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Garkuwar ɗan adam a cikin rikici na Isra'ila da Falasdinu

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Garkuwar ɗan adam a cikin rikici na Isra'ila da Falasdinu tana nufin dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin rikice-rikicen Isra'ila-Palestina inda aka sanya wadanda ba masu yaƙi ba cikin layin wuta don hana manufofin soja daga zama manufa ba tare da cutar da wanda ba yaƙi ba. Zargin yin amfani da Garkuwar mutum batu ne na yau da kullun a cikin rikici. Amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ta Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila an rubuta su ta ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. Har ila yau, an zargi Hamas da amfani da garkuwar mutum daga Isra'ila da kawayenta. Bugu da kari, masu gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa da Isra'ila sun yi amfani da kansu a matsayin garkuwar mutum don dakatar da tashin hankali na Isra'ila akan Palasdinawa.

Tarihi

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dokar rikici-rikicen makamai ta buƙaci cewa ƙungiyoyin da ke yaƙi su bambanta tsakanin mayakan da waɗanda ba mayakan ba - ana iya kashe tsohon bisa ka'ida, kuma ana kare ƙarshen.[1][2] Garkuwar ɗan adam tana nufin sanya wanda ba yaƙi a cikin layin wuta, don haka hana manufa ta soja ta halal daga zama manufa ba tare da cutar da wanda ba ya yaƙi ba.[1]

Amfani da sojojin Isra'ila

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Amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ta Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila an rubuta su ta ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ciki har da Human Rights Watch, B'Tselem da Amnesty International, [3] [4] [5] tare da wasu malamai a yankin da suka yi imanin cewa IDF na iya zama kawai rundunar soja da ke shiga cikin wannan aikin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cewar B'Tselem, sojojin IDF sun sanya fararen hula na Palasdinawa a gaban su ko kuma sun sanya farar hula a cikin layin wuta, kuma sun tilasta wa Palasdinawa su cire abubuwan da ake zargi (mai yiwuwa fashewa). [5] Sojojin IDF sun kuma tilasta fararen hula na Palasdinawa su yi tafiya a cikin gine-ginen da ake zargi da bindigogi. Har ila yau, Isra'ila ta yi amfani da "hanyar makwabta" inda aka tilasta fararen hula na Palasdinawa su yi ƙoƙari su shawo kan mutanen da ake so su mika kansu ga IDF.[6] Ma'aikatar tsaro ta Isra'ila ce ta kare wannan aikin, amma Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila ta haramta shi a shekara ta 2005, kodayake akwai zarge-zargen aikinsa har ma bayan hukuncin. [7] A lokacin mamayewar Gaza ta 2009, an ruwaito IDF ta yi amfani da iyalai na Palasdinawa (babba da yara) a matsayin garkuwar mutum. Binciken Haaretz ya gano cewa Palasdinawa, da suka yi ado kamar sojojin Isra'ila, IDF ta yi amfani da su sosai a Yaƙin Gaza a matsayin garkuwar mutum don bincika bututun ruwa a yankin Gaza.

Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila (IDF) sun yi amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam sau da yawa don hana mayakan Palasdinawa daga kai farmaki da yin ayyukan barazana ga rayuwa.[7]

1948–1967

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A lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gaza a 1956-1957 (a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rikicin Suez), sojojin Isra'ila za su bincika gidajen wadanda ake zargi da Fedayeen na Palasdinawa don makamai, ɓoyewa ko ɓoyayyun mayakan. Saboda wadannan gidaje na iya samun tarkon ko masu harbi da ke jiran sojojin Isra'ila, za su yi amfani da yara Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum.

Intifada ta Biyu

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Jami'an Isra'ila sun ba da rahoton cewa Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila suka yi amfani da tsarin "garkuwar mutum" a lokuta 1,200 a lokacin Intifada ta Biyu (2000-2005). Wannan tsari ya haifar da akalla misali daya na kashe farar hula na Palasdinawa: wani dan shekara 19 mai suna Nidal Abu-Mohsen. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2004, an dauki hoton wani yaro dan Palasdinawa mai shekaru 13 bayan an ɗaure shi da motar makamai ta Isra'ila don manufar da aka bayyana na hana masu zanga-zangar Palasdinawa jefa dutse.[8]

A cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam Amnesty International [9] da Human Rights Watch, Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila (IDF) sun yi amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam a lokacin Yaƙin Jenin na 2002. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Isra'ila B'Tselem ta ce "na dogon lokaci bayan barkewar Intifada ta Biyu, musamman a lokacin Operation Defensive Shield, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002, IDF ta yi amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam, ta tilasta musu aiwatar da ayyukan soja wanda ya yi barazana ga rayukansu".[10][11] Al Mezan ya ba da rahoton yin amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam a lokacin mamayewar Beit Hanoun a shekara ta 2004. [12] Sojojin Isra'ila sun kuma yi amfani da garkuwar mutum don murkushe zanga-zangar da aka jefa dutse a Hebron a shekara ta 2003.

Amnesty ta ba da misali mai zuwa: a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2002, wani jami'in IDF ya ɗauki wani mutumin Palasdinawa daga gidansa ya nemi ya zo tare da su. Lokacin da mutumin Palasdinawa, wanda 'ya'yansa ke kewaye da shi, ya ki sau da yawa, jami'in IDF ya ce "Zan fi so kada in yi amfani da karfi". Jami'in IDF ya kama mutumin Palasdinawa da wuyan hannu kuma ya tilasta masa tafiya a gaban sojojin IDF. Jami'in IDF ya durƙusa a bayan mutumin Palasdinawa kuma ya fara harbi. A cikin sa'o'i da yawa, sojojin IDF sun sa ya tsaya a gaban su akai-akai yayin da suke harbi wadanda ake zargi da mayakan Palasdinawa. A wannan lokacin mutumin Palasdinawa ya nemi a sake shi amma IDF ta ki. A ƙarshe a lokacin wani abin da ya faru mutumin Palasdinawa ya sami harsashi a kafafunsa kuma a ƙarshe IDF ta sake shi.[13]

A shekara ta 2002 Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila ta ba da umarni na wucin gadi wanda ya haramta aikin bayan mutuwar Nidal Abu Mohsen mai shekaru 19, wanda aka harbe shi lokacin da IDF ta tilasta masa ya ƙwanƙwasa ƙofar maƙwabcinsa, mai fafutukar Hamas Nasser Jarrar, a ƙauyen Tubes na Yammacin Kogin Yamma kuma ya sanar da shi game da bukatun sojojin Isra'ila cewa ya mika wuya .

A shekara ta 2004, an dauki hoton wani yaro mai shekaru 13, Muhammed Badwan, a ɗaure shi da motar 'yan sanda ta Isra'ila a ƙauyen Biddu na Yammacin Kogin Yamma ana amfani da shi azaman garkuwa don hana masu zanga-zangar da ke jefa dutse.[14] An kama Rabbi Arik Ascherman bayan ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga tsakani.

A shekara ta 2005, Babban Kotun Shari'a ta Isra'ila ta haramta aikin, tare da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Isra'ila daukaka kara kan shawarar. Yayinda yake amincewa da kare "amfani da Palasdinawa don isar da gargadi ga maza da ake nema game da ayyukan kamawa da ke gabatowa", wani aikin da aka sani a Isra'ila ta hanyar "hanyar makwabta", IDF ta musanta rahotanni na "amfani le Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam game da hare-haren kan sojojin IDF", tana mai cewa ta riga ta haramta wannan aikin. [15]

A shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, binciken farko na B'Tselem ya nuna cewa IDF ta yi amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar mutum a Beit Hanun . [16] Defence for Children International ta kuma gano cewa, daga cikin shari'o'i 26 na yara Palasdinawa da sojojin Isra'ila ke amfani da su a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam da ta rubuta tun daga shekara ta 2004, yawancin sun faru ne bayan haramcin Kotun Koli.[17]

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007, an fitar da hoton wani abin da ya faru da Sameh Amira, ɗan Falasdinawa mai shekaru 24, wanda bidiyon ya nuna yana aiki a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ga ƙungiyar sojojin Isra'ila, yana shiga cikin gidajen da ake zargi da kasancewa na mayakan Palasdinawa a gaban sojoji. Wani dan uwan Amira mai shekaru 15 da wata yarinya mai shekaru 11 a Yammacin Kogin Yamma sun gaya wa B'Tselem a watan Fabrairun 2007 cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun tilasta wa kowannensu a cikin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban su buɗe ƙofar wani ɗakin makwabta na wanda ake zargi da yaƙi, su shiga ciki a gaban su, kuma su buɗe ƙofofi da windows.

Sojojin Isra'ila sun kaddamar da bincike kan lamarin da ya shafi Amira.[18] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, sojojin Isra'ila sun dakatar da kwamandan bayan an zargi ƙungiyar da yake jagoranta da amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a cikin aikin West Bank. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, CBS News ta ruwaito cewa, a cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, IDF ba ta dakatar da amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam ba, amma abin da ya faru ya ragu. [10]

"Hanyar makwabta"

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Ayyukan IDF na "Hanyar Makwabta", wanda aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin Intifada ta Biyu, ya yi amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum. A karkashin wannan tsari, IDF ta tilasta wa mutanen da aka zaɓa ba zato ba tsammani su kusanci gidajen wadanda ake zargi da 'yan ta'adda kuma su rinjayi su mika wuya, aikin da ya sanya rayuwar tsohon cikin haɗari. Kungiyar ba da agaji ta Isra'ila Adalah ta kalubalanci aikin a gaban Babban Kotun Shari'a ta Isra'ilawa a shekara ta 2002. Koyaya, IDF ta ci gaba da amfani da Palasdinawa a cikin 'hanyar maƙwabcinta', inda aka sanya mutanen da aka zaɓa ba zato ba tsammani su kusanci gidajen waɗanda ake zargi kuma su rinjayi su mika wuya, aikin da za a iya sanya rayuwar tsohon cikin haɗari. Kotun ta yanke hukunci a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005 "cewa duk wani amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a lokacin ayyukan soja an haramta shi, gami da 'hanyar gargadi ta gaba'. " A cewar B'tselem, rahotanni sun nuna cewa aikin ya ci gaba duk da haka, a cikin ayyukan soja kamar Operation Cast Lead, da Operation Protective Edge, kuma "mafi yawan waɗannan rahotanni ba a bincika su ba, kuma wadanda suka haifar da wani mataki ba".[19]

Yaƙin Gaza na 2008-2009

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A lokacin yakin Gaza na 2008-09 da aka fi sani da Operation Cast Lead, an zargi sojojin Isra'ila da ci gaba da amfani da farar hula a matsayin garkuwar mutane ta Amnesty International da kuma karya Shiru.[1] A cewar shaidun da wadannan kungiyoyi biyu suka wallafa, sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da Falasdinawa marasa makami ciki har da yara wajen kare wuraren soji, suna tafiya a gaban sojoji masu dauke da makamai; shiga cikin gine-gine don bincika tarko ko 'yan bindiga; da kuma bincika abubuwan da ake tuhuma don abubuwan fashewa.[1][2] Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa, ta gano kararrakin da sojojin Isra'ila suka tilastawa Falasdinawa zama a daki daya na gidansu, yayin da suke mayar da sauran gidajen zuwa wani sansani da maharbi, tare da yin amfani da iyalai, manya da yara yadda ya kamata, a matsayin garkuwar dan Adam tare da jefa su cikin hatsari[3]. Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kuma zargi Isra'ila da yin amfani da garkuwar dan Adam a lokacin rikicin Gaza na 2008-09.[4][5]

The Guardian ta tattara bidiyo uku da shaidu daga fararen hula game da zargin Laifukan yaki da sojoji na Isra'ila suka aikata a lokacin yakin Gaza na 2008-09, gami da amfani da yara Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum. A cikin bidiyon, 'yan'uwa matasa uku daga dangin al-Attar sun ce an tilasta musu da bindiga su durƙusa a gaban tankuna don hana mayakan Hamas harbe su kuma an yi amfani da su don "tsarkake" gidaje ga sojojin Isra'ila.

Shaidar sojan IDF don karya shiru ya ce kwamandansa ya ba da umarnin cewa ga kowane gida da IDF ta mamaye, sun aika da "makwabci" don shiga gaban soja, wani lokacin yayin da soja ya sanya bindigarsa a kafadar makwabcin; a cewar soja, "kwamanda sun ce waɗannan umarni ne kuma dole ne mu yi hakan". Har ila yau, fararen hula na Gaza sun ba da shaida cewa sojoji na Isra'ila sun yi amfani da su a matsayin garkuwar mutum. Wani jami'in sojan Isra'ila ya amsa wadannan zarge-zargen: "IDF ta yi aiki daidai da ka'idojin yaki kuma ta yi iya kokari don rage lahani ga fararen hula da ba su da hannu a yaƙi. Amfani da makamai na IDF ya dace da dokar kasa da kasa. " Wani mai magana da yawun ofishin jakadancin Isra'ila ta yi zargin Hamas ya matsa wa mutanen Gaza su yi waɗannan zarge-korafe.

A ranar 12 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, masu gabatar da kara na Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila sun gabatar da tuhuma a kan ma'aikatan sajan biyu na Givati Brigade saboda tilasta wa wani yaro dan Palasdinawa mai shekaru 9 ya bude jaka da yawa da suka yi tunanin zai iya dauke da fashewa a watan Janairun shekara ta 2009. Yaron ya gaya masa cewa sojoji sun buge shi kuma sun tilasta musu yin aiki a kansu da bindiga. IDF ta ce ta bude binciken bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kawo hankalinta ga lamarin. A ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2010, kotun soja ta yanke hukunci a kan wadanda ake tuhuma, tare da saukewa da dakatar da hukuncin, duk da cewa ba a da wani soja da aka daure ba. Human Rights Watch [20] da mahaifiyar yaron sun soki hukuncin da yawa.

2009 zuwa Yakin Gaza na 2014

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Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Yara, ta zargi sojojin Isra'ila a watan Yunin 2013 da "ci gaba da amfani da yara Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam da masu ba da labari", suna nuna damuwa mai zurfi 14 irin waɗannan shari'o'in an ruwaito tsakanin Janairu 2010 da Maris 2013. Ya ce kusan dukkanin sojoji da ake zargi da ke cikin abubuwan da suka faru ba a hukunta su ba.

A wata hira da Breaking the Silence, wani tsohon sojan Isra'ila ya ba da labarin cewa kwamandan ƙungiyarsa ya yi amfani da manufofin, na tilasta fararen hula na Palasdinawa su shiga gidajen da ake zargi da mayakan da ake zarginsu a gaban sojojin Isra'ila, duk da amincewa da haramtacciyar ta, kamar yadda kwamandan zai fi son a kashe fararen hula Palasdinawa yana aiwatar da aikin fiye da ɗaya daga cikin mutanensa. Ya gaya wa matasa 'yan Palasdinawa kuma an yi amfani da su ta wannan rukunin don aiwatar da ayyukan soja ga sojojin Isra'ila.[21]

Tsaro don Yara na Duniya-Palestine ya ba da rahoton cewa mai shekaru 17, Ahmad Abu Raida (kuma: "Reeda"), sojojin Isra'ila ne suka sace shi, wadanda, bayan sun buge shi kuma suka yi masa barazana, suka yi amfani da shi azaman garkuwar mutum na kwanaki biyar, suka tilasta masa tafiya a gaban su tare da karnukan 'yan sanda a kan bindiga, gidajen bincike da kuma tonowa a wuraren da sojoji da ake zargi da cewa akwai bututun ruwa. Jaridar New York Times ta bayyana cewa ba za a iya tabbatar da ikirarinsa ba; Sojojin Isra'ila sun tabbatar da cewa an tsare shi, suna lura da alaƙar mahaifinsa da Hamas, wanda ya kasance babban jami'in Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido ta Gaza.[22] Babu wata shaida ta zahiri game da tashin hankali na jiki da ake zargin Raida ya sha, misali hotuna, rahotanni na likita ko raunin da ya haifar da bugawa akai-akai.

Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Yuro-Mediterranean ta gudanar da bincike a lokacin da kuma bayan aikin soja. Binciken ya gano cewa, a lokacin yakin Gaza na 2014, sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwa a Khuza'a. Wata iyali ta gaya wa kungiyar cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun kashe uban iyali bayan ya dauki mataki zuwa gare su, sannan ya ci gaba da sanya wadanda suka tsira daga cikin dangin, ciki har da yara, a tagogin gidan yayin da sojoji suka fara harbi a kusa da su.

2021–2023

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A watan Yulin 2021, sojojin Isra'ila sun tsare mai daukar hoto na Associated Press Majdi Mohammed ba tare da son zuciyarsa ba yayin da yake aiki a kafofin watsa labarai yayin wani aiki a Yammacin Kogin Yamma kuma masu zanga-zangar Palasdinawa sun jefa duwatsu a kan sojoji. Mohammed ya ba da labarin wani jami'in ya gaya masa cewa ana riƙe shi don hana ci gaba da jefa dutse, a wannan lokacin ya gaya wa jami'in cewa wannan ya zama amfani da shi a matsayin garkuwar mutum.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, an zargi sojojin Isra'ila da amfani da yarinya mai shekaru 16 a matsayin garkuwar mutum yayin da aka yi yaƙi da mayakan Palasdinawa a Jenin. Yarinyar ta gaya wa Defence for Children International a cikin wata hira cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun tilasta mata ta tsaya a gaban motar soja ta Isra'ila na tsawon sa'o'i biyu. Lokacin da Amira Hass daga Ha'aretz ta tuntubi 'yan sanda na Isra'ila game da wannan lamarin, sun ki yin sharhi game da takamaiman bayani, suna mai cewa kawai rundunar ta nuna "da kyau da sana'a".

Wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya sami misalai uku na Isra'ila ta amfani da yara Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a cikin 2022.[23]

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, kafin farawar Yaƙin Gaza, Defence for Children International - Palestine (DCIP) ya riga ya rubuta cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da yara biyar a matsayin garkuwar mutum tun farkon wannan shekarar, tare da biyu daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa tagwaye ne masu shekaru 2.

2023-2025 Yaƙin Gaza

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Cin zarafin Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi ya zama ruwan dare a Lokaci yakin. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2024, akalla rundunonin sojojin Isra'ila 11 sun tura garkuwar mutum a biranen Gaza guda biyar, sau da yawa tare da goyon bayan jami'an leken asiri na Isra'ila. An yi amfani da fursunonin Palasdinawa, gami da fararen hula da yara, don bincika hanyoyin da Hamas ta gina da sauran wuraren da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi imanin cewa mayakan Palasdinawa na iya kafa kwanton bauna ko tarko.[24] Binciken da New York Times ya yi ya kiyasta cewa wannan aikin ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin yakin.[24] A cewar sojoji da suka shiga ko kuma suka shaida shi, aikin na yau da kullun ne.[24] Masanin Isra'ila Amos Harel ya rubuta wa Haaretz cewa amfani da IDF na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ya yadu a cikin yakin Gaza, yana sanya shi a cikin mahallin rushewar tsari da horo tsakanin sojojin Isra'ila wanda ya haɗa da kashe fararen hula, ƙone gidaje ba tare da dalili ba, da cin zarafin jima'i da azabtar da fursunonin yaƙi. Masanin shari'a na kasa da kasa Michael N. Schmitt, wanda Times ta yi hira da shi, ya ce bai san wani rundunar soja da ta yi amfani da fararen hula ko fursunonin yaki a matsayin garkuwar mutum a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ba.[24] Philippe Lazzarini, shugaban UNRWA, hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke da alhakin tabbatar da haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijirar Palasdinawa, wanda ya kasance makasudin hare-haren tashin hankali da ayyukan da Isra'ila ta yi, ya kuma zargi sojojin Isra'ila da amfani da ma'aikatanta a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam a yayin wannan yaƙin. Neve Gordon, farfesa na Isra'ila na Shari'ar Kasa da Kasa a Jami'ar Sarauniya Maryamu ta London, ya bayyana cewa amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam shine "laifukan yaƙi guda biyu a cikin mataki ɗaya".

Binciken da DCIP ta yi ya ba da cikakken bayani cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da yara da yawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a yankin Al-Tuffah na birnin Gaza a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 2023. A wannan lokacin, an tsare Palasdinawa 50, ciki har da yara. 'Yan'uwa biyu, masu shekaru 12 da 13, sun gaya wa masu bincike cewa sojoji sun tilasta musu su cire, suka ɗaure hannayensu kuma suka tilasta musu tafiya a gaban tankunan Isra'ila tare da sauran Palasdinawa. Har ila yau, ɗan'uwan ya ba da rahoton cewa Isra'ilawa sun buge shi, sun kifarsa kuma sun buge shi.

A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2024, wani mai shagon Palasdinawa a kauyen Dura na Yammacin Kogin Yamma ya zargi sojoji na IDF da amfani da shi a matsayin garkuwar mutum. Hoton bidiyon wayar hannu ya nuna wani sojan Isra'ila yana tafiya a kan titi tare da mutumin da ke gabansa, yayin da soja ya sanya bindiga a kafadar wanda aka azabtar.

DCIP ta ruwaito cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da yara maza uku masu shekaru 12 zuwa 14 a matsayin garkuwar mutum a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a Tulkarem a farkon Mayu 2024. Wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da cin zarafin yara da aka aikata a lokacin yakin Gaza ya tabbatar da shari'o'i biyar tun daga Oktoba 7 inda sojojin Isra'ila suka yi amfani da yara maza na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a lokacin "ayyukan tilasta doka" a Yammacin Kogin.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, Brigade na Nahal na Isra'ila ya yi amfani da wani ɗan Palasdinawa mai shekaru 80 a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ta hanyar ɗaure igiya mai fashewa a wuyansa kuma yana barazanar a hura kansa. Tsohon mutumin ya kasance a arewacin Gaza saboda matsalolin motsi ga kansa da matarsa. Duk da cewa yana iya motsawa ne kawai da taimakon sandar, Isra'ilawa sun tilasta masa aiki a matsayin garkuwa na awanni 8, yana tafiya a gaban sojoji yayin da suke bincika yankin, yayin da matarsa ta kasance a tsare a gida. Bayan da wahalar ta ƙare, sojoji sun umarci wanda aka azabtar da matarsa su gudu zuwa "yanki na jin kai" a kudancin Gaza. Wadannan sojoji, duk da haka, ba su yi ƙoƙari su tuntubi wasu ƙungiyoyi game da ma'auratan ba, waɗanda, lokacin da wasu kungiyoyin Isra'ila suka hango su a hanyarsu, an kashe su.[25]

A ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2024, an sanya bidiyon wani mutumin Palasdinawa da ya ji rauni, Mujahed Abbadeh mai shekaru 23, wanda aka ɗaure shi a kan murfin motar Isra'ila da ke tukawa ta Jenin. Wani mai shaida ya tabbatar da cewa IDF ta gabatar da mutumin da ya ji rauni a kan hoton, ta ajiye wanda aka azabtar a ƙarƙashin rana mai zafi na mintuna da yawa, har sai da ta mika shi ga motar asibiti ta Red Cross na Palasdinawa wacce aka ajiye a kusa. Wannan, tushen ya yi jayayya, shaida ce cewa mutumin da ya ji rauni ba wanda ake zargi ba ne, kamar yadda IDF ta ci gaba da kiyayewa. Wani gwani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce lamarin ya kai ga karbar garkuwar mutum. Wani dan uwan Abbadeh ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi haka ga wasu mutane uku kwanan nan. Sauran Palasdinawa biyu daga baya sun fito suka shaida wa BBC, suna nuna shaidar bidiyo, cewa an harbe su ma kuma an ɗaure su da jeep a wani aiki daban.

A daren 28 ga watan Agusta 2024, yayin da aka kai hari a Tulkarm, an ruwaito cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da yarinya mai shekaru 10, Malak Shihab, a matsayin garkuwar mutum a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Nur Shams. An tilasta wata mace da yara huɗu su bar gidansu yayin da aka tsare yarinya ɗaya kuma, saboda tsoratar da wani kare na soja da ba a taɓa shi ba don ya yi mata wari, an umarce ta da ta buɗe ƙofofin gidan kawunta.

Dangane da binciken Haaretz wanda ya danganci shaidar sojoji da yawa na Isra'ila, ana amfani da matasa da manya na Palasdinawa a kai a kai a matsayin garkuwar mutum wajen bincika hanyar sadarwa a cikin Gaza. Sojojin Isra'ila sun kira su "shawashim", an yi musu ado, ban da takalma, don su yi kama da sojojin Isra'ila, an ɗaure su da hannu, an rufe su da idanu kuma, tare da kyamarar bidiyo da aka haɗe da jikinsu, an aika su cikin gidaje inda ake zargin mayakan Hamas su ɓoye, ko kuma a cikin bututun da za a iya kama su. A wasu lokuta har ma da tsofaffin Palasdinawa an tilasta su gudanar da wannan aikin. An ce aikin ya zama sananne ga kwamandojin filin IDF. Za su yi amfani da Palasdinawa lokacin da babu Karnuka masu numfashi ko drones.[24] Binciken da CNN ta yi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024 ya gano cewa yayin da ba a san sikelin da girman aikin ba, shaidar fararen hula da sojan Isra'ila sun nuna yadda Isra'ila ke amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum ya yadu a fadin Gaza. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, binciken da The Washington Post ya yi ya kara tabbatar da wadannan binciken, tare da shaidu, wadanda abin ya shafa, da kuma sojan Isra'ila da ke cewa ana amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar mutum don hana cutar da sojojin Isra'ila.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, Tsaro na Yara na kasa da kasa ya ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru guda uku, a cikin Oktoba 15-20, 2024, na iyalai da ke da yara ƙanana ana amfani da su azaman garkuwar ɗan adam don kare Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila a hare-hare a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Jabalia da Asibitin Indonesia.[26]

Hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun kuma yi amfani da makaranta a ƙauyen Juhor ad Dik da Asibitin Abokantaka na Turkiyya da Palasdinawa a matsayin tushe don ayyukan soja, wanda ya haifar da tsawata daga gwamnatin Turkiyya.

CNN ta ruwaito a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024 cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da wani aiki da ake kira "tsarin sauro" a arewacin Gaza, Gaza City, Khan Younis, da Rafah, inda aka tura Palasdinawa zuwa wurare masu haɗari kafin sojojin Isra'ilawa su shiga.

IDF a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025 ta ce "Sashen Binciken Laifuka na 'yan sanda na Soja ya bude bincike bayan zargin da ya dace ya tashi game da amfani da Palasdinawa don ayyukan soja a lokacin ayyukan".

A wannan watan, CBS News ta wallafa wata hira da wani sojan Isra'ila wanda ba a san sunansa ba wanda ya yarda cewa an umarce shi da ya yi amfani da Palasdinawa maimakon karnuka da aka horar don bincika gine-gine kuma cewa ƙungiyarsa ta kuma aikata wasu laifukan yaki, kamar fashewa da gine-gine ba tare da dalili ba. Har ila yau, cibiyar sadarwa ta ji daga wani ɗan Falasdinawa mai shekaru 14 mai suna Omri Salem cewa sojojin Isra'ila a Yammacin Kogin Yamma sun yi amfani da shi da dan uwansa mai shekaru tara a matsayin garkuwar mutum kuma sojoji sun doke su lokacin da suka yi ƙoƙarin tsayayya da umarni.

Jaridar Associated Press a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025 ta ba da rahoton cewa sojojin Isra'ila suna amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a Gaza, suna ambaton asusun daga sojoji biyu na Isra'ila da suka yarda da yin hakan, da kuma zarge-zarge daga Falasdinawa bakwai cewa an yi amfani da su a matsayin garkuwa ta mutum a Gaza da West Bank. Wuraren da aka ruwaito sun kasance sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Jenin na West Bank, Khan Yunis na Gaza, Shuja'iyya, Asibitin Nasser, Asibityar Al Amal, Asibitin Kamal Adwan, da sansanin' yan gudun hijira ta Jabaliya.[27] An bayyana aikin a matsayin "tsarin sauro", tare da Palasdinawa da aka lakafta su a matsayin "wasps", Associated Press ta ruwaito.[27]

A cewar Associated Press, wani jami'in soja na Isra'ila ya yi zargin cewa umarni don amfani da garkuwar mutum sau da yawa ya fito ne daga babban umurni, kuma wannan aikin "an kama shi kamar wuta a filin" bayan sojoji sun ga "yadda yake da tasiri da sauƙi", kamar yadda a ƙarshen watanni tara da ya yi a Gaza, kowane rukunin sojan ƙasa ya yi amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam don share gidaje kafin ƙungiyar ta shiga. Jami'in ya bayyana taron da aka yi a shekarar 2024 inda kwamandan brigade ya ba da shawarar ga kwamandan sashen cewa "suna sauro" kuma "suna kama daya daga tituna". [27] Jami'in sun ce sau biyu ya ba da rahoton amfani da garkuwar mutum ga kwamandan brigadinsa, kuma ya kamata a tura rahotanni ga kwamandan division, yayin da Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila suka ki yin sharhi ga Associated Press kan ko suna da rahotanni. Wani sajan sojan Isra'ila ya ce ƙungiyarsa ta ki amincewa da amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam a 2024, amma an soke su, tare da wani jami'in da ya gaya musu su yi watsi da dokar jin kai ta duniya, kuma ta haka ne ƙungiyarsa ta yi amfani da ɗan shekara 16 da ɗan shekara 30 a matsayin garkuwar mutum na 'yan kwanaki, waɗanda suka bayyana suna kuka don' yancinsu.[27][27]

Matattu

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A watan Agustan 2024 a garin Rafah, wanda aka azabtar ya kasance mutumin da aka tilasta ya bincika gine-gine a Khan Younis lokacin da kwamandan daga Nahal Brigade na Isra'ila ya isa wanda bai san wanda aka azabta ba. Kwamandan nan da nan ya gano wanda aka azabtar a matsayin Palasdinawa kuma, ba tare da sanin cewa yana aiki ga sojojin Isra'ila ba, ya ci gaba da fitar da bindiga ya kashe shi nan da nan.

Wani jami'in Isra'ila ya gaya wa kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press cewa Palasdinawa biyu sun mutu yayin da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi amfani da su a matsayin garkuwar - na farko ya rasa hankali a cikin rami, kuma na biyu sojojin Isra'ilawa ne suka harbe shi yayin da suke gudu zuwa cikin gida, saboda sojoji ba su san cewa wani rukunin Isra'ila yana amfani da wannan mutumin a matsayin garkuwa ba.

Amfani da sojojin Palasdinawa

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Zarge-zargen da aka yi wa kungiyoyin mayakan Palasdinawa [28] ciki har da Hamas cewa suna amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar Isra'ila da kasashe masu alaƙa sun saba yi amma bincike mai zaman kansa ya kalubalanci su; [1] amfani da farar hula na Isra'ila a matsayin garkuwa a harin 7 ga Oktoba, duk da haka, an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar shaidar wanda aka azabtar.[1]

Tun a farkon shekara ta 2004 Amos Harel ya rubuta a Haaretz cewa a lokacin Intifada ta Biyu (2000-2005) 'yan bindigar Palasdinawa "daidaitawa" suna amfani da fararen hula da yara a matsayin garkuwar mutum kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa akwai shaidar daukar hoto game da shi.

A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2006, Human Rights Watch (HRW) ta zargi Muhammad Wail Baroud, kwamandan soja a cikin Kwamitin Tsayayya na Jama'a, da amfani da fararen hula don kare gidaje daga hare-haren soja amma daga baya ya bayyana cewa sun yi kuskure. Babu wata shaida cewa ana amfani da gidan don dalilai na soja a lokacin da aka shirya harin, kuma IDF ba ta bayyana wane manufa ta soja ba. Sun yi la'akari da lalacewa a cikin hasken manufofin Isra'ila na lalata gidaje a matsayin matakan azabtarwa maimakon a matsayin manufofi na soja. HRW ta yarda cewa ba su yi la'akari da dalilan fararen hula ba, kamar ko sun taru da yardar rai ko a'a, kuma sun jaddada cewa ba sa so su soki juriya mara tashin hankali ko wani nau'i na zanga-zangar zaman lafiya, gami da fararen hula da ke kare gidajensu. Tsohon jami'in kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Craig Mokhiber ya ce binciken Majalisar Dinkinobho game da yaƙe-yaƙe na Isra'ila na 2008 da 2014 a Gaza ya gano cewa mayakan Palasdinawa sun yi amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam, kuma a maimakon haka ya ci gaba da cewa Isra'ila ta yi amfani da irin waɗannan zarge-zargen don tabbatar da kisan fararen hula na Palasdinawa da gangan.[29]

Har ila yau, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zargi Hamas da amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam, Tarayyar Turai, [30] Amurka, tare da Isra'ila. An lura da kaddamar da rokoki daga da kuma sanya kayan aikin soja a yankunan farar hula a cikin rikice-rikice daban-daban, gami da yaƙe-yaƙe na 2008, 2014, 2021, da 2023, kodayake ba a dauke shi a matsayin kariya ta ɗan adam ba bisa ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam.[31] Wadannan ayyukan sun soki kungiyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa, ciki har da Amnesty International, wanda ya rubuta lokuta inda mayakan Palasdinawa suka adana makamai kuma suka kaddamar da rokoki daga ko gine-ginen farar hula da ke kusa.[32][33] An ambaci wannan a matsayin hujja ga hare-haren Isra'ila kan ababen more rayuwa.[1][34][35] Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, gami da Amnesty International, ba su sami wata shaida game da kariya ta mutum ta Hamas a cikin rikice-rikicen da suka gabata ba, yayin da masanin kare hakkin dan Adam da shari'a Neve Gordon suka yi jayayya cewa ikirarin Isra'ila ya zama "tsaron shari'a na farko" game da zarge-zargen aikata laifukan yaki.[36][37]

Masu fafutuka a matsayin garkuwar mutum

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Masu gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa da Isra'ila sun yi amfani da kansu a matsayin garkuwar mutum don dakatar da tashin hankali na Isra'ila akan Palasdinawa.[1]

Rachel Corrie da Tom Hurndall, masu sa kai na Yammacin Duniya Solidarity Movement (ISM) a Yankunan Palasdinawa, waɗanda suka mutu a shekara ta 2003 da 2004 bi da bi an bayyana su a matsayin "garkuwar ɗan adam" da ke kamfen don rushe gida. ISM, duk da haka, yana da ƙarfi a yi amfani da kalmar "garkuwar ɗan adam" don bayyana aikinsu, ya fi son a yi amfani dashi kawai don komawa lokacin da mayakan da ke dauke da makamai ke amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar.

Amnesty International ta kuma ki amincewa da ma'anar ayyukan masu fafutuka na sa kai ko ayyukan masu fafatawa don dukiyar da ba ta soja ba a matsayin "garkuwar ɗan adam", kuma suna la'akari da jagorancin "takamaiman fararen hula su kasance a cikin gidajensu a matsayin "gamuwar ɗan adam" ga mayakan, harsashi, ko kayan aikin soja" a matsayin "Garkuwar ɗan Adam".

A cikin 2008, Rabbis for Human Rights sun bayyana cewa za su yi aiki a matsayin "garkuwar ɗan adam" na son rai a lokacin girbi na zaitun na shekara-shekara don kare ƙauyukan Palasdinawa daga mazauna.

Dubi kuma

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  • Laifukan yaki a cikin yakin Isra'ila da Hamas na 2023

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Gordon & Perugini 2020.
  2. ↑ Ezra 2015.
  3. ↑ "Israel: Soldiers' Punishment for Using Boy as 'Human Shield' Inadequate". Human Rights Watch. 26 November 2010. Archived from the original on 21 July 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  4. ↑ "Israel/Gaza: Operation "Cast Lead": 22 days of death and destruction". Amnesty International. 2 July 2009. Archived from the original on 20 July 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  5. 1 2 "Human Shields". B'Tselem. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  6. ↑ Otto 2004.
  7. 1 2 Schmitt 2008.
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BT
  9. ↑ "Israel and the Occupied Territories Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus". Amnesty International. 4 November 2002. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
  10. 1 2 "Israeli Soldiers use civilians as Human Shields in Beit Hanun". B'Tselem. 20 July 2006. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011.
  11. ↑ "Chronological Review of Events Relating to the Question of Palestine". 6 November 2002. A military court in Israel sentenced two junior officers to 28 days imprisonment because they had used Palestinian civilians as 'human shields', Israel Radio reported. A platoon sergeant who had made a navigation error and ended up in a Palestinian village with his soldiers had forced a villager to drive them to a safe place, the radio said. During the sergeant's investigation, a similar incident had come to light in the same battalion, during which a squad commander had made a Palestinian drive him and his soldiers to safety.
  12. ↑ "A paper on the IOF Invasion of the town of Beit Hanoun (29 June – 5 August 2004)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013. Another 36 homes were occupied by Israeli soldiers and used as watch posts. In every case of home occupation the IOF detained the inhabitants inside one room of the house
  13. ↑ "Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus" (PDF). Amnesty International. p. 25. The officer, Eitan, said to me: 'Come with us'...the officer looked left and right and then grabbed me by the collar and put me in front of him as we exited and went towards the neighbour's house. There was no firing at the time, but Eitan crouched down just below me and began firing to the left while the other soldiers moved towards the neighbour's house...He said that during this period he or another detainee would be placed in front of soldiers during house-to-house searches. On three separate occasions he stated that a soldier placed his gun near or on his body and in one case, he was made to stand in front of a soldier when he opened fire.
  14. ↑ "The day Israel used a boy aged 13 as a human shield". Archived from the original on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named haaretz.com
  16. ↑ "Human shields". B'tselem. 20 July 2006. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  17. ↑ "Human Shields". Defence for Children International. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  18. ↑ "Israel Probes "Human Shield" Allegations"". CBS News. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 16 February 2010.
  19. ↑ "Human Shields". B'tselem. 11 November 2017.
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named hit
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named French
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Akram & Rudoren
  23. ↑ "Children and armed conflict: Report of the Secretary-General" (PDF).
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 Odenheimer, Natan; Shbair, Bilal; Kingsley, Patrick (14 October 2024). "How Israel's Army Uses Palestinians as Human Shields in Gaza". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named aljfeb
  26. ↑ "Israeli forces use Palestinian children as human shields in Jabalia refugee camp". Defense for Children Palestine. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mednick
  28. ↑ Mokhiber, Craig (21 September 2024). "Every accusation a confession: Israel and the double lie of 'human shields'". Mondoweiss.
  29. ↑ Mokhiber, Craig (21 September 2024). "Every accusation a confession: Israel and the double lie of 'human shields'". Mondoweiss.
  30. ↑ "EU nations condemn Hamas for what they describe as use of hospitals, civilians as 'human shields'". AP News (in Turanci). 13 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  31. ↑ "Israel/Gaza: Operation "Cast Lead": 22 days of death and destruction". Amnesty International. 2 July 2009. Archived from the original on 20 July 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  32. ↑ "Israel: Palestinian armed groups must be held accountable for deliberate civilian killings, abductions and indiscriminate attacks". Amnesty International (in Turanci). 2023-10-12. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  33. ↑ Ackerman, Daniel (2021-06-23). "Hold Hamas Accountable for Human-Shields Use During the May 2021 Gaza War". FDD (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  34. ↑ Zanotti et al. 2010.
  35. ↑ Baconi 2018.
  36. ↑ Amnesty International Report "Operation Cast Lead": 22 Days of Death and Destruction pp. 48–50, "Document". 2 July 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  37. ↑ "Israel/Gaza conflict: Questions and Answers". Amnesty International (in Turanci). 2014-07-25. Retrieved 2024-02-11. Amnesty International...does not have evidence at this point that Palestinian civilians have been intentionally used by Hamas or Palestinian armed groups during the current hostilities to "shield" specific locations or military personnel or equipment from Israeli attacks.

Tushen

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Littattafai

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Samfuri:Gaza war

Labaran jarida

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Samfuri:Gaza war

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