane Preston Jackson ya yi a waje da Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Iyali ta Fred Hampton a Maywood . [46]
  • A watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, magoya bayan aikin agaji na Hampton sun ba da shawarar sanya sunan titin Chicago don girmama shi. Birnin Chicago na Fraternal Order of Police ya yi adawa da wannan kokarin.[47]
  • A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2022 Hukumar ƙauyen Maywood ta sanya gidan Hampton na yaro a matsayin alamar tarihi.[48]

Yanayin Yanayi na karkashin kasa

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Kwanaki biyu bayan kisan Hampton da Clark, a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1969, mambobin Weathermen sun lalata motocin 'yan sanda da yawa a cikin wani harin bam na ramuwar gayya a 3600 N. Halsted Street a Birnin Chicago. Bayan haka, ƙungiyar ta zama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1970, ƙungiyar ta ba da "Sanarwa na Yaƙi" kan gwamnatin Amurka kuma, a karon farko, ta yi amfani da sabon sunanta, "Ƙungiyar Ƙarƙashin Yanayi". Sun ɗauki bayanan karya kuma sun yanke shawarar yin ayyukan ɓoye kawai. Wadannan da farko sun hada da shirye-shiryen jefa bam a raye-rayen sojojin Amurka da ba na hafsan hafsoshi a Fort Dix, New Jersey, a cikin abin da Brian Flanagan ya ce daga baya yana nufin ya zama "mafi muni da gwamnatin Amurka ta taba sha a yankinta".

"Bayan haka, ƙungiyar ta zama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1970, ƙungiyar ta ba da "Sanarwa na Yaƙi" kan gwamnatin Amurka kuma, a karon farko, ta yi amfani da sabon sunanta, "Ƙungiyar Ƙarƙashin Yanayi". Sun ɗauki bayanan karya kuma sun yanke shawarar yin ayyukan ɓoye kawai. Wadannan da farko sun hada da shirye-shiryen jefa bam a raye-rayen sojojin Amurka da ba na hafsan hafsoshi a Fort Dix, New Jersey, a cikin abin da Brian Flanagan ya ce daga baya yana nufin ya zama "mafi muni da gwamnatin Amurka ta taba sha a yankinta. " - Bernardine Dohrn

Kafofin watsa labarai da al'adun gargajiya

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A cikin fim

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An yi amfani da shirin minti 27, Death of a Black Panther: The Fred Hampton Story, [49] a matsayin shaida a cikin karar farar hula. Shirin 2002 The Weather Underground ya nuna dalla-dalla yadda Hampton da mutuwarsa suka rinjayi wannan rukuni sosai - tare da nuna cewa Hampton ya nisanta da su saboda kasancewa abin da ya kira "adventuristic, masochistic da Custeristic".

Yawancin rabin farkon Ido akan Kyautar kashi na 12, "A Nation of Law?", ya ba da tarihin jagorancin Hampton da kisan gilla. Abubuwan da suka faru na hawansa shahara, harin da Hoover ya yi masa, da kuma mutuwar Hampton da suka biyo baya ana ba da labarinsu tare da hotuna a cikin shirin 2015 The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution.

The Murder of Fred Hampton wani shirin fim ne da aka harbe daga cikin motsi, wanda aka saki a shekarar 1971. Ba shi da labari, yana dogaro ne kawai da hotunan da aka harbe daga cikin kungiyar Black Panther kuma yana nuna Hampton da abokan aikinsa a kan nasu sharuddan.

A cikin 1999 miniseries TV The 60s, Hampton ya bayyana yana ba da karin kumallo kyauta tare da BPP. David Alan Grier ya buga Hampton.

Gwajin Chicago 7 (2020) ya ƙunshi Kelvin Harrison Jr. a matsayin Hampton, wanda a ciki ya ba Bobby Seale shawara kamar yadda aka hana shi shawara, tare da Chicago Bakwai.

Judas and the Black Messiah fim ne na 2021 game da cin amanar O'Neal na Hampton. Fim din ya fito da Daniel Kaluuya a matsayin Hampton kuma Shaka King ne ya bada umarni. An fara shi a bikin Fim na Sundance a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2021. Don rawar da ya taka, Kaluuya ya lashe lambar yabo ta Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. [50]

A cikin wallafe-wallafen

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  • Jeffrey Haas ya rubuta wani labari game da mutuwar Hampton, The Assassination of Fred Hampton: Yadda FBI da 'yan sanda na Chicago suka kashe Black Panther (2009).[6]
  • Stephen King yana nufin Hampton a cikin littafin 11/22/63 (2012), inda wani hali ya tattauna tasirin tafiya a baya a lokaci don hana kisan John F. Kennedy. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa wasu abubuwan da suka faru za su biyo baya waɗanda zasu iya hana kisan Hampton.

A cikin kiɗa

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  • A cikin waƙarsa Murder to Excellence, rapper na Amurka kuma ɗan kasuwa Jay-Z ya ambaci an haife shi a wannan rana Hampton ya mutu.[51] Dan Hampton ya soki Jay-Z saboda yin hakan, yana cewa mahaifinsa bai mutu ba, amma an kashe shi.[52]
  • Ƙungiyar rock ta Amurka Rage Against the Machine ta yi nuni da Hampton a cikin waƙarta ta 1996 Down Rodeo, tana cewa, "Ba za su aiko mu da sansani ba' kamar yadda suka yi wa mijina Fred Hampton".[53]
  • Kendrick Lamar yana nufin Hampton a cikin waƙarsa HiiiPoWeR, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi nassoshi ga masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, da Huey Newton . [54]
  • Masu zane-zane SEIITH da Kiko King sun yi nuni da Hampton a cikin waƙar su ta 2020 "Ghost of Fred Hampton".
  • Killer Mike ya yi nuni da kisan Hampton a cikin "Don't Die" a cikin kundin sa na 2012 R.A.P. Music .

Dubi kuma

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Bayani

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Bayanan da aka ambata

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  •  
  • Empty citation (help)
  • "Fred Hampton (August 30, 1948 - December 4, 1969)". National Archives and Records Administration. August 25, 2016. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021.
  1. ↑ "Fred Hampton". Say Their Names - Spotlight at Stanford (in Turanci). 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2025-01-27.
  2. ↑ "The Legacy of Fred Hampton: Remembering as an Active Process". The Latinx Project at NYU (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-09.
  3. ↑ "From the Bullet to the Ballot | Jakobi Williams". University of North Carolina Press.
  4. ↑ Hampton, Fred. "It's a Class Struggle, Godamnit!, by Fred Hampton". Marxists Internet Archive (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-09.
  5. ↑ Hampton, Fred. "You Can Murder a Liberator, but You Can't Murder Liberation, by Fred Hampton". Marxists Internet Archive (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-09.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Haas 2009.
  7. ↑ "Fred Hampton on Revolution – Bay Area Television Archive".
  8. 1 2 Ali, Rasha (February 13, 2021). "Fact-checking 'Judas and the Black Messiah': Was Fred Hampton drugged or arrested over ice cream?". USA Today. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021.
  9. ↑ Thamm, Natalie (7 April 2019). "Murder or "Justifiable Homicide"?: The Death of the Revolutionary Fred Hampton". STMU History Media. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  10. ↑ Lee, William (3 December 2019). "In 1969, charismatic Black Panthers leader Fred Hampton was killed in a hail of gunfire. 50 years later, the fight against police brutality continues". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  11. 1 2 Rutberg, Susan (December 6, 2017). "Nothing but a Northern Lynching: The Death of Fred Hampton Revisited". Huffpost. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
  12. 1 2 Thamm, Natalie (April 7, 2019). "Murder or 'Justifiable Homicide'?: The Death of the Revolutionary Fred Hampton". STMU History Media. Archived from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
  13. 1 2 Wilderson 2015.
  14. 1 2 Solly, Meilan. "The True History Behind 'Judas and the Black Messiah'". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  15. ↑ Jones, Cornelius (October 23, 2013). Don't Call Me Black, Call Me American. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781105520020. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  16. ↑ Lumsden, Linda (2009). "Good Mothers With Guns: Framing Black Womanhood in the Black Panther, 1968–1980". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 86 (4): 900–922. doi:10.1177/107769900908600411. S2CID 145098294.
  17. ↑ Lumsden, Linda (2009). "Good Mothers With Guns: Framing Black Womanhood in the Black Panther, 1968–1980". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 86 (4): 900–922. doi:10.1177/107769900908600411. S2CID 145098294.
  18. ↑ Lumsden, Linda (2009). "Good Mothers With Guns: Framing Black Womanhood in the Black Panther, 1968–1980". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 86 (4): 900–922. doi:10.1177/107769900908600411. S2CID 145098294.
  19. ↑ "A Latino Young Lord remembers Black Panthers leader Fred Hampton: He united the oppressed". NBC News. February 12, 2021.
  20. 1 2 "The Panthers and the Patriots". www.jacobinmag.com (in Turanci). 2017-05-25. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  21. ↑ "Fifty Years of Fred Hampton's Rainbow Coalition". southsideweekly.com (in Turanci). 2016-08-25. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  22. 1 2 "Who Was Fred Hampton – True Story of Black Panther Fred Hampton's Death". Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 NARA.
  24. ↑ Berger, Dan (2006), Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity, AK Press, ISBN 978-1-904859-41-3, pp. 132–133.
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hampton v. City Of Chicago, et al
  26. 1 2 Bennett, Hans (2010). "The Black Panthers and the Assassination of Fred Hampton". Journal of Pan African Studies. 3 (6).
  27. ↑ Alm, David. "'The Murder Of Fred Hampton' Still Has Much To Teach, Watch It Here". Forbes (in Turanci). Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  28. ↑ "Justice Dept. plans probe Into shooting of Panthers". Google News. The Bryan Times. 1969-12-22. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  29. ↑ ""Fred Hampton Jr. Speaks About the Assassination of His Father"". Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
  30. ↑ Ramsey Clark. Missing |author1= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  31. ↑ "The Black Panthers and the Assassination of Fred Hampton". Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
  32. ↑ "Interview with William O'Neal". digital.wustl.edu. Washington University in St. Louis. 1989-04-13. Archived from the original on March 29, 2021. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  33. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named O'Brien
  34. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Dolan
  35. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Chicago Tribune; December 4, 2014
  36. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named The New York Times; May 16, 1970
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Chicago Tribune; November 2, 1982
  38. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named The New York Times; November 14, 1982
  39. ↑ "History of Holy Angels". Our Lady of Africa (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-07-20.[permanent dead link]
  40. ↑ "The priest who channeled Black Power into the Catholic Church". Religion News Service (in Turanci). 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2021-08-16.
  41. ↑ "Chicago Negro Parish Marks Panther Death". The Catholic News Archive. Religion News Service. 1969-12-19. Retrieved 2021-08-16.
  42. ↑ "Trailblazing Father George Clements Marks 60 Years As A Priest" (in Turanci). 2017-05-02. Retrieved 2021-08-16.
  43. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named HaasInterview
  44. ↑ "Village of Maywood Parks and Recreation". Archived from the original on October 5, 2010. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  45. ↑ "Frederick Allen Hampton Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-01-24.
  46. ↑ "Maywood street statue honor slain Panther leader Hampton". Itsabouttimebpp.com. September 9, 2007. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
  47. ↑ "Group Wants Street Named After Black Panther Fred Hampton-Protesters filled City Hall Today – Susan Murphy-Milano". Movingoutmovingon.bloghi.com. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
  48. ↑ "Fred Hampton childhood home gets historical landmark status". apnews.com. April 20, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
  49. ↑ "Death of a Black Panther: The Fred Hampton Story" – via Internet Archive.
  50. ↑ Rubin, Rebecca (January 12, 2021). "Judas and the Black Messiah' to Premiere at Sundance Film Festival". Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  51. ↑ Harris, LaTesha (March 24, 2021). "Nobody's Savior – Jay-Z Cannot Deliver Us into an Era of Racial Equity". Bitch Media. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
  52. ↑ "Fred Hampton Jr. Upset About Jay-Z Lyrics On 'Murder To Excellence'". MTV (in Turanci). Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  53. ↑ "Down Rodeo Lyrics". Genius.com.
  54. ↑ "Fred Hampton on your campus, you can't resist his / HiiiPoWeR". Genius. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Hampton&oldid=695735"