Gangamin Arewacin Afirka
Yaƙin Duniya na II na Arewacin Afirka ya faru ne a Arewacin Afirka daga 10 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1940 zuwa 13 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1943, an gwabza tsakanin Allies da Axis Powers. Ya haɗa da yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin hamadar Libiya da Masar ( yaƙin neman zaɓe na Yamma, Yaƙin Hamada), a Maroko da Aljeriya (Operation Torch), da kuma a Tunisiya ( yaƙin neman zaɓe na Tunisiya). Yunkurin yakin kawancen ya kasance karkashin kungiyar Commonwealth ta Burtaniya da kuma 'yan gudun hijira daga kasashen Turai da Jamus ta mamaye. Amurka ta shiga yakin a watan Disambar 1941 kuma ta fara taimakon soji kai tsaye a Arewacin Afirka a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1942.
Yaki a Arewacin Afirka ya fara ne da shelanta yaki da Italiya a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1940. A ranar 14 ga watan Yuni ne sojojin Birtaniya 11 Hussar da wani bangare na runduna ta daya ta Royal Tank Regiment, (1st RTR) suka tsallaka kan iyaka daga Masar zuwa Libya suka kwace Fort Capuzzo. Hakan ya biyo bayan harin da Italiya ta kai Masar da kuma kama Sidi Barrani a watan Satumba. Dakarun Birtaniya sun sake kwace Sidi Barrani a watan Disamba a lokacin Operation Compass. An lalata Sojojin Italiya na 10 kuma an aika da Afirka Korps na Jamus zuwa Arewacin Afirka a watan Fabrairun 1941 a cikin Operation Sonnenblume don ƙarfafa Italiyanci da hana ci gaban Axis.
Yaƙin neman iko da Libya da Masar ya biyo baya, tare da ci gaba da ja da baya har zuwa yakin El Alamein na biyu a watan Oktoban 1942 lokacin da Sojoji na Takwas (Laftanar-Janar Bernard Montgomery) suka fatattaki Jamus da Italiya Panzerarmee Afrika tare da tilasta ragowarsa zuwa Tunisia. Bayan Operation Torch, Anglo-Amurka ya sauka a Arewa maso yammacin Afirka a cikin Nuwamba 1942 da kuma yaki da sojojin Vichy Faransa (wanda ya canza bangarori), Allies sun kama kimanin jami'an Jamus da Italiya 250,000 a arewacin Tunisiya, wanda ya tilasta musu mika wuya a watan Mayu shekarar 1943.
Bayanin da aka samo ta hanyar British Ultra code-breaking yana da mahimmanci a nasarar Allied a Arewacin Afirka. Yakin na Italiya ya biyo baya, wanda ya kai ga rugujewar gwamnatin Fascist a Italiya da kuma kawar da babbar kawar Jamus a Turai. Sojojin Jamus da na Italiya sun yi wa fursunonin yaƙi da Yahudawan Maghrebi, Berbers da Larabawa kisan kiyashi.
Yaƙin Hamadar Yamma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban labarin: Yaƙin hamadar Yamma
A ranar 10 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1940, Wehrmacht ya fara yakin Faransa (ko Westfeldzug). Bayan makonni shida, Faransa ta mika wuya. Armistice a Compiègne ya faru a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1940 yana barin gwamnatin Vichy da ke iko da yankin Faransa wanda Jamus ba ta mamaye ba. Wannan ya haɗa da duk Faransa ta Arewacin Afirka. A ranar 10 ga Yuni, Italiya ta haɗa kai da Jamus na Nazi kuma ta shelanta yaƙi kan Faransa da Ingila.[1] An umurci sojojin Birtaniya (tare da sojojin Indiya da na Rhodesian) da ke Masar da su dauki matakan kariya, amma don guje wa tsokanar da zai yiwu.[2] Duk da haka, a ranar 11 ga Yuni sun fara jerin hare-hare a kan wuraren Italiya a Libya.[3]. Bayan fatattakar Faransa a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni, sojojin Italiya a Tripolitania - suna fuskantar sojojin Faransa da ke Tunisia - sun sake tura su zuwa Cyrenaica don ƙarfafa sojojin Italiya na goma [4] Wannan, haɗe da kayan aikin da sojojin Birtaniyya ke ci gaba da yi, ya sa Janar Archibald Wavell ya ba da umarnin kawo karshen hare-haren da kuma sanya tsaron iyakar Masar tare da ‘yan ƙaramin runduna.[5]
Dan mulkin kama karya na Italiya Benito Mussolini ya umarci Sojoji na Goma su mamaye Masar nan da ranar 8 ga Agusta. Bayan kwanaki biyu, ba a kai wani hari ba, Mussolini ya umarci Marshal Graziani cewa, a lokacin da sojojin Jamus suka kaddamar da Operation Sea Lion don mamaye Birtaniya, zai kai hari.[6] An doke shi a yakin Biritaniya, mamayewar Jamus bai taba faruwa ba. A ranar 8 ga Satumba, an ba da umarnin Italiyanci - waɗanda ke fama da rashin sufuri, rashin ƙarancin horo tsakanin jami'ai, da raunin yanayin kayan aikinta [17] - an umurce su da su mamaye Masar washegari. Shirin yaƙin shi ne ya ci gaba da tafiya a kan titin bakin teku yayin da wasu ƙayyadaddun sojoji masu sulke ke aiki a gefen hamada[18]. Don magance ci gaban Italiya, Wavell ya umurci sojojinsa na nunawa don cin zarafin Italiyanci masu tasowa, suna komawa zuwa Mersa Matruh, inda babban sojojin Birtaniya ya kasance. An sanya shi a gefen hamada shi ne rukunin 7th Armored Division, wanda zai kai hari a gefen sojojin Italiya.[20][21]
Aiki Torch
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban labarin: Operation Torch
Sojojin Amurka da ke kan wani hari na Landing Craft Assault suna zuwa Oran, Nuwamba 1942
Operation Torch a watan Nuwamban 1942 wani aiki ne na sasantawa wanda ya cimma manufar Birtaniyya na samun nasara a Arewacin Afirka tare da baiwa sojojin Amurka damar shiga yakin da ake yi da Jamus na Nazi a kan iyaka.[51] Bugu da kari, kamar yadda Joseph Stalin, shugaban Tarayyar Soviet, ya dade yana rokon a bude fagen yaki na biyu don shiga cikin kungiyar Wehrmacht da kuma rage matsin lamba ga rundunar sojojin Red Army, ta samar da wani dan karamin taimako ga Red Army a Gabashin Gabas ta hanyar karkatar da sojojin Axis zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Arewacin Afirka. Fiye da rabin jiragen jigilar jigilar Ju 52 na Jamus waɗanda ake buƙata don samar da sojojin Axis da ke Stalingrad an ɗaure su da samar da sojojin Axis a Arewacin Afirka.[52]
Manyan kwamandojin Amurka sun yi kakkausar adawa da shirin sauka a yankin Arewa-maso-Yammacin Afirka. Bayan Hafsan Hafsoshin Haɗin Kan Yammacin Yamma (CCS) sun gana a London a ranar 30 ga Yuli 1942 Janar George Marshall da Admiral Ernest King sun ƙi amincewa da shirin. Marshall da sauran janar-janar na Amurka sun ba da shawarar mamaye arewacin Turai daga baya a waccan shekarar, wanda Burtaniya ta ƙi.[53][54] Bayan da Firayim Minista Winston Churchill ya matsa don saukarwa a Arewacin Afirka ta Faransa a 1942, Marshall ya ba da shawarar maimakon Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt cewa Amurka ta yi watsi da dabarun farko na Jamus kuma ta kai farmaki a cikin Pacific. Roosevelt ya ce babu abin da zai taimaka wa Rasha.[55] Da Marshall ya kasa shawo kan Birtaniyya su canza ra’ayinsu, [56] Shugaba Roosevelt ya ba da umarni kai tsaye cewa Operation Torch ya kasance a gaba a kan sauran ayyuka kuma zai faru a farkon lokacin da zai yiwu, ɗaya daga cikin umarni biyu kai tsaye da ya ba wa kwamandojin soja a lokacin yaƙin.