Galadima
 Galadima |
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Galadima lakabi ne na tarihi wanda ke nufin babban jami'i ko mai daraja a cikin jihohi daban-daban na yankin Sudan na tsakiya, gami da Masarautun Hausa, Kanem-Bornu, da Khalifancin Sokoto . Sau da yawa ana riƙe da taken ne daga mutanen da ke da alhakin kula da harkokin gudanarwa, soja, ko diflomasiyya. Kodayake ainihin matsayi da alhakin Galadima sun bambanta a cikin siyasa daban-daban, ana danganta shi da masu tasiri da masu iko. A yau, taken ya wanzu a matsayin girmamawa a yawancin jihohin Arewacin Najeriya.
Asalin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ma'anar asalin taken ita ce 'Gwamnan Galadi (watau yankunan yammacin Kanem-Bornu) '. : 105 : 105
Kanem-Bornu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Galadima a Kanem-Bornu ya rike matsayi mai karfi kafin karni na 19. Da yake aiki daga Nguru, jami'in ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zaman kansa na Mai ('mai mulki') kuma yana da alhakin tafiye-tafiye na yammacin daular. Galadima ita ce kawai babban jami'in majalisa na Mai da aka ba shi izinin zama a waje da babban birnin daular, Birni Gazargamu . : 19 Taken ya kasance gado, kodayake akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa Mai a wasu lokuta ya zaɓi magaji.[1] : 16–17 : 16–17
Shaidar da ke akwai ta nuna cewa taken ya samo asali ne a cikin 1600s. A cewar wani tarihin da aka samu a Bornu, Galadima na farko dan Bornu Mai ne daga mahaifiyar bawa. Da yake jin kunya don amincewa da ɗansa, Mai ya aika mahaifiyar da yaro zuwa gidan Makinta, bawa na fadar, inda aka haifi yaron. Lokacin da ya kai ga balaga, mahaifinsa ya karɓe shi kuma ya ba shi 'yamma' a matsayin fief. : 17 : 25–26 : 25–26
A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, Galadima tana da alhakin kula da yankunan gabashin Hausaland, gami da Shira, Teshena, Hadejia, da Auyo. : 25 Lokacin da Jihad na Sokoto ya ɓarke a Bornu a farkon shekarun 1800, ya fara ne a ƙauyukan Fulani a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Galadima, Dunama . A cikin 1807, bayan da aka ci nasara da yawa, 'yan jihadi na Fulani ne suka kashe Dunama, wadanda suka ci gaba da kafa masarautun, kamar Katagum, Misau, Hadejia, da Jemaare, daga sassan yankin da ya riga ya gudanar.[1] : 28 : 28
Wadanda suka gaji Dunama suna cikin rikici tare da Mais da Shehu, Muhammad al-Kanemi, wanda ya haifar da kisan daya da kuma guduwar wani. A ƙarshe, magaji mai suna Umar ya yanke shawarar ba da hadin kai ga jagorancin Bornu. A shekara ta 1828, bayan da Shehu ya kori mai mulkin Gumel, an kawo shi Galadima don kiyayewa. : 59 : 59
Kodayake Gumel ya fada ƙarƙashin ikon Galadima kafin shekarun jihadi, Umar bai yi amfani da wani iko na ainihi a kan sulhu ba shekaru da yawa. Lokacin da Shehu ya yanke shawarar gudanar da Gumel kai tsaye, Umar mai fushi ya kashe mai mulkin da aka sauke wanda aka sanya a ƙarƙashin kariya. Sakamakon haka, al-Kanemi ya aika da yakin basasa a kan Galadima, wanda ya karfafa kansa a Wari. Kodayake Galadima ta kafa tsananin kariya, kewaye ya ci nasara. Galadima Umar ya sami nasarar tserewa zuwa Sokoto, inda ya kasance sama da shekara guda. Bayan ya yi sulhu da Shehu, ya koma Bornu don ci gaba da aikinsa. Ya kafa kansa a Bundi (a yau a Nguru, Jihar Yobe) a yammacin Bornu, amma ikonsa ya 'ya nutse zuwa babban rashin ma'ana', a cewar Dokta Heinrich Barth, mai binciken Jamus wanda ya ziyarci masarautar a cikin shekarun 1850. : 59 [2]
A karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Najeriya, Galadima ita ce kadai mai rike da mukamin daga Bornu kafin mulkin mallaka wanda gwamnati ta amince da shi. Ya rike mukami mai tasiri a cikin Gudanar da 'yan asalin ƙasar kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Gundumar Nguru . : 22 : 22
A cikin Najeriya ta zamani, matsayin ya fi dacewa da bikin. Galadima memba ne na Majalisar Masarautar Borno, kwamitin ba da shawara wanda ya kunshi masu riƙe da lakabi na gargajiya waɗanda ke taimakawa Gwamnatin Jihar Borno wajen adana al'adun masarautar. Ana ba da taken ga sanannun mutane daga Jihar Borno ta Shehu na Borno.[3]
Hausaland
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An shigo da taken Galadima daga Bornu a lokacin da daular ta fadada tasirin ta a duk faɗin Masarautun Hausa a karni na 16.[4]
A yawancin jihohin Hausa, ofishin Galadima ya yi aiki a matsayin wani nau'i na vizier, kuma wani lokacin ana sanya shi ga magaji.[5]
Kano
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Duk da yake an yi imanin cewa taken Galadima ya samo asali ne a Bornu a cikin karni na 16, Tarihin Kano ya nuna asalin daban. A cewar Tarihi, Warisi, Sarkin Kano na biyu ne ya gabatar da taken a Kano a ƙarshen karni na 11.[6]
Galadima na farko da aka fi sani da shi shine Daudu, wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Sarkin Kano na 17, Abdullahi Burja . Sau da yawa ya jagoranci hare-haren bayi zuwa kudancin Kano, wanda aka ruwaito yana aikawa da bayi dubu zuwa sultan a kowane wata. Bayan shekaru bakwai na hari, Sultan Abdullahi ya kira shi zuwa Kano. A cikin tafiya, an ce Daudu ya tsaya kowane mil uku don gina gari. A lokacin da ya isa babban birnin masarautar, ya kafa garuruwa ashirin da daya. Sultan ya nada shi a matsayin mai mulkin garuruwan da ya kafa, wanda Daudu ya kira 'Ibdabu'. : 190 : 190
A cikin karni na 19, matsayin ya kasance na biyu a muhimmancin kawai ga sarkin. : 51 Yawancin lokaci ana ajiye shi ga babban ɗa ko ɗan'uwan sarkin.[7] :: 433 Galadima kuma tana da alhakin gudanar da garuruwan Dawakin Kudu da Tsakuwa . [7] : 250 : 250
A karkashin mulkin mallaka na Najeriya, Galadima ta kasance memba na Majalisar Hukumomin 'yan asalin ƙasar kuma tana kula da sassan tsakiya kamar' yan sanda, ayyuka, kiwon lafiya, da birnin Kano. :: 207 Mai rike da mukamin kuma yana da alhakin dukkan shugabannin unguwa sama da 500 na Kano City.
Da yawa Emirs a baya sun rike taken Galadima kafin nadin su, kamar Ibrahim Dabo, Abdullahi Maje Karofi, Abdullahi Bayero, Muhammed Tukur, da Muhammad Inuwa . : 144 : 144
Katsina
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Zazzau
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin karni na 19 na Mulkin Zazzau, an sanya ofishin Galadima ga bawa na Sarki (mai mulki). Duk da matsayinsu, mai rike da mukamin yana da iko mai mahimmanci a cikin masarautar. Sun kasance wani ɓangare na kwalejin zaɓe da ke da alhakin zaɓar sabbin sarakuna kuma sun yi aiki a Majalisar Jiha, wanda ke mulkin masarautar tare da Sarki. Bugu da ƙari, Galadima ta jagoranci rundunar 'yan sanda ta masarautar.[8] Galadima ta gudanar da babban birnin yayin da sarki ya tafi yaƙi. Mataimakinsa shi ne Dallatu, wanda ke da alhakin kula da shirye-shiryen sansanonin yaƙi. : 333–335 (pp333–335)
A karkashin Khalifancin Sokoto, Zazzau ya shiga wasu canje-canje na gudanarwa. Galadima ta kasance wani ɓangare na kwalejin zaɓe da kuma majalisar yaki ta sarkin. : 95 Yana daya daga cikin manyan ofisoshin da aka tanada ga wadanda ba dangin sarkin ba, ba a tanada su ga bābān kawai ba. Koyaya, wasu sarakuna sun yi watsi da wannan doka a wasu lokuta. [1]: 114 Matsayinta ya riƙe matsayinta a matsayin babban ofishin gwamnati a gwamnatin Zazzau. : 95–118 : 95–118
Abuja
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan Jihad na Sokoto a cikin 1804, jihar Zazzau Hausa ta sauya zuwa masarautar da ke da aminci ga Khalifancin Sokoto. Shugabannin da aka kori (Mai Sarauta) sun gudu zuwa kudu kuma, a cikin 1828, sun kafa garin Abuja, mai suna bayan wanda ya kafa shi, Abu Ja . : 34 : 34
Yawancin tsarin gudanarwa na wannan sabuwar jiha an karbe shi daga Zazzau kafin jihadi. Sarki (sarki) ya riƙe ma'aikatan bābānni, waɗanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gudanarwar jihar. Ofishin Galadima an sanya shi ga babban jami'in gwamnati. Tare da taimakon wasu manyan bābānni biyu (Rukunin), Wombai da Dallatu, Galadima tana da alhakin gudanar da farar hula, wanda ya haɗa da kula da 'yan sanda, kurkuku, kasuwanni, da kayayyaki ga babban birnin da sojoji. Galadima kuma wani bangare ne na majalisar zabe ta sarauta, wanda ya yanke shawarar maye gurbin jihar. : 38-41 Galadima kuma ta yi aiki a bukukuwan aure da kuma kiran 'ya'yan Sarki.[9] : 61 : 61
A matsayinsa na shugaban 'yan sanda na jihar, Galadima ya yi amfani da gidansa na kansa a matsayin wurin azabtar da masu laifi. Mataimakinsa, Dallatu, ya jagoranci gwamnatin farar hula. Duk da yake Galadima bai shiga yaƙe-yaƙe ba, ya kasance a babban birnin don gudanar da jihar. : 45 : 45
Gwamnatin babban birnin ta kasu tsakanin manyan jami'an jihar guda biyu, Galadima da Madawaki (Babban kwamandan). Kowane mutum yana mulkin rabin babban birnin a matsayin fief, tsarin da aka tsara don kawar da tasirin su a cikin jihar, hana ko dai daga kwace iko ta hanyar juyin mulki ba tare da yardar ɗayan ba. Kamar yadda Galadima ya kasance bāba, Sarki na iya dogaro da shi ya kasance tare da shi a kan Madawaki. : 45 : 274 : 274
Halifa ta Sokoto
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Galadima na farko na Sokoto shine Doshero bin Mujakka, Fulani mallam (masanin Islama) daga Katsina . Ya rike wannan mukamin a Gobir, amma goyon bayansa na gaba da ya yi wa Jihad na Sokoto ya ba shi tagomashin shugabannin Sokoto. Zuriyarsa suna ci gaba da rike wannan mukamin. : 90 Mai rike da mukamin, tare da Waziri, Magajin gari, da Magajin rafi, sun kafa ainihin majalisar Khalifa.[10] :: 102 A farkon karni na 20, Galadima tana da alhakin gudanar da kusan garuruwa da ƙauyuka 200 da suka warwatse a duk faɗin Sokoto.[11]
Galadima kuma ta wakilci gwamnatin tsakiya a Masarautar Katsina . Daga cikin sauran ayyuka, mai rike da mukamin yana da alhakin tayar da duk sabbin sarakunan da aka nada na Masarautar da kuma tattara harajin shekara-shekara daga Katsina zuwa Sokoto. : 173 : 173
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedarchive2 - ↑ Arkell, A. J. (1952). "The History of Darfur: 1200-1700 A.d". Sudan Notes and Records. 33 (1): 129–155. ISSN 0375-2984. JSTOR 41719427.
- ↑ Haruna, Abdulkareem (2020). "Ex-Borno governor's father dies in fire accident". Premium Times. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
- ↑ Hiskett, M. (1960). "Kitāb al-farq: "A Work on the Habe Kingdoms Attributed to 'Uṯẖmān dan fodio"". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 23 (3): 558–579. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0015061X. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 610038.
- ↑ Abubakar, Sa'ad (1974). "The Emirate-Type of Government in the Sokoto Caliphate". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 7 (2): 211–229. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41857009.
- ↑ Nast, Heidi J. (1996). "Islam, Gender, and Slavery in West Africa Circa 1500: A Spatial Archaeology of the Kano Palace, Northern Nigeria". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 86 (1): 44–77. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1996.tb01745.x. ISSN 0004-5608. JSTOR 2563946.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedarchive5 - ↑ Ola, Opeyemi (1975). "Traditional Political Systems In a Modernizing Nigeria". Présence Africaine (96): 641–692. doi:10.3917/presa.096.0641. ISSN 0032-7638. JSTOR 24350087.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedarchive6 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedarchive7 - ↑ Temple, Charles Lindsay (1912). "Northern Nigeria". The Geographical Journal. 40 (2): 149–163. Bibcode:1912GeogJ..40..149T. doi:10.2307/1778461. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1778461.