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Garkuwa da ƴan makaranta na Chibok

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Garkuwa da ƴan makaranta na Chibok
Garkuwa da Mutane
Bayanai
Bangare na Rikicin Boko Haram
Ƙasa Najeriya
Kwanan wata 14 ga Afirilu, 2014
Participant (en) Fassara Garkuwa da ƴan makaranta na Chibok
Relative to (en) Fassara Bring Back Our Girls (en) Fassara
Wuri
Map
 10°52′55″N 12°50′17″E / 10.8819°N 12.8381°E / 10.8819; 12.8381

A daren 14-15 ga Afrilu 2014, yawancin ɗaliban mata Kirista 276 da ɗaliban Musulmai masu shekaru daga 16 zuwa 18 ƙungiyar 'yan bindiga ta Islama ta Boko Haram ta sace su daga Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Gwamnati a garin Chibok a Jihar Borno, Najeriya.[1] Kafin harin, an rufe makarantar na makonni huɗu saboda lalacewar yanayin tsaro, amma 'yan mata sun halarci don yin jarrabawar ƙarshe a fannin kimiyyar lissafi.

57 daga cikin 'yan makaranta sun tsere nan da nan bayan lamarin ta hanyar tsalle daga motocin da ake jigilar su, kuma Sojojin Najeriya sun cece wasu a lokuta daban-daban.[2] An gano Amina Ali, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mata da suka ɓace, a watan Mayu 2016. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa sauran 'yan mata har yanzu suna nan, amma shida sun mutu. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2021, shekaru bakwai bayan satar farko, sama da 100 daga cikin 'yan mata sun ɓace.[3] Ya zuwa 14 ga Afrilu 2024, shekaru goma bayan satar, 82 daga cikin 'yan mata har yanzu sun ɓace, ana zaton suna cikin bauta.[4]

Wasu sun bayyana kama su a bayyanarsu a taron kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa.[5] Boko Haram ta yi amfani da 'yan mata a matsayin masu tattaunawa a musayar fursunoni, suna ba da damar sakin wasu' yan mata don musayar wasu kwamandojin da aka kama a kurkuku.

'Yan matan da aka sace a Chibok a shekarar 2014 ƙananan kashi ne kawai na yawan mutanen da Boko Haram ta sace. Amnesty International ta kiyasta a shekarar 2015 cewa aƙalla mata da 'yan mata 2,000 ne kungiyar ta sace tun daga shekara ta 2014, da yawa daga cikinsu an tilasta musu bautar jima'i.[6]

Tarihi

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ToKungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta Boko Haram tana so ta kafa KHalifa Musulunci a Najeriya kuma musamman tana adawa da ilimi zamani na yamma, wanda suke cewa yana jan hankalin mutane daga bin koyarwar Musulunci a matsayin hanyar rayuwa. A shekara ta 2014, an kashe dubban mutane a hare-haren da kungiyar ta yi, kuma gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya ta ayyana dokar ta baci a watan Mayu 2013 a jihohin Borno, Yobe da Adamawa yayin yakin da take yi da ta'addanci. Sakamakon murkushewar ya haifar da kamawa ko kashe daruruwan mambobin Boko Haram, tare da sauran da suka koma yankunan tsaunuka daga inda suka fara kai hari ga fararen hula. Koyaya, kamfen ɗin ya kasa daidaita ƙasar. Wani aikin soja na Faransa a Mali ya kuma tura mayakan Boko Haram da AIM zuwa Najeriya.

Map showing the location of Borno State in Nigeria
Yanayin Jihar Borno a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya

Boko Haram ta fara kai hari makarantu a cikin shekara ta 2010, inda ta kashe daruruwan dalibai a shekarar 2014. Wani mai magana da yawun kungiyar ya ce irin wadannan hare-haren za su ci gaba muddin gwamnatin Najeriya ta ci gaba da tsoma baki da ilimin gargajiya na Islama. Yara 10,000 ba su iya halartar makaranta ba sakamakon ayyukan Boko Haram. An kuma san Boko Haram da sace 'yan mata, wadanda ta yi imanin cewa bai kamata a yi karatu ba, kuma a yi amfani da su a matsayin masu dafa abinci ko bayi na jima'i.

A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, 'yan bindiga daga Boko Haram sun kai hari makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a Mamudo, Jihar Yobe, inda suka kashe akalla mutane 42. Yawancin wadanda aka kashe dalibai ne, tare da wasu ma'aikatan daga cikin wadanda suka mutu. A ranar 29 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2013, maza masu dauke da makamai daga Boko Haram sun sami damar shiga gidan kwana na maza a Kwalejin Aikin Gujba, Jihar Yobe, inda suka kashe dalibai da malamai arba'in da hudu.

Hare-haren Boko Haram sun kara tsanantawa a shekarar 2014. A watan Fabrairu, kungiyar ta kashe sama da Kiristoci 100 a ƙauyukan Doron Baga da Izghe . A wannan watan, an kashe yara maza 59 a harin da aka kai a Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. A watan Maris, kungiyar ta kai hari kan barikin soja na Giwa, inda ta saki 'yan ta'adda da aka kama.[7] An sace Chibok a wannan rana kamar yadda aka kai harin bam a Abuja inda akalla mutane 88 suka mutu. Hanyar da ke kaiwa Chibok ana amfani da ita akai-akai saboda gaskiyar cewa babu kariya ta gwamnati ga masu tafiya a ƙauyen.[8] An zargi Boko Haram da kusan mutuwar mutane 4,000 a shekarar 2014.[7] Horarwar da aka samu daga al-Qaeda a cikin Maghreb na Musulunci da al Qaeda a cikin Yankin Larabawa ya taimaka wa Boko Haram ta kara tsananta hare-haren ta.

Jonathan N.C. Hill na King's College London ya ba da shawarar cewa Boko Haram ta sace wadannan 'yan mata bayan sun kasance a ƙarƙashin tasirin al-Qaeda a cikin Maghreb na Musulunci, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa burin kungiyar shine amfani da' yan mata da matasan mata a matsayin kayan jima'i kuma a matsayin hanyar tsoratar da fararen hula cikin bin doka. Hill ya bayyana hare-haren kamar yadda aka yi kama da satar 'yan mata a Aljeriya a cikin 1990s da farkon 2000s.[9]

Garkuwa da mutane

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Map showing the events of the raid, produced by the United States Armed Forces
Taswirar da ke nuna abubuwan da suka faru na harin, wanda Sojojin Amurka suka samar
Image showing the damage to the school in the aftermath of the attack
Lalacewar makarantar da aka gani bayan harin

A daren ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun 2014, 'yan kungiyar ta'addanci ta Boko Haram sun kai hari a makarantar Sakandaren 'yan mata ta gwamnati da ke garin Chibok a Najeriya, kauyen da mabiya addinin Kirista ne . Sa'o'i kadan gabanin harin, mazauna garin na Chibok sun samu ta wayar tarho daga kauyukan da ke makwabtaka da su suna gargadin harin da ke tafe da su, inda suka shaida ayarin motocin da ke dauke da 'yan tada kayar baya da ke tafe da garin. Masu garkuwa da mutane sun kutsa kai cikin makarantar, inda suka yi kamar su sojojin sojojin Najeriya ne, kuma suna sanye da kakin sojoji masu dacewa. [10] ‘Yan ta’addan sun kuma yi artabu da sojoji kusan 15 da ke garin Chibok, wadanda suka kasa dakile harin, kasancewar ‘yan ta’addan na da karfin da ya fi karfinsu, kuma babu wani karin taimako da sojojin Najeriya suka aike da su a yayin harin. [11] An kashe soja daya da dan sanda guda a yayin farmakin. Harin dai ya dauki kimanin sa'o'i 5, [11] kuma an kona gidaje a Chibok. [12]

A cewar wasu daga cikin 'yan matan suka bayar, ciki har da littafin da 'yan matan biyu suka rubuta (Naomi Adamu da Sarah Samuel) yayin da suke cikin bauta,' yan bindiga sun yi niyyar satar wani kayan aiki kuma da farko ba su da tabbacin abin da za su yi da' yan matan. Sun gaya wa 'yan mata su fita su zo tare da su.[13] Wasu 'yan mata an ɗora su cikin motoci kuma sauran dole ne su yi tafiya mil da yawa har sai wasu manyan motoci suka zo su dauke su, mai yiwuwa a cikin yankin Konduga na Dajin Sambisa, tsohon wurin ajiyar yanayi wanda ya rufe 60,000 km2 inda aka san Boko Haram da sansanoni masu garu. [14]  Wani babban jami'in soja da ba a san shi ba ya yi imanin cewa ana iya raba 'yan matan kuma an sanya su a sansanonin Boko Haram daban-daban, a kusa da Tafkin Chadi, tsaunukan Gorsi da gandun daji na Sambisa.[15] 'Yan mata 57 sun sami damar tserewa ta hanyar tsalle daga motocin da ake jigilar su.[8][14]

Nan da nan bayan harin, 'yan bindiga da iyaye sun bincika dajin Sambisa a cikin ƙoƙari na ganowa da ceto wasu' yan matan da aka sace, duk da haka ba su yi nasara ba wajen gano kowanne daga cikin fursunoni.

An rufe makarantar na makonni huɗu kafin harin saboda lalacewar yanayin tsaro, duk da haka ɗalibai daga makarantu da ƙauyuka da yawa sun halarci lokacin harin don yin jarrabawar ƙarshe a Physics.[16] Akwai dalibai 530 da suka yi rajista don shiga jarrabawar takardar shaidar sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta mata ta gwamnati, kodayake ba a san nawa ne suka halarci harin ba. Yaran sun kasance daga shekaru 16 zuwa 18 kuma suna cikin shekarar karshe ta makaranta. Akwai rikice-rikice na farko game da yawan 'yan mata da aka sace, tare da sojojin Najeriya da farko ba daidai ba suna da'awar a cikin wata sanarwa cewa yawancin' yan mata sun tsere ko kuma an sake su kuma har yanzu ba a san su ba. Iyaye sun ce 'yan mata 234 sun ɓace, duk da haka a cewar' yan sanda na yankin kimanin yara 276 an kama su a harin, daga cikinsu 53 sun tsere a ranar 2 ga Mayu. An yarda da shi sosai cewa da farko an sace 'yan mata 276. Sauran rahotanni sun ba da wasu adadi daban-daban don yawan ɗaliban da aka sace da waɗanda suka ɓace.[17][18][19]

Amnesty International ta yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin Najeriya, ta bayyana cewa ta yi imanin cewa sojojin Najeriya suna da gargadi na sa'o'i hudu game da satar amma sun kasa aika da ƙarfafawa don kare makarantar.[20] Sojojin Najeriya daga baya sun tabbatar da cewa suna da sanarwa na sa'o'i hudu game da harin amma sun bayyana cewa sojojin da suka fi yawa ba su iya tattara ƙarfafawa ba.

Abubuwan da suka faru a 2014

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Hoto na taron tunawa da shekara guda da sace ƴan matan
CEE-HOPE Najeriya ta shirya wani taron tunawa da cika shekara guda da sace 'yan matan

Yawancin 'yan matan da aka sace Kiristoci ne kuma an tilasta musu su sauya addini zuwa Musulunci.[21][22][23] An tilasta auren 'yan matan da wasu mambobin Boko Haram, inda kowanne aka ce an sayar da su da ₦2,000 (dala $6 / £4).[24] Wasu mazauna kusa da dajin Dajin Sambisa sun ce sun hango 'yan matan a can, inda wasu suka ce sun ga su suna ketare iyaka zuwa Chadi da Kamaru tare da 'yan Boko Haram.[24][25] Sai dai Kashim Shettima, gwamnan Jihar Borno a lokacin, ya ce a ranar 11 Mayu ya hango 'yan matan kuma basu ketare iyaka ba.[26] Rundunar sojin Najeriya ta nemi taimakon mazauna gari da masu gadin gari domin binciken dazukan da ke kusa da iyakokin kasar.[7] Wasu mazauna sun taimaka wajen bibiyar inda aka kai 'yan matan ta hanyar amfani da dangoginsu a yankin arewa maso gabas.[24] Wasu daga cikin 'yan matan da aka sace sun rubuta bayanan yadda suka tsere amma aka dawo da su ga Boko Haram, kuma aka yi musu bulala a matsayin hukunci.[14]

A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 'yan sandan Najeriya suka ce ba a tantance yawansu da aka sace ba, kuma suka nemi iyaye su gabatar da sunaye da hotunan 'ya'yansu domin samun adadin daidai. Sun danganta matsalar ga lalacewar bayanan makaranta lokacin harin.[27] Shugaban kasa Goodluck Jonathan ya yi jawabi a karon farko a ranar 4 Mayu kan sacewar, inda ya ce gwamnati na iyakar kokari don ganin an ceto 'yan matan.[28] A lokaci guda, ya soki iyaye da cewa ba sa bayar da cikakken bayani ga jami'an tsaro.[29]

The Guardian ta ruwaito cewa rundunar jiragen saman Birtaniya ta gudanar da Operation Turus sakamakon wannan sacewar. Wani da ke cikin aikin ya shaida wa Observer cewa "an gano inda 'yan matan suke cikin makonni kadan", kuma "mun ba da shawarar mu ceci su, amma gwamnatin Najeriya ta ki, tana ganin lamarin ya kamata a warware shi ta hanyar hukumar tsaron Najeriya".[30] Sir Andrew Pocock, kwamishinan Birtaniya a Najeriya a lokacin, ya ce wata na biyu bayan sacewar, fasahar leƙen asiri ta Amurka ta gano wasu 'yan mata kimanin 80 da sansani a kusa da wata bishiya mai suna "Itacen Rayuwa" a dajin Sambisa.[31]

Shugaban Boko Haram Abubakar Shekau ya dauki alhakin sacewar cikin wani bidiyo da aka saki da karfe 1 na rana a ranar 5 Mayu.[32] Shekau ya ce "Allah ne ya umarceni da in sayar da su… zan aikata hakan",[28] sannan ya kara da cewa "Bauta na halatta a addinina, kuma zan kama mutane in mai da su bayi."[33] Wani faifan bidiyo ya sake bayyana mako guda daga baya, inda aka nuna kusan yara mata 130 sanye da hijabi da dogayen chador na Musulunci. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka sake ganinsu a bainar jama'a tun bayan sace su daga Chibok.[34] A cikin bidiyon, Shekau ya tabbatar da cewa da dama daga cikin yaran ba Musulmai ba ne, amma wasu sun sauya addini zuwa Musulunci,[35][36] kuma cewa za su "kyautata musu kamar yadda Annabi Muhammad ya kyautata wa kafirai da ya kama".[34] Shekau ya kuma bayyana cewa ba zai sako su ba sai an sako mayakan Boko Haram da ke kurkuku, wanda hakan ya nuna yiwuwar musayar fursunoni da gwamnatin Najeriya.[34]

Bayan sace yaran Chibok, Boko Haram sun kai wasu hare-hare daban-daban a Najeriya. A ranar 5 ga Mayu, akalla mutane 300 daga garin Gamboru Ngala da ke kusa sun mutu a wata hari da Boko Haram suka kai bayan sojojin Najeriya sun bar garin domin neman yaran da aka sace.[37] Washegari, Boko Haram sun sace wasu yara mata 8 masu shekaru tsakanin 12 zuwa 15 daga arewa maso gabashin Najeriya.[38] A daren 13 zuwa 14 ga Mayu, Boko Haram sun karkashe wani tawagar sojoji da ke neman yaran a kusa da Chibok, inda suka kashe sojoji 12 kuma suka raunata wasu. Wannan ya haifar da tarzoma a cikin sojojin gwamnati a Maiduguri, wanda hakan ya rage karfin rundunar Najeriya wajen ceto 'yan matan.[39] Daga 20 zuwa 23 ga Yuni, Boko Haram sun sace mata da yara 91 a wasu sassan jihar Borno,[40] inda aka kiyasta cewa yara mata 600 ke tsare da su a sansanoni uku a wajen Najeriya.[41] Boko Haram sun sake kai hari Chibok da wasu kauyuka a kusa da shi a ranar 22 ga Yuli, inda suka kashe mutane akalla 51, ciki har da iyaye 11 na yaran da aka sace.[42]

An kulla wata yarjejeniya da wani dan jarida domin a sako yaran a musanya da fursunoni 100 na Boko Haram da ke hannun gwamnati, amma aka soke wannan yarjejeniya a ranar 24 ga Mayu bayan Tsohon Shugaban Kasa Goodluck Jonathan ya tattauna da ministocin harkokin waje na Amurka, Isra'ila, Faransa da Birtaniya a birnin Paris, inda aka yanke shawarar cewa kada a yi yarjejeniya da 'yan ta'adda, sai dai a yi amfani da karfi.[43][44] A ranar 26 ga Mayu, shugaban rundunar tsaro ta kasa ya bayyana cewa an gano inda yaran suke, amma an soke batun kai musu hari don tsoron cutar da su.[45] A ranar 30 ga Mayu, an samu wasu daga cikin 'yan matan biyu da aka sace, an yi musu fyade, kuma an bar su "rabi matattu" a daure da itace a yankin Baale na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, wanda wani kungiya ta fararen hula ta gano.[46]

Manoma sun ce Boko Haram sun saki wasu 'yan mata biyu amma sun kashe wasu guda hudu da suka ki bin umarni sannan suka binne su.[47] Wasu 'yan mata guda hudu kuma sun tsere daga baya a cikin shekarar, inda suka yi tafiya na makonni uku kafin su samu tsira a ranar 12 ga Oktoba. Sun ce an tsare su a wani sansani a Kamaru kuma ana yi musu fyade kullum.[48]

A ranar 26 ga Yuni, an rahoto cewa gwamnatin Najeriya ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da ta kai darajar sama da dala miliyan 1.2 ($1.2m) da kamfanin hulda da jama'a na Levick da ke Washington, D.C., domin su yi aiki kan "labaran da ke fitowa a kafafen yada labarai na kasa da na duniya" dangane da sace 'yan makarantar Chibok.[49][50] Masu suka ga shugaba Goodluck Jonathan sun bayyana wannan kwangilar a matsayin asara da almubazzaranci.[51] Jonathan ya fuskanci suka kan rashin bayani da shiru da ya yi game da sace 'yan matan. A cikin wata makala a jaridar The Washington Post, ya bayyana cewa shiru ya yi ne domin kada ya fallasa bayanan tsare-tsaren tsaro da ake aiwatarwa domin ceto 'yan matan.[50][52]

A ranar 1 ga Yuli, an kama wani ɗan kasuwa da ake zargi da hannu a cikin sace 'yan matan makarantar da kuma fashewar bam a kasuwar da ke arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Majiyoyin soja sun ce yana fuskantar tuhumar taimaka wa mayakan Boko Haram wajen kashe sarkin gargajiya Idrissa Timta, Sarkin Gwoza.[53] Mako biyu bayan haka, an kama Zakaria Mohammed, wani babban jami'in kungiyar Boko Haram, a hanyar Darazo-Basrika yana gudun hijira daga farmakin sojoji da ake yi a dajin Balmo.[54][55]

Abubuwan da suka faru a 2015

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Stephen Davis, tsohon limamin Anglican, ya tuntubi wasu kwamandojin Boko Haram guda uku da suka nuna shirin sakin 'yan matan makarantar Chibok, kuma ya je Najeriya a watan Afrilu 2015. An ba shi hujjar cewa suna raye (bidiyon ana yi musu fyade), kuma an ce guda 18 na cikin mawuyacin hali, wasu na dauke da cutar HIV. Davis ya samu amincewa daga farko cewa za a saki waɗannan marasa lafiyan. Sai dai, bayan ƙoƙari sau uku, yarjejeniyar ta rushe ne lokacin da wani rukunin daban ya sace su da zaton za su samu kuɗi da su, wanda hakan ya sa Davis ya bar Najeriya.[31] Davis ya ce ba wuya a gano sansanonin Boko Haram guda biyar ko shida, kuma ya ce ya gano su ta hanyar Google Earth.[31]

A watan Maris aka fara gyaran makarantar, inda ministar kudi ta Najeriya Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala ta kai ziyara Chibok domin gabatar da jawabi da kuma taimakawa wajen gina bulo a makarantar.[56]

A watan Mayu, sojojin Najeriya sun kwato mafi yawan yankunan da Boko Haram ke iko da su a baya a Najeriya,[57] ciki har da sansanonin da ke daji Sambisa inda ake zargin 'yan matan Chibok ke tsare. Ko da yake an saki mata da yawa da Boko Haram suka yi garkuwa da su yayin da sojoji ke kwato yankunan,[58] ba a samu ko daya daga cikin 'yan matan Chibok ba.[59] Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari, wanda ya hau mulki bayan zaben Najeriya na 2015, ya bayyana a watan Disamba cewa yana da niyyar shiga tattaunawa da Boko Haram don sako ‘yan matan Chibok ba tare da wani sharadi ba.[60]

Mukaddashin daraktan bayanan tsaron ƙasa, Kanar Rabe Abubakar, ya ce sojojin Najeriya ba za su yi gaggawar ceto sauran ‘yan matan ba. Ya ce hakan yana bukatar “tsari mai zurfi da babban shiri”.[61]

Abubuwan da suka faru a 2016

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Sojojin Najeriya sun 'yanta mata da yara mata 1,000 da Boko Haram suka tsare a kauyen Boboshe a watan Janairu,[62] amma babu cikinsu da aka tabbatar da su 'yan Chibok bane.[31]

A watan Afrilu, Boko Haram ta saki wani bidiyo da ke nuna yara mata 15 da suka bayyana kamar 'yan Chibok ne, inda a lokacin aƙalla yara mata 219 daga cikin waɗanda aka sace tun farko har yanzu suna bace.[63] Rahotanni sun ce bidiyon an ɗauke shi ne a watan Disamba 2015, kuma yaran ba su nuna alamun tsoro ko wahala ba, kodayake yana yiwuwa 'yan Boko Haram sun zabi wadannan yaran ne musamman don su nuna cewa dukkansu suna cikin koshin lafiya.

Amina Ali Nkeki, daya daga cikin 'yan makarantar Chibok, an same ta a ranar 17 ga Mayu daga ƙungiyar sa-kai ta Civilian Joint Task Force a dajin Sambisa tare da jaririnta da wani da ake zargi da zama miji nata mai suna Mohammad Hayyatu, wanda ake zargi da kasancewa dan Boko Haram.[64] Dukkansu ukun na cikin matsanancin yunwa ne a lokacin da aka same su.[65][66] Daga nan aka kai ta gidan shugabansu Aboku Gaji wanda ya ganeta. Bayan haka aka haɗa ta da iyayenta.[66] A ranar 19 ga Mayu, ta gana da shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari.[67] A wannan ranar, jami’an gwamnati sun sanar da cewa sojojin Najeriya tare da sa-kai sun kashe 'yan Boko Haram 35, sun 'yanta mata da yara 97 kuma sun ce ɗaya daga cikin matan na cikin 'yan Chibok ce.[68] Sai dai akwai shakku cewa wannan yarinya Serah Luka, na daga cikin 'yan Chibok ne da aka sace.[69]

A ranar 21 Mayu 2016, wani da ya kira kansa Amir Muhammad Abdullahi, wanda ya ce shi ne mataimakin shugaban Boko Haram kuma mai magana da yawun wasu manyan kwamandojinsu, ya bayar da tayin mika wuya muddin za a kyale su, kuma a madadin haka za su saki fursunoni ciki har da 'yan Chibok. Duk da haka, yana magana game da 'yan Chibok, ya ce: "... gaskiya, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku ne suka rage, sauran sun mutu shahidai".[70]

A watan Agusta, rundunar sojin Najeriya ta sanar da kai hari ta sama a hedkwatar Boko Haram da ke dajin Sambisa, inda suka ce sun kashe wasu kwamandojinsu kuma sun ji wa shugaban kungiyar Abubakar Shekau rauni sosai.[71] Daga baya rahotanni sun bayyana cewa harin ya kashe 'yan Chibok 10 tare da jikkata wasu 30.[72]

Daga baya a cikin watan, Boko Haram ta fitar da wani bidiyo da ya nuna kimanin 'yan Chibok 50, wasu na ɗauke da jarirai, tare da wani mutum mai makami wanda ya buƙaci a saki mayakan Boko Haram da ke tsare a kurkuku a matsayin fansa don 'yantar da 'yan matan.[73] Wanda ke magana a bidiyon ya ce wasu daga cikin 'yan Chibok sun mutu a harin sama na sojojin Najeriya, yayin da guda 40 suka yi aure. Bidiyon an ce an saki shi ne da umarnin Abubakar Shekau, shugaban daya daga cikin bangarorin Boko Haram.

Abubuwan da suka faru a 2017

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Hoto na shugaban Amurka Donald Trump tare da wasu daga cikin ’yan matan Chibok a watan Yuni 2017
Shugaban ƙasar Amurka Donald J. Trump, Ivanka Trump, tare da ’yan matan Chibok Joy Bishara da Lydia Pogu a Fadar White House ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2017.

Daya daga cikin ’yan matan da aka sace, Rakiya Abubakar, an ba da rahoton cewa rundunar sojin Najeriya ta same ta ranar 5 ga Janairu tare da jaririnta mai wata shida yayin da suke yin tambayoyi ga wasu da ake zargi da hannu cikin ta’addanci a dajin Sambisa.[74] Kungiyar Bring Back Our Girls ce ta tabbatar da ganowarta daga bisani.[75]

Wasu ’yan mata 82 daga makarantar Chibok sun samu ’yanci ranar 6 ga Mayu bayan tattaunawa mai nasara tsakanin gwamnatin Najeriya da kungiyar Boko Haram, inda aka yi musayar shugabannin Boko Haram guda biyar.[76][77][78] Tattaunawar ta samu jagorancin lauya Mustapha Zanna wanda ke da gidan marayu a Maiduguri. Hakanan, sashen tsaron dan adam na ma’aikatar harkokin wajen kasar Switzerland da kuma Red Cross sun taka rawa.[78] An biya kuɗin fansa na euro miliyan uku (kimanin dala miliyan 3.7) cikin jaka biyu don sakin jimillar ’yan mata 103 da aka sako a watan Oktoba 2016 da Mayu 2017.[79] Kakakin gwamnatin Najeriya ya bayyana cewa duk da cewa an shirya sako ’yan mata 83 a watan Mayu 2017, daya daga cikinsu ta ƙi dawowa, inda ta zabi ta zauna tare da mijinta.[80]

Shugaban ƙasar Amurka Donald Trump ya gana da ’yan matan Chibok Joy Bishara da Lydia Pogu a Fadar White House ranar 27 ga Yuni, wadanda za su fara karatu a jami’ar Southeastern da ke Florida.[81] Bishara da Pogu sun mika wa Trump wata wasiƙa suna roƙonsa da ya "ci gaba da kare Amurka da kuma tabbatar da ƙarfinta".[81]

Abubuwan da suka faru a 2018

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Sojojin Najeriya sun bayyana a ranar 4 ga Janairu cewa sun ceto Salomi Pogu, wata daga cikin 'yan matan da aka sace. Kanal Onyema Nwachukwu ya ce an ceto ta a kusa da Pulka, Jihar Borno. An same ta tare da wata yarinya da ɗanta.[82]

A watan Fabrairu 2018, mafi yawan 'yan matan da aka sako suna karatu a Jami'ar Amurka da ke Najeriya wadda ba ta da nisa da garin Chibok inda aka sace su.[79] An kiyasta cewa 13 daga cikinsu sun mutu, yayin da 112 har yanzu ba a same su ba.[79]

A watan Satumba 2018, wani ɗan Boko Haram mai suna Ali Garga ya bayar da tayin sako guda 40 daga cikin sauran 'yan matan Chibok. Sai dai wasu daga cikin 'yan Boko Haram sun gano abinda yake yi, suka azabtar da shi kuma suka kashe shi.[83]

A watan Yuli, rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Najeriya ta kama wasu ‘yan Boko Haram guda takwas da ake zargi da hannu a cikin satar ‘yan matan,[84] inda aka samu ɗaya daga cikinsu da laifi kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 a kurkuku.[85]

Abubuwan da suka faru a 2021

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu daga cikin 'yan matan da aka sace sun tsere a watan Janairu 2021, amma ba a san adadinsu ba.[86]

A shekarar 2021, Parkinson da Hinshaw sun wallafa wani littafi (Bring Back Our Girls: The Astonishing Survival and Rescue of Nigeria's Missing Schoolgirls) wanda ya dogara da hirarraki da 'yan matan, tsoffin mayaƙa, leƙan asirai da jami'an gwamnati. Mafi yawan abubuwan cikin littafin sun samo asali ne daga kundin rubutu na Naomi Adamu mai shekara 24, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan matan da aka sace kuma aka sako a 2017.[87]

Naomi Adamu ta bayyana abubuwan da suka faru da su, ciki har da yadda aka tilasta musu yin darussa na karatun Alkur’ani kowace rana, kuma ana dukan su akai-akai da ƙwanƙwasa bindiga, igiya da wayoyi. Wadanda suka ƙi yin aure ba su fuskanci cin zarafi na jima’i ba; sai dai ana amfani da su a matsayin bayi ana tursasa musu yin nau’in aiki mai tsanani. Ta jagoranci wata ƙungiyar 'yan mata da suka ƙi sauya addininsu zuwa Musulunci, waɗanda aka yi barazanar kashe su da barin su cikin yunwa daga hannun mayaƙan.[72]

Abubuwan da suka faru a 2022

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A watan Yuni 2022, sojojin Najeriya sun gano wata ɗalibar Chibok mai suna Mary Ngoshe tare da jaririnta a kusa da wani ƙauye mai suna Ngoshe da ke Jihar Borno.[88]

An ƙara ceto wasu uku a watan Yuli 2022.[89]

Wata mace mai suna Aisha Grema an ceto ta tare da ɗanta a watan Agusta 2022.[90]

An ceto guda uku a watan Satumba 2022 daga wurare daban-daban,[91] yayin da aka ceto Yana Pogu tare da 'ya'yanta huɗu daga Bama daga baya a cikin watan, sannan aka ceto Rejoice Sanki daga Kawuri a watan Oktoba 2022.[92]

Abubuwan da suka faru a 2023

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An ceto ɗalibai biyu na Chibok a watan Afrilu 2023 tare da jariri, kuma kowannensu an aurar da su sau uku tun bayan sace su.[93]

Wata mai suna Saratu Dauda an ceto ta a watan da ya biyo baya.[94]

Wata mace mai suna Rebecca Kabu an ceto ta daga Kamaru a watan Yuli 2023,[95] yayin da wata yarinya mai suna Mary Nkeki aka ceto ta daga Dikwa a Jihar Borno a watan Agusta 2023.[96]

Abubuwan da suka faru a 2024

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A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 'yan uwa na garin Chibok sun hallara don halartar nuna fim din Statues also Breathe da kuma tunawa da matan da suka bace..[97]

Martani

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Hoto na aikin fasaha da ke nuna 'yan matan da suka bace
Wani aikin fasaha na bainar jama'a da 'yar Najeriya mai suna Sarah Peace ta kirkira a Epping Forest, yana nuna 'yan matan da suka bace ta hanyar amfani da siffofi masu baƙin mayafi[98][99]

Bayan sace 'yan matan, Gwamna Kashim Shettima ya dage sai ya kai ziyara Chibok duk da an ba shi shawarar cewa hakan na da hadari. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon da UNICEF sun la'anci satar, haka ma tsohon shugaban sojin Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari.[100][101] Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya shi ma ya yi tir da harin, yana mai gargadin daukar mataki kan 'yan Boko Haram da suka sace 'yan matan.[102]

Shugaban Kungiyar Daliban Musulmi na Najeriya ya bukaci Musulmai su yi azumi da addu'a "domin neman taimakon Allah a wannan mawuyacin lokaci".[103] Sa’ad Abubakar III, Sultan na Sakkwato, ya yi kira da a kara yin addu'o'i da kokarin ceto daliban.[104] A ranar 9 ga Mayu, Gwamna Kashim Shettima na Jihar Borno ya bukaci Musulmai da Kiristoci su hada kai su yi azumi da addu'a na kwanaki uku.[105] A rana guda, Musulmai a Kamaru sun yi kira ga mabiya addinin kada su amshi aure da ko wace daga cikin ‘yan matan idan aka miƙa su gare su.[106] Hakanan a wannan rana, Babban Limamin Saudiyya, Sheikh Abdulaziz Al al-Sheikh, ya shiga cikin sauran shugabannin addini na duniya Musulmi wajen yin tir da satar, yana bayyana Boko Haram a matsayin kungiya mai bata suna ga addinin Musulunci. Ya bayyana cewa Musulunci ya haramta satar mutane, kuma auren wadanda aka sace ba ya halatta.[107]

A ranar da ta yi daidai da cika kwanaki 600 da sace ‘yan matan Chibok, wata ƙungiya ta masana daga Najeriya da ke Burtaniya mai suna Nigeria Diaspora Security Forum ta bukaci gwamnatin tarayya karkashin shugaban Muhammadu Buhari da ta kafa rundunar musamman da za ta mayar da hankali wajen neman ‘yan matan.[108]

Martani na ƙasa da ƙasa

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Gwamnatoci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  •  Canada: Firayim Ministan Kanada Stephen Harper ya bayyana cewa 'yan kasar Kanada sun shiga cikin kokarin kasa da kasa don kubutar da 'yan matan da aka sace. An boye cikakkun bayanai game da yadda da tsawon lokacin wannan shiga.[109]
  •  China ta sanar da niyyarta ta samar da "duk wata muhimmiyar bayanai da tauraron dan adam da hukumomin leken asirinta suka samu".[110]
  •  France ta bayar da wata ƙungiyar ƙwararru.[110] Shugaban kasar Faransa Francois Hollande ya kuma bayar da tayin gudanar da taron koli a birnin Paris tare da Najeriya da makwabtanta domin magance matsalar.[26]
  • Samfuri:Country data Israel: Firayim Ministan Isra'ila Benjamin Netanyahu ya bayar da taimako ga Shugaban Najeriya don gano daliban da aka sace a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2014. "Isra’ila na nuna bakin cikin ta game da wannan ta’asa da aka aikata. Muna da niyyar taimakawa wajen gano su da kuma yaki da ta’addanci da ke addabar ku", inji shi.[111] Wani jami’in Isra’ila da ba a bayyana sunansa ba ya ce Firayim Minista ya tura ƙungiyar kwararrun leken asiri zuwa Najeriya. Sun hada da kwararru a fannin matsalolin garkuwa da mutane, amma ba dakarun fada ba ne; aikin su na bayar da shawara ne kawai.[112] Wani hadin gwiwar Isra’ila da Amurka da ya gyara jirgin Beechcraft C-12 Huron domin yaki da leken asiri da gano bayanai, yana aiki kuma "na iya zama mabuɗin gano yaran", a cewar wata majiya.[113]
  •  United Kingdom ta yarda ta tura kwararru zuwa Najeriya domin taimakawa wajen bincike da neman yaran. Wadannan kwararru sun fito daga ma'aikatun gwamnati daban-daban irin su Ofishin Harkokin Waje, Ma’aikatar Raya Cigaba da Ma’aikatar Tsaro. Za su mai da hankali ne kan tsara dabaru, daidaitawa da kuma bayar da shawara ga hukumomin cikin gida.[114] Jirgin leken asiri na Sentinel R1 mallakar Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Birtaniya an tura shi Ghana domin taimaka wajen neman yaran.[115]
  •  United States ta yarda ta tura kwararru zuwa Najeriya domin taimakawa wajen neman yaran. Tawagar Amurka ta hada da jami’an soja da na ‘yan sanda, da suka kware a fannonin leken asiri, bincike, tattaunawar kubutar da mutane, raba bayanai da taimaka wa wadanda abin ya shafa. Amurka ba ta da niyyar tura sojojin yaki.[114] Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya Atiku Abubakar, da Dr. Babangida Aliyu, shugaban taron Gwamnonin Arewa, sun yaba da wannan taimako daga gwamnatin Amurka.[116][117] A ranar 12 ga Mayu, sojoji 16 daga US African Command sun shiga cikin ayyukan bincike da ceto.[118] A ranar 22 ga Mayu, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta sanar da tura jirgin leken asiri mara matuki (UAV) da kuma sojoji 80 na United States Air Force zuwa kasar Chadi. An zabi Chadi saboda kusa da arewacin Najeriya domin gudanar da ayyukan leken asiri da sa ido.[119]

Ƙungiyoyi

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  • Taraiyar Turai ya zartar da kuduri a ranar 17 ga watan Yuli, "yana kira da a gaggauta sakin 'yan matan makarantar da aka sace ba tare da wani sharadi ba."[120]

Caccakar Yadda Kafafen Yada Labarai Suka Ruwaito Labarin

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Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani tana rubutu a cikin BBC ta ce sace-sacen ba su da wata alaka da yadda kafafen yada labarai suka bayyana lamarin a matsayin "hari kan ilimin 'yan mata", sai dai "fashi da makami ne da bai samu ba". Ta bayyana martanin kafafen yada labarai da cewa: "Saboda sun dage wajen danganta hare-haren Boko Haram da jigon da ke jawo hankali na 'yan ta’adda da ke kai hari kan ilimin mata, wasu kafafen yada labarai sun yi biris da duk wani bayani da bai dace da wannan labari ba".[121] Wadanda aka sace sun bayyana cewa niyyar masu aikata laifin ita ce "zuwa kwasar dukiya da sata kawai". Bayan sun kwashe kayan abinci daga wani daki, masu laifin sun rasa abin da za su yi da daliban, suka fara gardama. A cewar Nwaubani, kafafen yada labarai ba su mayar da hankali kan wannan bayani ba.[121]

An taba kai hari a makarantu a baya da Boko Haram suka yi amma ba su samu karbuwa a kafafen yada labarai ba. Wani misali shi ne hari da aka kai makonni kafin na Chibok, inda aka bar daliban mata su tsere, amma aka kashe dalibai maza 40 a cikin dakunan kwana.[121]

A karshe Boko Haram ta zama kungiyar ta’adda ta farko a tarihi da ta fi amfani da mata a matsayin masu kai harin kunar bakin wake fiye da maza. Hilary Matfess, daya daga cikin marubutan rahoton 2017 daga Cibiyar Yaki da Ta’addanci (Combating Terrorism Center), wadda ta fitar da wannan alkaluma, ta ce: "Ta hanyar martanin duniya dangane da sace 'yan matan Chibok, 'yan tada kayar bayan sun fahimci cewa jikin matasa mata na da karfi wajen jawo hankali… kuma amfani da su a matsayin masu harin kunar bakin wake zai jawo hankalin duniya".[121]

Gwagwarmayar #BringBackOurGirls da Zanga-zangar Neman 'Yancin Dalibai

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Tsohuwar Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasar Amurka, Michelle Obama, tana riƙe da alamar #BringBackOurGirls, a cikin wani hoton da aka wallafa a shafinta na Twitter domin yada labarin sace daliban.
Wani mota a Najeriya da aka kawata domin tallata alamar #BringBackOurGirls.

Iyaye da wasu jama’a sun bayyana fushinsu a dandalin sada zumunta kan yadda gwamnati ta kasa daukar gaggawa da matakin da ya dace. Wannan lamari ya haifar da ƙiyayya ta duniya gaba ɗaya kan Boko Haram da kuma gwamnatin Najeriya. A ranakun 30 ga Afrilu da 1 ga Mayu, an gudanar da zanga-zanga a birane daban-daban a Najeriya domin bukatar matakin gaggawa daga gwamnati. Amma mafi yawan iyaye sun ji tsoron yin magana a bainar jama’a saboda fargabar cewa za a sake kai hari ga ’ya’yansu. A ranakun 3 da 4 ga Mayu, an gudanar da zanga-zanga a manyan biranen duniya irin su Los Angeles da London.

Da farko, amfani da alamar #BringBackOurGirls ya samo asali ne daga wani lauya a Abuja mai suna Ibrahim M. Abdullahi, wanda ya fara amfani da ita a wani saƙo da ya wallafa a watan Afrilu 2014, bayan sauraron tsohuwar Ministar Ilimi ta Tarayya, Oby Ezekwesili, tana magana a wani taro a Port Harcourt. Bayan haka, wasu masu fafutukar Najeriya suka fara amfani da ita yayin da suke gudanar da zanga-zanga kan hanyar mota don nuna rashin jin daɗinsu kan jinkirin da gwamnati ta yi wajen ceto daliban.

Alamar ta fara karɓuwa sosai a shafin Twitter a watan Mayu 2014 a matsayin wata hanyar gwagwarmayar zamani ta dandalin sada zumunta, inda labarin ya bazu cikin sauri a duniya, har ta kai ga zama mafi shahara a lokacin. Zuwa 11 ga Mayu, an yi amfani da ita fiye da sau miliyan 2.3, kuma zuwa shekarar 2016, an yi ta amfani da ita sau miliyan 6.1. An buɗe wani asusun Twitter na musamman don wannan ƙungiya, inda mutane kimanin 20 zuwa 30 suka shiga cikin shirya ayyukanta.

Oby Ezekwesili da Aisha Yesufu ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin co-founders ko kuma jagororin wannan fafutuka. Ƙungiyar ta bayar da lada har $300,000 ga duk wanda zai taimaka wajen gano ko ceto daliban daga hannun masu garkuwa.

Ƙungiyar ta shirya zanga-zanga da dama don matsa wa gwamnatin Najeriya lamba. Naomi Mutah da Saratu Angus Ndirpaya, wasu daga cikin mata da suka jagoranci zanga-zangar, an tsare su daga baya da ’yan sanda bisa zargin cewa Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa a lokacin, Patience Jonathan, ta ji ba daɗi saboda ba iyayen yara ba ne aka tura zuwa ganawa da ita. Bayan saki, Ndirpaya ta bayyana cewa Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa ta zarge su da ƙirƙirar labarin sace yaran, yayin da wasu suka zarge su da kasancewa ’yan Boko Haram.

An ƙirƙiri wasu takardun neman goyon baya ta intanet domin tilasta wa gwamnati ta dauki mataki kan lamarin. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, daruruwan masu zanga-zanga suka yi tattaki zuwa Majalisar Ƙasa domin bukatar a dauki mataki na soja da na gwamnati kan masu garkuwa.

Garkuwa daga baya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A tsakanin shekarar 2014 zuwa 2024, an kwashe sama da yara ‘yan makaranta 1400 daga makarantun Najeriya.[122]

2015

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Janairun 2015, kasa da shekara guda da sace garin Chibok a shekarar 2014, a kauyen Malari da ke jihar Borno kimanin yara maza da matasa kusan 40 ne Boko Haram suka sace.[123]

2018

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Fabrairun 2018, kimanin shekaru hudu da sace 'yan matan Chibok a 2014, a garin Dapchi da ke kusa, an sake sace wasu 'yan matan makaranta 110 da 'yan Boko Haram suka yi garkuwa da su, ba tare da wani shiga tsakani da gwamnati ta yi ba har ya zuwa yanzu. as of 4 Maris 2018.[124]

Rahoton UNICEF da aka fitar a watan Afrilun 2018, ya yi ikirarin cewa sama da yara 1,000 Boko Haram suka yi garkuwa da su tun 2013.[125]

2020

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A watan Disambar 2020, wasu ‘yan bindiga dauke da makamai sun sace sama da yara maza 500 daga wata makarantar sakandare da ke garin Kankara a jihar Katsina a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. Daga baya kungiyar Boko Haram ta dauki alhakin sace mutanen.[126] Kwanaki bakwai bayan faruwar lamarin, an sako wasu yara maza 344 daga cikin kungiyar, sakamakon nasarar da gwamnatin Najeriya ta cimma.[127]

2021

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Fabrairun 2021, an yi garkuwa da mutane uku a makarantu a Najeriya. A karon farko ‘yan bindiga sun yi garkuwa da mutane sama da 40 da suka hada da dalibai akalla 27 daga wata makaranta a yankin arewa ta tsakiyar Najeriya.[128][129] In the second incident, on 25 February, gunmen abducted 317 girls from the Girls Science Secondary School in Jangebe, Zamfara State.[129] A watan Maris na 2021, wani sake yin garkuwa da jama’a a Afaka ya yi sanadin sace dalibai 39 (masu 23 mata 23 da maza 16) daga Kwalejin Injiniya ta Tarayya da ke Afaka a karamar hukumar Igabi ta Jihar Kaduna.[130][131]

2024

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 7 ga watan Maris, an sace ma’aikaci daya da dalibai 287 a wata makaranta da ke Kuriga a arewa maso yammacin Kaduna; An sako yara 137 bayan makonni biyu, amma ma'aikacin ya mutu a lokacin.[132]

A cikin kafofin watsa labarai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Littafin labari mai nasara na marubuci [Edna O'Brien]] marubucin Irish, Yarinya, wanda aka buga a cikin 2019, yana ba da ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa game da abin da kwarewar da aka yi na sacewa, ko da a ƙarshe ya kai ga tserewa, mai yiwuwa ta kasance ta idanun wata yarinya 'yar makaranta.[133]
  • Prune Nourry, tare da hadin gwiwar dalibai 108 na Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo da kuma iyalan 'yan matan da aka sace, sun samar da sassaka 108 da aka yi da yumbu na 'yan matan da suka bata.[134]
  • Atwal, Gemma (2018). Stolen Daughters: Kidnapped by Boko Haram (Motion picture).
  • Nourry, Prune (2022). Statues Also Breathe (Video). Nigeria: Department of Fine and Applied Arts at Obafemi-Awolowo University.CS1 maint: date and year (link)

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Omeni, Akali (11 April 2017). "The Chibok Kidnappings in North-East Nigeria: A Military Analysis of Before and After". Small Wars Journal. 14 (4). Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  2. ↑ Romo, Vanessa (21 February 2018). "Nigerian Military Rescues 76 Schoolgirls After Alleged Boko Haram Attack". NPR (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  3. ↑ "Nigeria: Seven years since Chibok, the government fails to protect children". Amnesty International (in Turanci). 14 April 2021. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  4. ↑ "Nigeria: Decade after Boko Haram attack on Chibok, 82 girls still in captivity". Amnesty International. 14 April 2024.
  5. ↑ ""I escaped Boko Haram" – A Nigerian girl who was kidnapped with 270 others ("Bring Back Our Girls")". YouTube. 25 February 2015. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :6
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named USAToday
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Mbah, Fidelis (14 April 2019). "Nigeria's Chibok schoolgirls: Five years on, 112 still missing". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  9. ↑ Hill, Jonathan N.C. (30 July 2014). "Boko Haram, the Chibok Abductions and Nigeria's Counterterrorism Strategy". Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  10. ↑ Burns, Rick (October 2015). "Threat Tactics Report: Boko Haram" (PDF). United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :10
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named GuardApr23
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named TheTimes
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  15. ↑ Burns, Rick (October 2015). "Threat Tactics Report: Boko Haram" (PDF). United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  16. ↑ Omolade, Temitope (5 August 2016). "Timeline on Nigeria's missing Chibok schoolgirls". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named VOA52
  18. ↑ Maclean, Ruth (3 May 2014). "Nigerian school says 329 girl pupils missing". The Times. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  19. ↑ Chomiak, Catherine; Gittens, Hasani (13 May 2014). "United States Sending Manned Flights Over Nigeria to Look for Girls". NBC News. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  20. ↑ "Nigeria abductions: Warnings of school raid 'ignored'". BBC News. 9 May 2014. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  21. ↑ LaFranchi, Howard (5 Mayu 2014). "Me zai hana Amurka taimaka wajen ceto 'yan matan da aka sace a Najeriya?". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 26 Maris 2017. Retrieved 9 Mayu 2014. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date=, and |archive-date= (help)
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