Fritz-Dietlof von der Schulenburg
 Fritz-Dietlof von der Schulenburg | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | Landan, 5 Satumba 1902 |
| ƙasa | Deutsches Reich (mul)  |
| Mutuwa | Plötzensee Prison (en) , 10 ga Augusta, 1944 |
| Yanayin mutuwa | hukuncin kisa (rataya) |
| Ƴan uwa | |
| Mahaifi | Friedrich von der Schulenburg |
| Mahaifiya | Freda-Marie von Arnim |
| Yara | view
|
| Ahali | Wolf-Werner von der Schulenburg (mul) da Tisa von der Schulenburg (mul) |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta | Jami'ar Göttingen |
| Harsuna | Jamusanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | civil servant (en) , Mai kare Haƙƙin kai, masana, hafsa, anti-Nazi fighter (en) da local government officer (en) |
| Mamba | Corps Saxonia Göttingen (en) |
| Aikin soja | |
| Ya faɗaci | Yakin Duniya na II |
| Imani | |
| Jam'iyar siyasa | Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (mul) |
Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der Schulenburg (5 ga Satumba 1902 - 10 ga Agusta 1944) ya kasance jami'in gwamnatin Jamus kuma memba ne na Jamusanci a cikin 20 ga Yuli Plot a kan Adolf Hitler .
Ci gaban mutum
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An haifi Schulenburg a daga]-linkid="165" href="./London" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="London">Landan, kamar yadda mahaifinsa, Friedrich Graf von der Schulenburg, a lokacin ya kasance Jami'in soja na Daular Jamus a Kotun St James a babban birnin Birtaniya. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Freda-Marie Arnim (noble family) (an haife ta a shekara ta 1873).[de] A sakamakon yanayin aikin mahaifinsu, Schulenburg, 'yan uwansa huɗu, da' yar'uwarsu Tisa von der Schulenburg sun girma a wurare daban-daban, gami da Berlin, Potsdam, Münster, da gidan ƙasar iyali, Schloss Tressow a arewa maso yammacin Mecklenburg. Ta hanyar al'adun manyan mutanen Prussian, da farko an yi wa yara ilimi sosai a gida ta hanyar mai kula.
A cikin 1920, Schulenburg ya wuce jarrabawar Abitur a Lübeck. Daga nan sai ya yanke shawarar kada ya bi aiki a matsayin jami'in soja, al'adar iyali, amma a maimakon haka ya yi karatun doka a jami'o'in Göttingen da Marburg. A Wannan lokacin, ya zama memba na Corps Saxonia Göttingen, ƙungiyar ɗaliban Jamus, kuma ya ci gaba da yankewa da yawa sakamakon dueling na gargajiya tare da takobi. A shekara ta 1923, ya dauki jarrabawar jihar a Celle, kuma a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa ya yi aiki a matsayin Ma'aikacin gwamnati a Potsdam da Kyritz. A shekara ta 1924, ya katse horo na watanni uku kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tuƙi a cikin Jirgin ruwa zuwa Kudancin Amurka da dawowa. Ya kammala karatunsa a 1928, kuma ya zama ma'aikacin gwamnati (Assessor) a Recklinghausen .
A matsayinsa na memba na sanannen tsohuwar dangin Prussian mai daraja, Schulenburg ya kasance wani ɓangare na rukunin masu mulki na Daular Jamus, wanda ginshiƙai biyu na jihar, sojoji da aikin gwamnati suka bayyana. Saboda wannan asalin, Schulenburg ya nutse cikin batutuwa masu amfani kamar bashin gona da sake fasalin ƙasa. Ra'ayinsa na soyayya game da al'ummar noma da Adalci na zamantakewa ba da daɗewa ba ya ba shi laƙabi na "roter Graf" ("Red Count") daga abokan aikinsa.
Shiga Jam'iyyar Nazi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tattaunawar farko ta Schulenburg tare da Jam'iyyar Nazi ta zo ne a 1930, kuma ya zama memba na jam'iyya a 1932, a kusan lokaci guda da sauran dangin suka shiga. A cikin wannan shekarar, an tura shi zuwa Gabashin Prussia, inda ya taimaka wajen gina matsayin Nazi da fayil. Za a iya kirga Schulenburg a cikin mabiyan Nazism na "arewacin Jamus", wanda 'yan uwan Gregor da Otto Strasser suka fi nunawa. An kashe Gregor Strasser a lokacin Night of the Long Knives a kan umarnin Hitler. Otto Strasser ya tsere zuwa gudun hijira bayan Taron Bamberg na 1930 inda ya yi adawa da Hitler. Ya koma Jamus a shekarar 1956.
A watan Maris na shekara ta 1933, an nada Schulenburg a majalisar gwamnati a Königsberg kuma ya sami karuwar tasiri, a matsayin jami'in gwamnati da kuma memba na Jam'iyyar. Ya auri Charlotte Kotelmann a cikin wannan watan. Sabbin ayyukansa a wannan lokacin sun fi dacewa da kafa Gleichschaltung (ka'idodin Nazi na tilasta "haɗin kai" na kungiyoyin al'umma) tsakanin jami'ai a cikin tasirinsa, da kuma ba da ayyukan ga membobin Jam'iyyar Nazi.
Koyaya, Schulenburg ya ƙara shiga rikici tare da shugabansu, Erich Koch, sanannen Gauleiter na Gabashin Prussia. A shekara ta 1934, ya sauya kansa zuwa karamin garin Fischhausen, yammacin Königsberg, a matsayin mai kula da gundumar. Rikicin da Koch ya karu yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, amma a cikin 1937 Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Jamus ta inganta shi kuma ta tura shi Berlin a matsayin mataimakin shugaban 'yan sanda. Shugabarsa ta gaba ɗaya ita ce Shugaban 'yan sanda na Berlin Wolf Heinrich von Helldorf, wanda ya yi tsayayya da sanya Schulenburg na dogon lokaci. Sabanin tsammanin, duk da haka, jami'ai biyu daban-daban sun yi hulɗa da juna.
A 1939, shekarar da Hitler ya kai hari Poland, an nada Schulenburg a matsayin mukaddashin Oberpräsident na Upper da Lower Silesia. A wannan lokacin, gwamnatin Nazi ta zo ta gan shi a matsayin wanda ba a amince da shi a siyasa ba, kuma a cikin 1940 an cire shi daga Jam'iyyar Nazi.
Kwarewar lokacin yaƙi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da ajiyar jami'an soja game da shirye-shiryen Hitler na cin nasara, kuma duk da firgici game da al'amarin kwamandan Sojoji a Cif Werner von Fritsch a shekarar 1938 (duba Blomberg-Fritsch Affair), Schulenburg ya ba da kansa don aikin soja a gaba tare da sha'awar kishin kasa. Bayan an kori Shugaba, Gauleiter da Oberpräsident Josef Wagner, matsayinsa na Regierungspräsident ("Shugaban Gwamnati") a Breslau ya zama ba za a iya jurewa ba.
A matsayinsa na mataimakin a cikin ajiya, an tura Schulenburg zuwa rukunin ajiya na Infantry Regiment 9 a Potsdam. Tare da wannan rukunin ƙwararru, ya shiga cikin Yakin Rasha kuma an ba shi Iron Cross, aji na farko. Koyaya, ba sai abubuwan da ya samu a mamaye Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 1941-1942 ba ne ya zama mai sukar halin da Hitler ke yi a yakin. A wannan lokacin, aikinsa ya canza sau da yawa, kuma a ƙarshe ya koma rundunar ajiya a Potsdam. A wannan lokacin ya kalli aikinsa a matsayin shirya makirci don cire Hitler da karfi.
Yunkurin adawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Gabashin Gabas, rikice-rikicen da suka bayyana wanda ya shafi samar da kayayyaki, jagorancin soja, da kuma kula da fararen hula a cikin ƙasashen da aka ci nasara sun ba Schulenburg dalilin rashin amincewa da Nazis. Halinsa game da Nazism ya canza sosai a wannan lokacin. Schulenburg ya lura da damuwa da ƙyamar rashin bin doka na mulkin Nazi, kuma ya yi hulɗa da dakarun adawa masu tunani iri ɗaya daga bangarorin siyasa, gami da wasu aristocrats na Prussian kamar kansa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokai ga da'irar a wannan lokacin shine Count Peter Yorck von Wartenburg, wani scion na sanannen dangin Prussian mai daraja. A shekara ta 1942, yana halartar tarurrukan Kreisau Circle a kai a kai.
Wani shiri mai ban mamaki na ƙungiyar juriya don bayan yakin Turai, wanda Schulenburg ya rubuta a 1943, ya ce:
A shekara ta 1943, Schulenburg ya fada karkashin zargin yin aiki a kan gwamnatin kuma ya kwashe dare daya a karkashin kama. Koyaya, saboda matsayinsa na aristocratic da alaƙa, an sake shi.
Yunkurin juyin mulki da kisa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Schulenburg na ɗaya daga cikin masu makirci da Hitler kuma yana da hannu sosai a cikin shirin Operation Valkyrie . Masu makirci sun yi niyya da shi ya jagoranci Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida bayan an kashe Hitler. A ranar 20 ga Yulin 1944, Schulenburg yana cikin hedikwatar tawaye, hedikwatar leken asiri ta soja ta Bendlerstrasse a Berlin, kuma an kama shi a can a wannan rana, jim kadan bayan yunkurin kashe Hitler ya gaza. A ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1944 sanannen Nazi Volksgerichtshof ya gwada shi. A cikin wannan gwajin nunawa, tare da sanannen Nazi Roland Freisler wanda ke jagorantar, Schulenburg ya bayyana ayyukansa kamar haka:
- "Mun dauki kanmu wannan aikin don kare Jamus daga bala'i mara suna. A bayyane yake a gare ni cewa za a rataye ni saboda shi, amma ban yi nadama game da aikina ba kuma ina fatan wani, a cikin wani lokaci mai kyau, zai yi shi. "
During the trial Schulenburg conducted himself with courage and never lost his nerve. At one point Freisler, who had been addressing him throughout the trial as "Scoundrel Schulenburg," inadvertently called him by his hereditary title of "Count Schulenburg" — whereupon Schulenburg interrupted him by humorously saying, "Scoundrel Schulenburg, please!"[ana buƙatar hujja] Freisler found him guilty and sentenced him to death.
An kashe Schulenburg ta hanyar ratayewa a gidan yarin Plötzensee a Berlin daga baya a wannan rana, 10 ga watan Agusta 1944.
Littattafai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Ulrich Heinemann, Ein mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Rebell; Berlin (Siedler) 1990 ( ) ISBN 3-88680-373-2
- Albert Krebs, Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der Schulenburg. Zwischen Staatsraison und Hochverrat; Hamburg (Leibniz Vlg.) 1964
- Hans-Joachim Ramm, ... Halin da ya dace da shi. Christliche Grundüberzeugungen im innermilitärischen Widerstand gegen Hitler; Neuhausen u. Stuttgart (Hänssler) 1996 ( ) ISBN 3-7751-2635-X
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Jerin mambobin shirin 20 ga Yuli
- Tsayayyar Jamusanci
- Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg
Iyali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Biyu daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata, Charlotte da Angela, sun auri' ya'yan Christabel Bielenberg, Nicholas da Christopher bi da bi; wani, Adelheid, ya auri Grey Ruthven, 2nd Earl of Gowrie .