Fustat

Fustat Tsuntsu
Babban birnin Masar, 641-750, 905-1168
Hoton Fustat, daga Tarihin Masar na Rappoport
Sunan laƙabi: Birnin Tents
Fustat Yanayin tarihi a Misira
Hanyar sadarwa: 30°00′18′′N 31°14′15′′E / 30.00500°N 31.23750°E / 30.00.500; 31.23750)
A halin yanzu wani bangare ne na	Tsohon Alkahira
Rashidun Khalifa	641–661
Halittar Umayyad	661–750
Halifa ta Abbasid	750–969
Halifa ta Fatimid	969–1168
An kafa shi	641
An kafa shi da	'Amr ibn al-'As
Yawan jama'a (karni na 12)
• Jimillar	200,000

Fusṭāṭ (Larabci: اَلۡفُسۡطَاط) ita ce babban birnin Masar na farko ƙarƙashin mulkin Musulmi, duk da cewa daga baya ta haɗe da birnin Alƙahira. Janar ɗin Musulmi na Daular Rashidun, wato ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ ne ya gina ta a shekarar 641 Miladiyya bayan cin nasarar Musulmai a Masar. An kafa birnin ne kusa da yankin da ake kira 'Tsohuwar Alƙahira' a yau, kuma a cikinsa ne aka gina 'Masallacin ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ', wanda shi ne masallaci na farko da aka gina a ƙasar Masar.

Birnin ta kai kololuwar bunƙasarta a ƙarni na goma sha biyu, inda yawan mutanenta ya kai kusan 200,000. Birnin ya kasance cibiyar mulki da gudanarwa a Masar har zuwa shekarar 1168, lokacin da wazirin ƙasar mai suna Shawar ya bayar da umarnin a ƙona shi domin hana mayaƙan Salibiyya masu mamaya kwace dukiyoyinsa.

Daga baya, ragowar birnin sun haɗe da Alƙahira, wadda aka gina a arewacin Fusṭāṭ a shekarar 969 lokacin da Daular Fatimiyya ta mamaye yankin kuma ta kafa sabon birni a matsayin mazaunin halifa da fadarsa. Bayan haka yankin ya shiga lalacewa na tsawon ƙarni da dama, har ma aka riƙa amfani da shi a matsayin wurin zubar da shara.

A yau, Fusṭāṭ wani yanki ne da ke cikin gundumar Tsohuwar Alƙahira ta zamani, kuma kaɗan daga cikin gine-ginen zamanin da suka rage daga lokacin da take babban birni. Sai dai binciken kayan tarihi da aka gudanar a yankin sun gano dimbin abubuwan tarihi da aka binne a ƙasa. Yawancin kayayyakin da aka tono daga wurin ana nuna su a Museum of Islamic Art da ke birnin Cairo.

A yau, Fustat wani yanki ne wanda ke cikin gundumar zamani ta Tsohon Alkahira, tare da wasu gine-gine da suka rage daga kwanakinsa a matsayin babban birni. Yawancin binciken archaeological sun bayyana wadatar kayan da aka binne a yankin. Abubuwa da yawa na dā da aka dawo da su daga shafin suna nunawa a Gidan Tarihin Musulunci na Alkahira.

Babban birnin Masar

Fustat ita ce babban birnin Masar na kimanin shekaru 500. Bayan da aka kafa birnin a cikin 641, ikonsa ba a katse shi ba har zuwa 750, lokacin da daular Abbasid ta yi tawaye da Umayyawa. Wannan rikici ba a mayar da hankali ba a Misira ba, amma a wasu wurare a duniyar Larabawa. Lokacin da Abbasids suka sami iko, sun ƙaura manyan birane daban-daban zuwa yankuna masu sarrafawa. Sun kafa cibiyar Khalifancin su a Bagadaza, suna motsa babban birnin daga wurin Umayyad na baya a Damascus. An yi irin wannan motsi a duk lokacin da aka fara mulkin mallaka. A Misira, sun ƙaura babban birnin daga Fustat dan kadan zuwa arewa zuwa birnin Abbasid na al-Askar, wanda ya kasance babban birnin har zuwa 868. Lokacin da Daular Tulunid ta karɓi iko a cikin 868, babban birnin Masar ya koma ɗan gajeren lokaci zuwa wani birni na arewacin da ke kusa, al-Qatta'i . Wannan ya kasance har zuwa 905, lokacin da aka lalata al-Qatta'i kuma aka mayar da babban birnin zuwa Fustat. Birnin ya sake rasa matsayinsa na babban birni lokacin da mai kula da shi, Shawar, ya ba da umarnin ƙone shi a cikin 1168, yana tsoron zai iya fadawa hannun Amalric, sarkin Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. An tura babban birnin Masar zuwa Alkahira.

Asalin sunan

A cewar labari, tsuntsu ne ya zaɓi wurin Fustat: Wani kurciya ya sa kwai a cikin alfarwar 'Amr ibn al-'As (585-664), musulmi mai cin nasara a Masar, kafin ya yi tafiya a kan Alexandria a 641. Sansaninsa a wannan lokacin yana arewacin sansanin Roman na Babila. Amr ya ayyana gidan kurciya a matsayin alamar daga Allah, kuma an bar alfarwar ba tare da taɓawa ba yayin da shi da dakarunsa suka tafi yaƙi. Lokacin da suka dawo da nasara, Amr ya gaya wa sojojinsa su kafa alfarwarsu a kusa da shi, ya ba sabon babban birninsa sunansa, Miṣr al-Fusṭāṭ, ko Fusṭāṭ Miṣr, wanda aka fassara shi a matsayin '', kodayake wannan ba ainihin fassarar ba ce.

Kalmar Miṣr tsohuwar tushen Semitic ce da ke nuna Misira, amma a cikin Larabci kuma tana da ma'anar 'babban birni, birni' (ko, a matsayin aikatau, ''), don haka sunan 'Miṣr al-Fusṭāṭ na iya nufin 'birni na alfarwa'. Fusṭāṭ Miṣr zai nufin 'gidan Masar'. (Tun da ba ta da labarin a kan kalmar Miṣr ba za ta zama 'gidan babban birni'.) Masarauta har zuwa yau suna kiran Alkahira Miṣr, ko, a cikin Larabci na Masar, Maṣr, duk da cewa wannan shine sunan dukan ƙasar Masar. Masallaci na farko na kasar, Masallacin Amr, daga baya aka gina shi a cikin 642 a wannan shafin na alfarwar kwamandan.

Tarihin Farko

Masallacin Amr ibn al-As. Kodayake babu wani tsari na asali da ya rage, wannan masallaci shine na farko da aka gina a Misira, kuma yana kusa da wannan wurin, a shafin alfarwar kwamandan Amr ibn al-As, cewa an gina birnin Fustat.

Shekaru dubbai, an motsa babban birnin Masar tare da al'adu daban-daban ta wurare da yawa sama da ƙasa da Kogin Nilu, kamar Thebes da Memphis, dangane da wane daular da ke cikin iko. Bayan Alexander the Great ya ci Masar a kusa da 331 BC, babban birnin ya zama birni mai suna, Alexandria, a bakin tekun Bahar Rum. Wannan yanayin ya kasance mai ɗorewa kusan kusan shekaru dubu. Bayan sojojin Khalifa Umar na Larabawa sun kama yankin a karni na 7, jim kadan bayan mutuwar Muhammadu, ya so ya kafa sabon babban birnin. Lokacin da Iskandariya ta fadi a watan Satumba na shekara ta 641, Amr ibn al-As, kwamandan sojojin da suka ci nasara, ya kafa sabon babban birni a gabashin kogin.

Jama'ar farko na birnin sun hada da kusan dukkanin sojoji da iyalansu, kuma tsarin birnin yayi kama da na garuruwa. Amr ya yi niyya ga Fustat ya zama tushe daga abin da za a ci Arewacin Afirka, da kuma ƙaddamar da ƙarin kamfen akan Byzantium. Ya kasance babban tushe na fadada Larabawa a Afirka har sai an kafa Qayrawan a Tunisiya a cikin 670.

Fustat ya bunkasa a matsayin jerin yankunan kabilanci, Khitas, a kusa da masallacin tsakiya da gine-ginen gudanarwa. Yawancin mazauna sun fito ne daga Yemen, tare da rukuni mafi girma na gaba daga yammacin Arabiya, tare da wasu Yahudawa da sojojin Romawa. Larabci shine ainihin yaren da ake magana a Misira, kuma shine harshen rubutu. Har yanzu ana magana da Coptic a Fustat a karni na 8.

Lustreware Plate tare da Bird Motif, karni na 11. Binciken archaeological ya sami murhu da yawa da raguwar yumbu a Fustat, kuma mai yiwuwa wuri ne mai mahimmanci na samar da yumbu na Islama a lokacin Fatimid.

Fustat ita ce cibiyar iko a Misira a ƙarƙashin daular Umayyad, wanda ya fara da mulkin Muawiyah I, kuma ya jagoranci KHalifa Musulunci daga 660 zuwa 750. Koyaya, an ɗauki Masar a matsayin lardin da ya fi girma, kuma gwamnonin da aka nada daga wasu cibiyoyin musulmai kamar Damascus, Madina, da Baghdad ne ke mulkinta. Fustat babban birni ne, kuma a karni na 9, yana da yawan jama'a kusan 120,000. Amma lokacin da Janar Gawhar na Fatimids na Tunisian ya kama yankin, wannan ya ƙaddamar da sabon zamani lokacin da Masar ta kasance cibiyar ikonta. Gawhar ya kafa sabon birni a arewacin Fustat a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 969, yana mai suna Al Qahira (Cairo), kuma a cikin 971, Khalifa Fatimid al-Mu'izz ya tura kotunsa daga al-Mansuriya a Tunisia zuwa Al Qahir . Amma ba a yi niyyar Alkahira a matsayin cibiyar gwamnati a lokacin ba - an yi amfani da ita da farko a matsayin sansanin sarauta ga Khalifa da kotunsa da sojojinsa, yayin da Fustat ya kasance babban birni dangane da ikon tattalin arziki da gudanarwa. Birnin ya bunƙasa kuma ya girma, kuma a cikin 987, masanin ilimin ƙasa Ibn Hawkal ya rubuta cewa al-Fustat kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na girman Bagadaza. A shekara ta 1168, tana da yawan mutane 200,000.

An san birnin da wadata, tare da tituna masu inuwa, lambuna, da kasuwanni. Ya ƙunshi gine-ginen zama masu tsawo, wasu hawa bakwai masu tsawo. Al-Muqaddasi a cikin karni na 10 ya bayyana su a matsayin minaret, yayin da Nasir Khusraw a farkon karni na 11 ya bayyana wasu daga cikinsu suna tashi har zuwa hawa 14, tare da lambuna na rufin a saman bene cikakke tare da ƙafafun ruwa da aka jawo don ban ruwa.

Matafiyi na Farisa Nasir-i-Khusron ya rubuta game da kyawawan kayayyaki a cikin kasuwannin Fustat: tukwane mai haske, lu'ulu'u, da 'ya'yan itatuwa da furanni da yawa, har ma a lokacin watanni na hunturu. Daga 975 zuwa 1075, Fustat babbar cibiyar samar da fasahar Islama ce da yumbu, kuma ɗaya daga cikin biranen da suka fi arziki a duniya. Wani rahoto ya bayyana cewa ya biya haraji wanda ya yi daidai da US $ 150,000 a kowace rana, ga gwamnatin Khalifa al-Mu'izz. Binciken archaeological na zamani ya haifar da kayan kasuwanci daga nesa kamar Spain, China, da Vietnam. Har ila yau, binciken ya bayyana gidaje masu rikitarwa da tsare-tsaren titi; wani sashi na asali ya ƙunshi ɗakunan da aka gina a kusa da farfajiyar tsakiya, tare da wani arcade na arches a gefe ɗaya na farfajilar zama babbar hanyar samun dama.

Halaka da raguwa

Rushewar Fustat a Tsohon Alkahira

A tsakiyar karni na 12, Khalifa na Masar shine matashi Atid, amma matsayinsa na farko shine bikin. Ikon gaskiya a Misira shine na vizier, Shawar. Ya kasance cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa na shekaru da yawa, yana aiki don kawar da ci gaban Krista, da sojojin Nur al-Din daga Siriya. Shawar ya gudanar da wannan ta hanyar sauya kawance tsakanin su biyu, yana wasa da juna, kuma a zahiri yana kiyaye su a cikin wani rikici inda babu wani soja da zai iya kai hari kan Masar ba tare da ɗayan ya hana su ba.

Koyaya, a cikin 1168, Sarki Kirista Amalric I na Urushalima, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari na shekaru da yawa don kaddamar da nasarar kai hari kan Masar don fadada yankunan Crusader, a ƙarshe ya sami wani nasara. Shi da sojojinsa sun shiga Misira, suka kwace birnin Bilbeis, suka kashe kusan dukkanin mazaunanta, sannan suka ci gaba zuwa Fustat. Amalric da dakarunsa sun kafa sansani a kudancin birnin, sannan suka aika da sako ga saurayi Khalifa na Masar Atid, mai shekaru 18 kawai, don mika birnin ko kuma su sha wahala kamar Bilbeis.

Ganin cewa harin Amalric ya yi kusa, Shawar ya ba da umarnin a ƙone birnin Fustat, don kiyaye shi daga hannun Amalric. A cewar masanin tarihin Masar al-Maqrizi (1346-1442):

Shawar ordered that Fustat be evacuated. He forced [the citizens] to leave their money and property behind and flee for their lives with their children. In the panic and chaos of the exodus, the fleeing crowd looked like a massive army of ghosts.... Some took refuge in the mosques and bathhouses...awaiting a Christian onslaught similar to the one in Bilbeis. Shawar sent 20,000 naphtha pots and 10,000 lighting bombs [mish'al] and distributed them throughout the city. Flames and smoke engulfed the city and rose to the sky in a terrifying scene. The blaze raged for 54 days....

Yankin masana'antar Indiya, kusan 1545-1645, wanda aka samo a Fustat. Tsohon, raguwar kayan ado, ana samun su a yankin, an kiyaye su a cikin yanayin busassun Masar.

Bayan halakar Fustat, sojojin Siriya sun isa kuma sun sami nasarar fatattakar sojojin Amalric. Bayan haka, da Kiristoci suka tafi, Siriyawa sun sami damar cin nasarar Masar da kansu. An kashe Shawar wanda ba a amince da shi ba, kuma mulkin Fatimids ya ƙare yadda ya kamata. An sanya Janar Shirkuh na Siriya a mulki, amma ya mutu saboda rashin lafiya bayan 'yan watanni, bayan haka dan uwansa Saladin ya zama vizier na Masar a ranar 2 ga Maris, 1169, ya kaddamar da daular Ayyubid.

Tare da Fustat ba fiye da unguwar da ke mutuwa ba, cibiyar gwamnati ta koma dindindin zuwa Alkahira da ke kusa. Saladin daga baya ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɗa Alkahira da Fustat cikin birni ɗaya ta hanyar kewaye su a cikin manyan ganuwar, kodayake wannan ya zama mafi yawan rashin nasara.

A cikin 1166 Maimonides ya tafi Misira kuma ya zauna a Fustat, inda ya sami shahara sosai a matsayin likita, yana aiki a cikin Iyalin Saladin da na vizier dinsa Ōaḍi al-Faḍil al-Baisami, da kuma magajin Saladin. An ba shi taken Ra'is al-Umma ko al-Millah (Shugaban Al'umma ko Bangaskiya). A Fustat, ya rubuta Mishneh Torah (1180) da The Guide for the Perplexed . Daga baya aka gano wasu rubuce-rubucensa a cikin gutsuttsarin rubuce-aikacen a cikin geniza (storeroom) na Majami'ar Ben Ezra, wanda ke cikin Fustat.

Yayinda Mamluk ke mulki daga karni na 13 zuwa karni na 16, an yi amfani da yankin Fustat a matsayin zubar da shara, kodayake har yanzu yana riƙe da dubban mutane, tare da sana'o'i na farko sune na tukwane da tattara shara. Layer na sharar gida ya tara sama da daruruwan shekaru, kuma sannu a hankali yawan jama'a ya ragu, ya bar abin da ya taɓa zama birni mai bunƙasa ya zama hamada.

Fustat na zamani

A yau, ƙananan abubuwan da suka rage na girman tsohon birni. Manyan birane guda uku, Fustat, al-Askar da al-Qatta'i sun shiga cikin birni mai girma na Alkahira. Wasu daga cikin tsoffin gine-ginen sun kasance a bayyane a yankin da aka sani da "Tsohon Alkahira", amma yawancin sauran sun fada cikin lalacewa, sun cika da ciyawa ko kuma an yi amfani da su azaman zubar da shara.

Ginin da ya fi tsufa daga yankin tabbas shine Masallacin Ibn Tulun, daga karni na 9, wanda aka gina yayin da babban birnin yake a al-Qatta'i. Masallaci na farko da aka gina a Misira (kuma ta hanyar fadada, ɗaya daga cikin masallatai na farko da ake gina a Afirka), Masallacin Amr, har yanzu ana amfani da shi, amma an sake gina shi sosai a cikin ƙarni, kuma babu wani abu da ya rage daga tsarin asali. A watan Fabrairun 2017 an kaddamar da Gidan Tarihi na Masar a wani shafin da ke kusa da masallacin.

It is believed that further archaeological digs could yield substantial rewards, considering that the remains of the original city are still preserved under hundreds of years of rubbish. Some archaeological excavations have taken place, the paths of streets are still visible, and some buildings have been partially reconstructed to waist-height. Some artifacts that have been recovered can be seen in Cairo's Museum of Islamic Art. 

Bayanan littattafai

• Abu-Lughod, Janet L. Cairo: Shekaru 1001 na Birnin Nasara (Princeton University Press, 1971). ISBN 0-691-03085-5.ISBN 0-691-03085-5 
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• Ghosh, Amitav, A cikin Tsohon Ƙasa (Littattafai na Tsohon, 1994). ISBN 0-679-72783-3.ISBN 0-679-72783-3 
• [Hasiya] Tarihin Al'ummomin Musulunci . Jami'ar Cambridge Press. ISBN 0-521-22552-3.ISBN 0-521-22552-3 
• [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Crusades Ta hanyar Ido na Larabawa . Littattafan Al Saqi. ISBN 0-8052-0898-4.ISBN 0-8052-0898-4 
• Mason, Robert B. (1995). "New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World". Muqarnas: Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Brill Academic Publishers. XII. ISBN 90-04-10314-7.
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Ƙarin karantawa

 

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• Scanlon, George T. (1974). "The Pits of Fustat: Problems of Chronology". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 60. 60: 60–78. doi:10.2307/3856171. JSTOR 3856171.
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• Stewart, W. A. (July 1921). "The Pottery of Fostat, Old Cairo". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs. 39 (220): 11–13 + 16–18.
• [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "A cikin Fragments daga Fustat, Glimpses na Tsohon Alkahira na Cosmopolitan". Archived 2016-08-06 at the Wayback Machine Aramco World. Littafi na 67 (1), shafuffuka na 4-9. OCLC 895830331   
• Gascoigne, Alison L.; Sheehan, Peter D. (2024-08-17). "Sherds and the City: Pottery Production, Society, and the Changing Urban Fabric of Fustat, Egypt". Journal of Field Archaeology. 49 (6): 433–452. doi:10.1080/00934690.2024.2374148. ISSN 0093-4690.