Frederick Mai Girma
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Frederick II (Jamusanci: Friedrich II.; 24 Janairu 1712 - 17 Agusta 1786) ya kasance masarautar Prussia daga 1740 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1786. Shi ne sarki na karshe na Hohenzollern mai taken Sarki a Prussia, ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Prussia bayan ya mamaye Royal Prussia daga Commonwealth na Poland-Lithuania a cikin 1772. Abubuwan da ya fi muhimmanci sun haɗa da nasarorin soja a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Silesian, sake tsara Sojojin Prussia, Rarrabawar farko ta Poland, da kuma tallafawa zane-zane da Haskakawa. Prussia ta kara yankunanta sosai kuma ta zama babbar rundunar soja a Turai a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa. Ya zama sananne da Frederick the Great (Jamusanci: ) kuma an ba shi lakabi da "Tsohon Fritz" (Jamsan: ). –
A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Yarima Frederick ya fi sha'awar kiɗa da falsafar fiye da yaƙi, wanda ya haifar da rikici da mahaifinsa mai mulkin mallaka, Frederick William I na Prussia. Koyaya, bayan ya hau gadon sarauta, ya kai hari kuma ya mamaye lardin Austrian mai arziki na Silesia a cikin 1742, inda ya sami yabo na soja. Ya zama masanin ilimin soja mai tasiri, wanda bincikensa ya fito ne daga kwarewarsa mai zurfi a fagen yaƙi kuma ya rufe batutuwan dabarun, dabaru, motsi da kayan aiki.
Rayuwa ta farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Frederick shi ne ɗan Yarima Frederick William na Prussia da Sophia Dorothea ta Hanover . [1] An haife shi tsakanin karfe 11 da 12 na yamma a ranar 24 ga Janairun 1712 a Fadar Berlin kuma Benjamin Ursinus von Bär ya yi masa baftisma da sunan Friedrich a ranar 31 ga Janairu.[2] Kakansa, Frederick I<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwWw"> </span>, ya maraba da haihuwar, saboda jikokin da suka gabata sun mutu tun suna jariri. Tare da mutuwar Frederick I a cikin 1713, ɗansa Frederick William I ya zama Sarki a Prussia, don haka ya sa saurayi Frederick ya zama yarima. Frederick yana da 'yan uwa tara waɗanda suka rayu har zuwa girma. Yana da 'yan'uwa mata shida, ciki har da Wilhelmine, babba, da Louisa Ulrika, wanda zai auri Sarkin Sweden Adolf Fredrik kuma ya zama Sarauniya ta Sweden.[3] Frederick kuma yana da 'yan'uwa maza uku, ciki har da Augustus William da Henry . [1]
Frederick William I, wanda aka fi sani da "Sarki na Soja", yana da fushin tashin hankali kuma ya mallaki Brandenburg-Prussia tare da cikakken iko. Ya kula da dukiyar masarautar a hankali, ya haɓaka gwamnati mai ƙarfi, kuma ya kirkiro babbar runduna mai ƙarfi wanda ya haɗa da rundunar sanannun "Potsdam Giants".[5] Sabanin haka, mahaifiyar Frederick Sophia, 'yar George Louis na Brunswick-Lüneburg wanda ya gaji kursiyin Burtaniya a matsayin Sarki George I a cikin 1714, tana da ladabi, mai kwarewa kuma tana da ilimi.[4] Bambance-bambance na siyasa da na mutum tsakanin iyayen Frederick sun haifar da tashin hankali, wanda ya shafi halin Frederick game da al'adu, matsayinsa na mai mulki, da kuma dangantakarsa da mahaifinsa.[7][5]
A farkon ƙuruciyarsa, Frederick ya zauna tare da mahaifiyarsa da 'yar'uwarsa Wilhelmine, kodayake suna ziyartar gidan farautar mahaifinsu a Königs Wusterhausen. [5][9] Frederick da 'yar'uwarsa sun kafa dangantaka ta kusa, wanda ya kasance har zuwa mutuwarta a shekara ta 1758. [5][6] Frederick ya sami ilimi don yin magana da Faransanci da Jamusanci, kuma da yawa daga cikin masu koyar da shi 'yan Calvinist ne na Faransa. [3][5] Madame de Montbail ce ta kula da karatunsa na farko, wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai koyarwa ga Frederick William I. Masu koyarwarsa daga baya a batutuwa kamar harsuna, adabi na gargajiya, tarihi, da maganganu sune Jacques Duhan na Jandun da Maturin Veyssière La Croze . [5]
Frederick William I ya girma a matsayin Calvinist duk da bangaskiyar Lutheran a Prussia, amma ya ji tsoron cewa ba ɗaya daga cikin zaɓaɓɓu Allah ba ne. Don kauce wa yiwuwar ɗansa Frederick ya motsa shi da irin wannan damuwa, sarki ya ba da umarnin cewa kada a koya wa magajinsa game da ƙaddara. Duk da niyyar mahaifinsa, Frederick ya bayyana ya karɓi ma'anar ƙaddara ga kansa.[14]
Ba tare da ya damu da sha'awar mahaifinsa cewa iliminsa ya kasance gaba ɗaya na addini da kuma amfani ba, saurayi Frederick ya haɓaka fifiko ga kiɗa, adabi, da al'adun Faransanci. Frederick Wilhelm ya yi tunanin cewa waɗannan sha'awar mata ne, yayin da suka yi karo da militarism, wanda ya haifar da bugawa da wulakanci na Frederick akai-akai.[15][16] Duk da haka, Frederick, tare da taimakon Jacques Duhan, ya sayi ɗakin karatu na sirri na 3,000 na shayari, Helenawa da Roman gargajiya, da falsafar don kara darussansa na hukuma.[2]
Yarima mai sarauta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, Frederick ya kafa alaƙa da shafi sarki mai shekaru 17, Peter Karl Christoph von Keith . Wilhelmine ta rubuta cewa biyun "ba da daɗewa ba sun zama ba za a iya raba su ba.... Ya yi wa ɗan'uwana hidima daga jin daɗin sadaukarwa na gaske".[7] Wilhelmine zai ci gaba da yin rikodin cewa "Ko da yake na lura cewa ya kasance a kan sanannun sharuddan wannan shafin fiye da yadda ya dace a matsayinsa, ban san yadda abokantaka ta kasance ba. " Kamar yadda Frederick kusan tabbas ɗan luwaɗi ne, dangantakarsa da Keith na iya kasancewa ɗan luwaɗi, kodayake girman kusanci ya kasance mai rikitarwa.[19][8] Lokacin da Frederick William ya ji jita-jita game da dangantakarsu, an tura Keith zuwa wani tsarin mulki da ba a yarda da shi ba kusa da iyakar Holland.[21]
A tsakiyar shekarun 1720, Sarauniya Sophia Dorothea ta yi ƙoƙari ta shirya auren Frederick da 'yar'uwarsa Wilhelmine ga' yan uwanta Sarki George II Amelia da Frederick, magaji.[9] Tsoron kawance tsakanin Prussia da Biritaniya, Field Marshal von Seckendorff, jakadan Austrian a Berlin, ya ba da cin hanci ga Ministan Yakin Prussia, Field Marshel von Grumbkow, da jakadan Prussia a Landan, Benjamin Reichenbach. Ma'aurata sun lalata dangantakar da ke tsakanin kotunan Burtaniya da Prussia ta amfani da cin hanci da rashawa.[23] Daga ƙarshe Frederick William ya yi fushi da ra'ayin cewa Frederick ya auri matar Ingila kuma a ƙarƙashin tasirin kotun Burtaniya.[24] Maimakon haka, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Austria, wanda ya yi alkawarin amincewa da haƙƙin Prussia ga masarautun Jülich-Berg, wanda ya haifar da rushewar tayin aure.
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Schieder 1983.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 MacDonogh 2000.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Asprey 1986.
- ↑ Kugler 1840.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Lavisse 1892.
- ↑ Christian 1888.
- ↑ Wilhelmine 1888.
- ↑ Ashton 2019.
- ↑ Berridge 2015.