Friends of the Earth (Amurka)
 Friends of the Earth | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Iri |
environmental organization (en)  da nonprofit organization (en) |
| Masana'anta |
environment (en) |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Aiki | |
| Mamba na |
Alliance for Justice (en) |
| Bangare na | Abokan Duniya |
| Mulki | |
| Hedkwata | Washington, D.C. |
| Tsari a hukumance |
501(c)(3) organization (en) |
| Financial data | |
| Assets | 22,314,803 $ (2022) |
| Haraji | 10,486,418 $ (2016) |
| Tarihi | |
| Ƙirƙira | 1969 |
  | |
Friends of the Earth US ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta muhalli mai hedikwata a Washington, DC, wacce masanin muhalli David Brower ya kafa a shekarar 1969. Abokan Duniya Amurka suna fafutukar kare dazuzzuka, gurɓataccen yanayi , fasahar nukiliya, injiniyancin kwayoyin halitta, sare dazuzzuka, magungunan kashe kwari, abinci da noma da manufofin tattalin arziki . [1] Memba ce da ta kafa ƙungiyar Friends of the Earth International . [2]
Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An kafa Friends of the Earth US a California a shekarar 1969 ta hannun masanin muhalli David Brower bayan ya bar Sierra Club . [3] An ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar ne tare da taimakon Donald Aitken, Jerry Mander da kuma gudummawar dala 200,000 daga asusun Robert O. Anderson . [4] Ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfen ɗinta na farko shine zanga-zangar makamashin nukiliya, musamman a California. [3]
Ƙungiyar ta haɗu da Cibiyar Manufofin Muhalli da kuma Ƙungiyar Oceanic a shekarar 1989. [3]
An kafa Friends of the Earth International a shekarar 1971 kuma a yau cibiyar sadarwa ce ta ƙungiyoyin muhalli a ƙasashe 75. [5] A farkon shekarunta, Friends of the Earth US tana da hedikwata a San Francisco, amma ƙungiya ce da ba ta da cikakken iko, tana ba da iko da 'yanci ga rassanta na gida. [3]
Abokan Duniya, Inc. v Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekarar 1999, Abokan Duniya sun wakilci mazauna kusa da Kogin North Tyger da ke South Carolina a wata kara da suka shigar a kan Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc. Shari'ar ta yi magana ne kan gurɓatar masana'antu na kogin. Duk da cewa Laidlaw ta yi iƙirarin cewa shari'ar ba ta da tushe, tunda an rufe masana'antar da ke da alhakin gurɓatar kogin, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa mai ƙara yana da ikon shigar da ƙara saboda mazauna sun yi zargin cewa za su yi amfani da kogin don nishaɗi, amma ba za su iya ba saboda gurɓatar. Ruth Bader Ginsburg, wacce ta rubuta a matsayin mafi rinjaye, ta rubuta cewa "ƙa'idodin kyau da nishaɗi na yankin" sun ragu saboda keta izinin ruwan tsafta da wanda ake ƙara ya yi akai-akai. [6]
Ayyuka da kamfen
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abokan Duniya na Amurka suna gudanar da kamfen wanda galibi ya kasu kashi huɗu cikin manyan rukunoni, suna tallafawa manyan ƙa'idodin ƙungiyar: haɓaka dorewa, yaƙi don adalci a zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk duniya, da kuma ƙarfafa canjin tsari don samun sakamako mai ɗorewa. [7] Yawancin ƙoƙarinsu sun fi mayar da hankali kan manufofin yin amfani da ƙarfi.
Teku da dazuzzuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An soki masana'antar jiragen ruwa saboda tasirin muhalli da jiragensu ke yi kamar hayakin carbon, gurɓataccen iska, zubar da najasa da ruwan shara, da kuma zubewar mai. [8] Wannan kamfen ya yi aiki don matsa lamba ga Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya don ƙara tsaurara da aiwatar da ƙa'idodin fitar da hayakin jiragen ruwa na duniya, gami da Dokar Polar . [9]
Manufar tattalin arziki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yaƙin neman zaɓen ya kuma yi la'akari da wasu yarjejeniyoyin Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya waɗanda aka ce suna karya ƙa'idojin muhalli don ƙarfafa riba. [10]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Projects". Friends of the Earth. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
- ↑ "About FoEI Archives - Friends of the earth international". foei.org. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 "The Decline and Fall of Friends of the Earth in the United States". lornasalzman.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2015. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "lornasalzman.com" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Projects". Friends of the Earth. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
- ↑ "Projects". Friends of the Earth. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
- ↑ "Projects". Friends of the Earth. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
- ↑ "What we stand for". Friends of the Earth. Archived from the original on March 14, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
- ↑ "Projects". Friends of the Earth. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
- ↑ "About FoEI Archives - Friends of the earth international". foei.org. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
- ↑ "Projects". Friends of the Earth. Retrieved March 11, 2015.