French Chad
 French Chad | |
|---|---|
colony (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Bangare na | Faransa Equatorial Afirka |
| Farawa | 1906 |
| Suna a harshen gida | Tchad |
| Addini | Musulunci |
| Yaren hukuma | Faransanci |
| Nahiya | Afirka |
| Ƙasa | Faransa Equatorial Afirka |
| Babban birni | Ndjamena |
| Territory claimed by (en) | Faransa |
| Tsarin gwamnati |
colony (en) |
| Fadar gwamnati/shugaban ƙasa |
Colonial governor of Tchad (en) |
| Kuɗi |
French Equatorial African franc (en) |
| Wanda ya biyo bayanshi | Faransa Equatorial Afirka |
| Dissolved, abolished or demolished date (en) | 1960 |
Ƙasar Chadi wata ɓangare ce ta daular Faransa ta mulkin mallaka daga shekarun 1900 zuwa 1960. An fara mulkin mallaka a ƙarƙashin Faransa a shekara ta 1900 lokacin da aka kafa yankin soji a Chadi.[1] Daga shekarun 1905, Chadi ta kasance tana da alaƙa da tarayyar turawan mulkin mallaka a Afirka ta Tsakiya, wanda aka sani tun a shekarar 1910 a ƙarƙashin sunan Faransa Equatorial Africa. Chadi ta wuce a cikin shekarar 1920 ga gwamnatin farar hula ta Faransa, amma ta sha fama da rashin kulawa.[1]
Ƙasar Chadi ta ware kanta a shekarar 1940 domin kasancewarta a ƙarƙashin Gwamna Félix Éboué, ƙasar Faransa ta farko da ta yi mamaya a gefen Free French. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Faransa ta ba da izinin wakilcin al'ummar Afirka iyaka, tare da haifar da rikici a fagen siyasa tsakanin jam'iyyar ci gaba na Chadian Progressive Party (PPT) da kuma jam'iyyar Conservative ta Chadian Democratic Union (UDT). A ƙarshe dai jam'iyyar PPT ce ta yi nasara tare da samar da 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960 ƙarƙashin jagorancin François Tombalbaye.[1]
Mamayar Faransa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sha'awar Turai a Afirka gabaɗaya ta girma a cikin ƙarni na 19. A shekara ta 1887, Faransa, wacce ta motsa ta hanyar neman arziki, ta kori cikin gida daga matsugunanta a gabar tekun yammacin Afirka ta tsakiya don neman yankin Oubangui-Chari (Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Afirka ta Tsakiya a yau). Ta kuma yi ikirarin wannan yanki a matsayin wani yanki na tasirin Faransa, kuma a cikin shekaru biyu ta mamaye wani yanki na yankin kudancin Chadi. A farkon shekarun 1890 ne sojojin Faransa suka aika zuwa ƙasar Chadi sun ci karo da sojojin Rabih az-Zubayr, waɗanda suke kai hare-haren bayi a kudancin Chadi a tsawon shekarun 1890 kuma suka kori matsugunan Bornu, Baguirmi, da Daular Wadai. Bayan shekaru masu yawa na rashin yanke hukunci, sojojin Faransa sun yi nasarar fatattakar Rabih az-Zubayr a yakin Kousséri a shekarar 1900. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, a hankali Faransawa sun faɗaɗa zuwa gabashi da arewacin Chadi, suna fuskantar turjiya mai tsanani kamar lokacin yakin Wadai, da Tibesti da Borkou.[1]
Faransa ta mamaya na ƙarshe a ƙasar Chadi a shekara ta 1917, kuma ta yi galaba a kan manyan tashe-tashen hankula na ƙarshe a shekara ta 1920.[2]
Gudanar da Mulkin Mallaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jigogi biyu na asali sun mamaye kwarewar mulkin mallaka na Chadi tare da Faransawa: rashin manufofin da aka tsara don haɗin kan yankin da kuma tafiyar hawainiya na zamani. A cikin ma'auni na Faransa na fifiko, mulkin mallaka na Chadi ya kasance kusa da ƙasa; ba shi da mahimmanci fiye da yankunan da ba na Afirka ba, Arewacin Afirka, Afirka ta Yamma, ko ma sauran mallakar Faransa a Afirka ta Tsakiya. Faransawa sun fahimci Chadi da farko a matsayin tushen albarkatun auduga da kuma aikin da ba a horar da su don amfani da su a cikin yankuna masu fa'ida a kudu. A cikin Chadi, babu wata niyya ko albarkatun da za a yi fiye da kiyaye kamannin doka da oda. Hasali ma, hatta wannan muhimmin aiki na mulki an yi watsi da shi; a duk lokacin mulkin mallaka, manyan yankunan Chadi ba a taɓa samun nasarar gudanar da su yadda ya kamata daga N'Djamena (wanda ake kira Fort-Lamy kafin watan Satumba 1973).[3]
An haɗa Chadi a cikin shekarar 1905 tare da turawan Faransa guda uku zuwa kudu—Oubangui-Chari, Kongo ta Tsakiya (Congo-Brazzaville a yanzu), da Gabon. Amma ƙasar Chadi ba ta sami matsayin mulkin mallaka na daban ba ko tsarin gudanarwa na haɗin gwiwa har zuwa shekara ta 1920. An gudanar da yankunan huɗu tare a matsayin Faransa Equatorial Africa ƙarƙashin jagorancin babban gwamna da ke Brazzaville. Babban gwamnan ya kasance yana da iko mai yawa a kan tarayya, ciki har da tsaro na waje da na cikin gida, harkokin tattalin arziki da kuɗi, da duk wani sadarwa da ministan Faransa na mulkin mallaka. Laftanar gwamnoni, wanda kuma gwamnatin Faransa ta naɗa, ana sa ran aiwatar da umarnin babban hakimin a kowane yanki. Gwamnatin tsakiya a Brazzaville ta ɗaure masu riƙe da muƙaman gwamnoni sosai duk da yunkurin kawo sauyi na ganin an raba mulki tsakanin shekarun 1910 zuwa 1946. Laftanar gwamnan Chadi ya fi samun 'yancin cin gashin kai saboda nisa da Brazzaville kuma saboda fifikon Faransa ga sauran yankuna uku da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Dangane da adadin dakaru da aka girke a ƙasar, akwai bataliyoyin sojoji guda uku a jimillar sojoji kusan 3,000.[4][5]
Layukan sarrafawa daga Brazzaville, masu rauni kamar yadda wataƙila sun kasance, har yanzu sun fi waɗanda suka fito daga N'Djamena zuwa ƙasarsu. A babban yankin Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, ba da daɗewa ba kaɗan daga cikin jami'an sojan Faransa sun cimma yarjejeniyar tsagaita buɗe wuta da mazauna hamada; Matukar dai hanyoyin ayari sun kasance amintacciya kuma ba a cika matakan doka da oda ba, gwamnatin soja (mai hedikwata a Faya Largeau) takan bar mutane su kaɗai. A tsakiyar Chadi, mulkin Faransa ya ɗan ƙara yin tasiri.[6] A lardunan Ouaddaï da Biltine, an ci gaba da adawa da Faransawa kuma, a wasu lokuta, a kan duk wata hukuma da ta yi ƙoƙarin murkushe 'yan fashi da makami. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka mai ƙarancin ma'aikata ta ba da kulawa mai rauni kawai a kan yankin Kanem maras ƙazami da kuma yankunan da ba su da yawan jama'a na Guéra da Salamat. Razzias na tsoho ya ci gaba a cikin shekarar 1920s, kuma an ba da rahoton a cikin shekarar 1923 cewa an kama wani gungun musulmin Senegal da ke hanyarsu ta zuwa Makka kuma an sayar da su a matsayin masu bauta. Ba tare da son kashe albarkatun da ake buƙata don gudanar da ingantacciyar gwamnati ba, gwamnatin Faransa ta mayar da martani tare da tilastawa lokaci-lokaci tare da haɓaka dogaro ga mulkin kai tsaye ta hanyar sarakunan.
Faransa ta gudanar da mulki yadda ya kamata a kudu kawai, amma har zuwa shekara ta 1946 shugabanci ya fito daga Bangui a Oubangui-Chari maimakon N'Djamena. Ba kamar arewaci da tsakiyar Chadi ba, an kafa tsarin mulkin mallaka na Faransa na gudanar da farar hula kai tsaye a tsakanin Sara, ƙabilar kudanci, da maƙwabtansu. Har ila yau, ba kamar sauran ƙasar Chadi ba, an samu ci gaban tattalin arziki a kudancin ƙasar a shekarar 1929 na noman auduga mai yawa. Kuɗaɗe da kuɗaɗen fansho ga ’yan kudancin ƙasar da suka yi aikin sojan Faransa ya kuma ƙara haɓaka tattalin arziki.[6]
Amma ko da fa'idodin ƙarin samun kuɗin shiga, makarantu, da hanyoyi sun ƙasa samun goyon baya ga Faransawa a kudanci. Baya ga korafe-korafen da aka yi a baya, irin su tikitin ɗaukar kaya (wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane) da kuma ƙauracewa ƙauye, manoman kudancin ƙasar sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da kason da aka wajaba na samar da auduga, wanda Faransa ta saya akan farashi mai rahusa. Sarakunan da gwamnati ta kare sun kara cin zarafin wannan lamarin. Hakiman sun ƙara jin haushin su saboda gabaɗaya su ne abubuwan da Faransawa suka ƙirƙiro na wucin gadi a yankin na al'ummomin da ba su da ƙasa a baya. Wannan haɗin kai na jiyya da tsarin tsarin mulkin mallaka ya fara haifar da a wannan lokacin a cikin yanayin ƙabilar Sara a tsakanin mutanen da a baya an iyakance asalinsu ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin dangi.[7]
Ko da yake Faransa ta yi ƙoƙari sosai a lokacin da ta mamaye ƙasar Chadi, amma ba da himma ba ne a gudanar da mulkin ƙasar. Jami’ai a rundunar ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun bijirewa aikin da ake yi wa Chadi, don haka muƙamai sukan je ga novice ko ga jami’an da ba su da tushe. Wani masanin tarihi na daular Faransa ya kammala da cewa ba zai yuwu a yi kasala ba ko kuma a yi la'akari da rashin cancantar yin aiki a Chadi. Duk da haka, manyan abubuwan kunya sun faru lokaci-lokaci, kuma da yawa daga cikin muƙaman sun kasance babu kowa. A cikin shekarar 1928, alal misali, 42% na yankunan Chadi ba su da masu gudanarwa na hukuma.
Wani lamari ya faru a cikin shekarar 1935 wanda zai sami sakamako mai nisa a cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980s. A waccan shekarar, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta yi shawarwarin daidaita iyakokin da Italiya, mai mulkin mallaka na Libya. Daidaitawar da ta mayar da kan iyakar Libya da Chadi kimanin kilomita 100 kudu ta hanyar Aozou. Ko da yake majalisar dokokin Faransa ba ta taɓa amincewa da yarjejeniyar ba, tattaunawar ta kasance wani ɓangare na ginshikin ikirarin ƙasar Libya a yankin bayan shekaru da dama.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Brachet, Julien; Scheele, Judith (2019). The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–63. doi:10.1017/9781108566315. ISBN 9781108566315. S2CID 181557618.
- ↑ Azevedo, M. J. (2005), The Roots of Violence: A History of War in Chad, Routledge, p. 52, ISBN 978-1-135-30081-4
- ↑ Lemarchand, René (1980). "The Politics of Sara Ethnicity : A Note on the Origins of the Civil War in Chad". Cahiers d'études africaines. 20 (80): 455–456. doi:10.3406/cea.1980.2328. Retrieved 25 February 2025.
- ↑ Debos, Marielle (2009). "Chad 1900-1960" (PDF). Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. p. 8-9. Retrieved 25 February 2025.
- ↑ Lanne, Bernard. Histoire politique du Tchad de 1945 à 1958. Administration, partis, élections. Paris: Karthala. p. 197-218. ISBN 9782865378838.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Debos, Marielle (2009). "Chad 1900-1960" (PDF). Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. p. 8-9. Retrieved 25 February 2025.
- ↑ Bat, Jean-Pierre (2023). "Félix Houphouët-Boigny impose sa ligne". In Borrel, Thomas; Boukari-Yabara, Amzat; Collombat, Benoît; Deltombe, Thomas (eds.). Une histoire de la Françafrique: L'empire qui ne veut pas mourir. Seuil. p. 218. ISBN 9782757897751.