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Gas a Turkiyya

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Gas a Turkiyya
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙasa Turkiyya
Medium-sized ship viewed from starboard. Painted mostly red with the Turkish crescent and star in white near the bow. Above the bow is a helicopter deck and there is a large derrick amidships. Two small cranes are built into the side of the ship.
Kanuni ya hako a cikin Tekun Baƙi.[1]

Gas na halitta yana samar da sama da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na Makamashi na Turkiyya.[2] Kasar tana cinye mita cubic 50 zuwa 60 na iskar gas a kowace shekara, kusan duk an shigo da su.[3][4] Wani babban filin iskar gas a cikin Tekun Baƙi ya fara samarwa a cikin 2023.[5] [6]

Bayan mamayewar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine ta fara, kasashe da yawa na Turai sun daina sayen man fetur ko iskar gas na Rasha, amma Dangantakar Turkiyya da Rasha ta isa ta ci gaba da sayen duka biyun.[7][8] Turkiyya tana karɓar kusan rabin iskar gas daga Rasha.[9] Ya zuwa 2023 gas mai yawa yana da tsada kuma babban ɓangare na lissafin shigo da kaya.

Gidaje suna sayen mafi yawan gas, sannan masana'antu da tashoshin wutar lantarki.[10] Fiye da kashi 80% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun iskar gas, kuma yana samar da rabin bukatun dumama na ƙasar.[11] yadda mai sayar da man fetur da iskar gas mallakar jihar BOBOTAŞ da 80% na kasuwar iskar gas, : 16 gwamnati na iya kuma tana tallafawa masu amfani da iskar mai zaman kansu da masana'antu. [4] Dukkanin abokan ciniki na masana'antu da kasuwanci, da gidaje da ke amfani da fiye da wani adadin gas, na iya sauya masu samarwa.[12]

Tarihi

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Amfani da makamashi ta hanyar tushe
Samar da makamashi na farko kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu ne kowannensu daga kwal, mai, gas, da sauran tushe. A cikin 2021 amfani da iskar gas ya fi kowane lokaci a 59 bcm. : 14 : 14 

An kafa Babban Daraktan Binciken Ma'adinai da Bincike a cikin 1935, amma an sami iskar gas kaɗan.[13][14] Hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta shigo da iskar gas ita ce ta hanyar bututun mai daga kasashe da ke kusa, kuma shigo da farko ya fito ne daga Rasha a 1986, sannan Iran ta biyo baya.[15] Koyaya, bututun daga Azerbaijan ne kawai ya fara canja wurin gas a cikin 2007.[15]

An fara shigo da iskar gas (LNG) daga Aljeriya a 1994 kuma daga Najeriya a 1999. [15] A farkon karni na 21 amfani da iskar gas ya karu.[16] : 9 Tsakanin 2000 da 2020 rabon makamashi da aka shigo da shi ya karu daga sama da 50% zuwa 70% .[17]

A cikin 2019, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta ki amincewa da hakowar Turkiyya a gabashin Bahar Rum.[18] A cikin 2022, rufewar gas ta Iran ta haifar da matsaloli ga masana'antu.[19] Wasu masu sharhi sun ce Turkiyya ba ta da isasshen ajiyar gas ko madadin kayan aiki don tsayayya da matsin lamba, kuma lokacin da Rasha ta ce tana rufe bututun gas don kulawa (misali rufewar kwanaki 10 na Bluestream a cikin 2022 a sanarwa ta kwanaki 2) wannan wani lokacin ana nufin yin amfani da matsin siyasa.[20] A cikin 2022, karuwar farashin gas na duniya ya kara karancin asusun yanzu yayin da aka sayi karin gas a kasuwar tabo. : 15 : 15 

Siyasa ta ƙasa

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Ba kamar kasashe da yawa na Turai ba, waɗanda suka daina sayen ko kuma an yanke su daga man fetur ko iskar gas ta Rasha, bayan mamayewar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine, Dangantaka da Rasha ta ci gaba da sayen duka biyun.[7][8] China da Turkiyya suna shigo da mafi yawan iskar gas daga Rasha.[21] An ce wani lokacin yana da wahala ga kafofin watsa labarai a Turkiyya su bayar da rahoto sosai game da yanayin siyasa na makamashi.[22] Shugaba Erdoğan ya ce a cikin 2022 cewa Turkiyya ba za ta iya shiga takunkumi a kan Rasha ba saboda dogaro da shigo da kayayyaki.[23]

Kamfanin bincike da samar da man fetur da iskar gas na Turkiyya yana fatan bincika man fetur le gas a cikin ruwan Libya: [24] an amince da yarjejeniyar fahimta tare da Libya amma daga baya kotun Libya ta dakatar da ita. [25] Turkiyya ta yi adawa da wasu binciken gas da Jamhuriyar Cyprus ta yi saboda takaddamar yankin teku na Cyprus da Turkiyya.[26]

Jam'iyyun biyu masu adawa da Arewacin Iraki Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) da Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) dole ne su amince da sabon bututun mai don ɗaukar hanya mafi ƙanƙanta, saboda zai fito ne daga rijiyoyi a ɓangaren Yankin Kurdistan da PUK ke sarrafawa kuma ya wuce ta ɓangaren da KDP ke sarrafawa. A cikin 2022 Sojojin Tsaro na Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci sun yi amfani da makamai masu linzami don kai hari kan gidan Baz Karim Barzanji, wani dan kasuwa da ke aiki a kan sabon bututun mai, wanda aka ruwaito saboda ya sadu da jami'an Amurka da Isra'ila a can.[27][28][29]

Tasirin da makomar

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Graph shows carbon dioxide emitted by coal, oil, and natural gas over the years from 1990
Kashewa daga iskar gas ya karu, amma ya kasance a ƙasa da kwal da mai.

Babban tushen fitar da iskar gas ta Turkiyya shine wutar lantarki, wanda ke fitar da kimanin gram 1000 na iskar carbon dioxide ga kowane kilowatt-hour na wutar lantarki da aka samar. Don samar da iskar gas iri ɗaya yana fitar da ƙasa da kwal, (371g a cikin 2020 [30]), amma fiye da hasken rana a 30g zuwa 60g. Lokacin da aka samar da iskar gas a Rasha ko Turkmenistan, duk da haka, iskar methane tana fitar da iskar greenhouse.[31] Amma, kamar yadda kayan gas na duniya ya dogara da inda aka samar da shi, an lissafa wannan a cikin iskar gas na Rasha ba na Turkiyya ba.

Turkiyya ta yi niyyar kara rabon sabuntawa da makamashin nukiliya a cikin makamashi na kasa.[32] A cewar wani rahoto na Mayu 2022 daga thinktank Ember, hasken rana da iska sun adana dala biliyan 7 a kan shigo da iskar gas a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata.[33] Wasu kamfanonin rarraba suna gwada haɗuwa har zuwa 20% Hydrogen tare da iskar gas, don haka a ƙarshe wasu daga cikin iskar gas da aka rarraba za su zama hydrogen kore.[34][35]

Girgizar ƙasa na iya zama haɗari ga bututun mai. A makwabciyar IranIran tare da famfo na zafi, daga gas an ba da shawarar inganta ƙarfin girgizar ƙasa.[2][36]

Sayarwa da buƙata

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Akwai hanyoyin samarwa da yawa a yankin da isasshen damar shigo da LNG a cikin ƙasar.[37]

A cikin 2020 Fatih, ɗaya daga cikin jirage biyar na kamfanin mai da iskar gas na jihar TPAO, ya gano filin Sakarya Gas a ƙarƙashin Tekun Baƙi kusa da inda Romania ta sami iskar gas. Kafin 2023, lokacin da aka fara samarwa daga wannan filin iskar gas mai zaki a cikin Bahar Maliya, kusan dukkanin iskar gas da aka cinye a Turkiyya an shigo da ita.[38][39] Kudancin Akcakoca Sub-Basin (SASB) karamin filin iskar gas ne kuma a cikin Tekun Baƙi . [40] Kazalika da jirage masu hakowa akwai jirage 2 na girgizar ƙasa.[41] An kiyasta ajiyar Black Sea na Turkiyya a cikin miliyoyin cubic mita: za a tura iskar gas zuwa Filyos don sarrafawa don sanya shi ya dace da grid na iskar gas, tare da samar da mafi girma na cubic mita biliyan 40 (bcm) da aka yi niyya don 2026.[42][43][44] Ana sa ran iskar Black Sea ta Turkiyya za ta cika kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na bukatar iskar gas ta ƙasa, tare da mita cubic biliyan 15 (bcm) a kowace shekara nan da shekara ta 2030.[45][46] A cewar wasu masu sharhi, tare da wannan binciken, jayayya ta Aegean da Girka game da hakowar bincike yanzu ba ta da mahimmanci.

Kasuwancin iskar gas daga Turkiyya

Kusan rabin iskar gas ta kasar ana shigo da ita ne daga Rasha.[9] Yarjejeniyar Turkiyya ta dogon lokaci tare da Rasha za ta ƙare a ƙarshen 2025 don haka ana sa ran lissafin shigo da iskar gas zai faɗi a ƙarshen 2020s (daga 2024 an kiyasta dala 320 a kowace cubic m ) kuma saboda fara samarwa daga ɓangaren Turkiyya na Tekun Baƙi.[47] A cikin 2021 an sabunta kwangila tare da kamfanin makamashi na Rasha Gasprom kuma an haɗa shi da farashin EU; sun haɗa da yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu zuwa ƙarshen 2025 don 5.75 bcm a shekara ta hanyar TurkStream (wanda ke da jimlar ƙarfin 31.5 bcm). [48] Ba a buga farashin kwangilar ba amma an ruwaito shi (a cikin 2022 ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da ke adawa da jam'iyyun da ke mulki na Turkiyya) don ya dogara da kashi 70% na farashin kasuwar LNG tare da farashin man Brent Crude: wannan ya fi tsada fiye da iskar Blue Stream.[49][ana buƙatar hujja]

A cikin 2021 an amince da kwangila tare da Azerbaijan don shigo da bcm 11 a kowace shekara har zuwa ƙarshen 2024. TPAO tana da kashi 19% a cikin Shah Deniz 1.[50] Fracking shale gas na iya taimakawa tare da tsaro na makamashi.[51] An shirya samar da iskar gas daga Turkmenistan tsawon shekaru amma ba a gina bututun mai a ƙarƙashin Tekun Caspian ba, wani bangare saboda rashin yarjejeniya tsakanin Turkmenistan da Azerbaijan.[52][53][54] Maimakon haka a cikin 2025 Turkiyya tana sayen sama da 1 bcma na iskar Turkmen ta hanyar yarjejeniyar musayar tare da Iran, saboda akwai damar bututun mai.[55][46] Koyaya matsakaicin yiwuwar an ce (ta hanyar masu goyon bayan hanyar abokin hamayya tsakanin shigarwar teku) ya zama kawai 3 bcma.[56] Ana shigo da LNG daga kasashe da yawa ciki har da Masar, Aljeriya, da Amurka.[57][58][59]

Bukatar

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Fiye da kashi 80% na yawan jama'a, da dukkan larduna a Turkiyya, suna da damar samun iskar gas, wanda ke samar da rabin makamashi na karshe na gida. [2[60] cikin rabon amfani na 2021 ya haɗa da gidaje 27%, samar da wutar lantarki 35%, masana'antu 29% da bangaren sabis na 8%.[3] [41] Makamashi tana sa ran buƙatar iskar gas ta karu dan kadan zuwa 2030, amma rabonta na amfani da makamashi na farko zai faɗi dan kadan zuwa ƙasa da kwata.[4] : 19–20 : 19–20 

Samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar gas (dull yellow) yana ƙaruwa lokacin da wutar lantarki (blue) ta faɗi saboda fari.

A wasu shekaru samar da wutar lantarki a Turkiyya yana ƙone rabin gas, amma wannan ya bambanta sosai dangane da ko akwai isasshen ruwan sama don samar da wutar wutar lantarki; sabili da haka, lokacin da ruwan sama ya yi, Turkiyya tana ƙone iskar gas kaɗan. :: 139  Babban buƙata yawanci a tsakiyar hunturu, matsakaicin kusan mita cubic miliyan 300 (mcm) kowace rana, kuma Chamber of Engineers ya ce a cikin 2022 cewa babu isasshen ajiya.[41][61] Akwai yankuna 72 na rarrabawa kuma ana ba da gidaje miliyan 18 da iskar gas.[41] Kimanin rabin buƙatun makamashi na zama ana biyan su ta hanyar gas.[12] :: 139  Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya ta yi hasashen a cikin 2021 cewa amfani da samar da wutar lantarki zai ragu.[12] :: 140  Koyaya shirin makamashi na kasa da aka buga a watan Janairun 2023 yana hasashen sama da 10 GW ƙarin wutar lantarki na gas na iya buƙata ta 2035 don daidaita makamashi mai sabuntawa da kuma Tsaro na makamashi. : 15-16 Duk masu amfani da masana'antu da kasuwanci, da gidaje da ke sayen fiye da cubic-mita dubu 75 a shekara na iya sauya masu samarwa.[12]

Sufuri, sarrafawa da adanawa

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Gas daga Rasha galibi ana cinye shi a cikin Turkiyya, amma wasu suna wucewa zuwa wasu ƙasashe kamar Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, [62] Slovakia [63] da Moldova. [64] EU ta sayi wasu iskar gas daga Azerbaijan.[65]

Akwai bututun gas da yawa, [57] [66] kuma bazai yiwu ba ga Turawa su tantance asalin iskar da suka saya daga Turkiyya, [67] wanda zai iya zama matsala ga ƙasashen EU saboda ba za su iya siyan iskar gas ta Rasha bisa doka ba daga 2027 . [68] Manyan bututun gas (tare da damar a cikin bcm) sune:

← Daga yammazuwa yamma Ta hanyar ← A cikin daga gabas ←
20 Trans-Balkan Trans-Anatolian 16 TurkStream 32
16 Kogin Balkan Blue Stream 16
10 Trans Adriatic Kudancin Caucasus 24
Tabriz Ankara 14

Gas daga Rasha ya zo ta hanyar bututun Blue Stream da TurkStream; kuma daga Iran ta hanyar buthun Tabriz-Ankara. Azerbaijan yawanci tana samar da Turkiyya ta hanyar bututun Kudancin Caucasus. Gas din yana gudana ta hanyar bututun gas na Trans-Anatolian (TANAP) wanda ke samar da Turkiyya kuma wasu suna ci gaba a fadin iyakar Girka zuwa cikin bututun Trans Adriatic.[69]

Seven middle aged men in dark suits stand behind a large white horizontal pipe. There is a large TANAP logo behind them and six of them are holding the large red valve wheel protruding up from the pipe
An kaddamar da bututun gas na Trans-Anatolian a Eskişehir a cikin 2018 (Rovnag Abdullayev - shugaban SoCAR, → Mustafa Akıncı - shugaban Arewacin Cyprus, → Ilham Aliyev - shugaban Azerbaijan, → Recep Tayyip Erdoğan - shugaban Turkiyya, → Petro Poroshenko - shugaban Ukraine, → Aleksandar Vučić - shugaban Serbia, → Berat Albayrak - Ministan Makamashi da albarkatun Turkiyya)

Jirgin mai na Tabriz-Ankara mai nisan kilomita 2,600 ne, wanda ke gudana daga Tabriz a arewa maso yammacin Iran zuwa Ankara a Turkiyya. Blue Stream, babban bututun mai na Black Sea, yana isar da iskar gas daga Rasha zuwa Turkiyya tun shekara ta 2003. Kudancin Gas Corridor ya haɗa da filin iskar gas na Shah Deniz 2, bututun mai na Kudancin Caucasus, TANAP, da Trans Adriatic Pipeline: Ana fadada TANAP zuwa 31 bcm a kowace shekara.[70] A Erzurum, bututun Kudancin Caucasus, wanda aka ba da izini a shekara ta 2006, yana da alaƙa da bututun Iran-Turkey. A cikin 2022 bututun sufuri na Turkiyya yana da ƙarfin ajiya na 3 zuwa 5 bcm.[71] Kamar yadda shigo da iskar gas ya kai dala biliyan 12 zuwa 15 a kowace shekara kuma lira ba ta da ƙarfi; suna da muhimmiyar ɓangare na lissafin shigo da kayayyaki. [72] Turkstream yana da kusan kashi 60% na iyawa tun daga shekarar 2022.[73]

Tattalin Arziki da Amfani

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Yawancin kwangilar gas sun ƙare kafin 2027.[74]

A cewar BOTAŞ farashin gas ga gidajen Turkiyya shine mafi ƙasƙanci a Turai a cikin 2022, kuma sun ce abokan ciniki masu zama suna samun tallafin farashi na 70% daga gwamnati. Akwai kamfanonin rarraba gas 72, tare da masu amfani sama da miliyan 13.[75] Akwai baje kolin kasuwanci na shekaru biyu a Istanbul . [76]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Kulovic, Nermina (2022-02-04). "Turkish drillship wraps up all planned well tests on Black Sea gas field". Offshore Energy (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-03-02.
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  3. ↑ "A Cold Winter: Turkey and the Global Natural Gas Shortage". Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies (Edam) (in Turanci). 2021-10-06. Archived from the original on 2021-12-17. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
  4. ↑ "Ukraine War Complicates Turkey's Gas Challenge". Energy Intelligence (in Turanci). 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
  5. ↑ "Can Sakarya pave the way for Turkey's gas independence?". IHS Markit. 2023-04-25. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  6. ↑ https://www.dw.com/ha/shirin-ciniki-da-masanaantu-na-wannan-makon/audio-39125902
  7. 1 2 Bakheit, Nesreen; Imahashi, Rurika (9 June 2022). "China, India and Turkey to siphon more Russian oil ahead of EU ban". Nikkei Asia (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-07.
  8. 1 2 Dezem, Vanessa (2022-06-28). "EU Gas Swings as Russia-Turkey Flows Resume While Risks Loom". BNN Bloomberg. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
  9. 1 2 "Ukraine War Complicates Turkey's Gas Challenge". Energy Intelligence (in Turanci). 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
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  12. 1 2 3 4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
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  15. 1 2 3 Kanapiyanova, Zhuldyz. "Turkey-Russia Energy Cooperation on Natural Gas". Eurasian Research Institute (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-04-20.
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  17. ↑ "Turkey is faced with a serious energy crisis, says engineers chamber". Bianet. 7 February 2022.
  18. ↑ "Turkish drilling activities in the Eastern Mediterranean: Council adopts conclusions". Council of the European Union (in Turanci). 15 July 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  19. ↑ Muhdan, Saglam (31 January 2022). "Iran's gas cut exposes Turkey's vulnerability to energy risks". Al-Monitor (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  20. ↑ "Turkey, Russia gas ties grow contentious amid Ukraine war". Al-Monitor (in Turanci). 28 July 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
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  25. ↑ Bechev, Dimitar (27 February 2023). "Facing tragedy, Turkey mends ties with Greece and Armenia". Al Jazeera.
  26. ↑ "ExxonMobil, Qatar sign Cyprus gas deal despite Turkey opposition". France 24 (in Turanci). 2021-12-10. Archived from the original on 2021-12-19. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
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  29. ↑ Times of Israel Staff. "Iran bombed Iraq's Kurdish region over natural gas plan involving Israel – report". Times of Israel (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  30. ↑ "Türki̇ye Elektri̇k Üreti̇mi̇ Ve Elektri̇k Tüketi̇m Noktasi Emi̇syon Faktörleri̇ Bi̇lgi̇ Formu" [Turkish electricity production and consumption emission factors] (PDF). Energy Ministry (in Harshen Turkiyya). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  31. ↑ Harvey, Fiona (2022-02-23). "Oil and gas facilities could profit from plugging methane leaks, IEA says". The Guardian (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-06-02.
  32. ↑ "Türkye's International Energy Strategy". Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  33. ↑ "Turkey: Wind and solar saved $7 bn in 12 months". Ember (in Turanci). 2022-05-24. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
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  35. ↑ Sabadus, Aura (12 April 2021). "Turkey moves closer to hydrogen grid injections, outlines long-term roadmap". ICIS Explore (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-22.
  36. ↑ Salimi, Mohammad; Faramarzi, Davoud; Hosseinian, Seyed Hossein; Gharehpetian, Gevork B. (2020). "Replacement of natural gas with electricity to improve seismic service resilience: An application to domestic energy utilities in Iran". Energy. 200: 117509. Bibcode:2020Ene...20017509S. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.117509. S2CID 216481523.
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  39. ↑ "Turkey pushes for first Black Sea gas this quarter [Gas in Transition]". www.naturalgasworld.com. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
  40. ↑ "First new gas production from Black Sea field slated for end of October". 6 September 2022.
  41. 1 2 3 4 "Investor's Guide For Natural Gas". Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 2023-03-07. Retrieved 2025-07-30.
  42. ↑ Esau, Iain (2023-01-05). "First gas from huge Turkey project set to flow this quarter". Upstream Online (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-02-06.
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  46. 1 2 O'Byrne, David (25 April 2022). "US becomes Turkey's second biggest gas supplier, but for how long?". Al-Monitor (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-07.
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  49. ↑ "Why does Turkey pay a higher price for Russian natural gas than necessary?". Turkish Minute (in Turanci). 29 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  50. ↑ "Gas supplies from Azerbaijan's offshore Shah Deniz deposit to Turkiye to be suspended in August". Azernews (in Turanci). 2022-07-27. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  51. ↑ Yılankırkan, Nazile (30 June 2020). "Shale Gases, Potential and Impacts". Journal of Amasya University the Institute of Sciences and Technology. Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Technology, Mechatronics Engineering Department. 1 (1): 37–46.
  52. ↑ O'Byrne, David (1 Dec 2021). "New American company seeks to realize Trans-Caspian pipe dream". Eurasianet (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-12-19. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
  53. ↑ "Turkmenistan and Turkey to Collaborate on Export of Natural Gas to Europe - the Times of Central Asia". 4 March 2024.
  54. ↑ O'Byrne, David (17 March 2022). "No magic tap for Europe to replace Russian gas via Turkey". Al-Monitor (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-03-24.
  55. ↑ "Türkiye to receive 1.3 bcm of Turkmen gas in 2025, says Turkish energy minister". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2025-03-02.
  56. ↑ Roberts, John; Bowden, Julian (2022-12-12). "Europe and the Caspian: The gas supply conundrum". Atlantic Council (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  57. 1 2 Elliott, Stuart; O'Byrne, David (2021-12-09). "Egypt emerges as key LNG supplier to Turkey in Q4". S & P Global (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-12-19. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
  58. ↑ "Oman LNG Inks 10-Year Gas Supply Deal with Turkey's Botas Petroleum". www.chemanalyst.com. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  59. ↑ "Turkey signs LNG deal with US supermajor ExxonMobil placing question mark over Russian gas supplies". www.intellinews.com (in Turanci). 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  60. ↑ "Natural gas dominates home energy use in Türkiye, survey finds - [İLKHA] Ilke News Agency". ilkha.com. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
  61. ↑ "Turkey is faced with a serious energy crisis, says engineers chamber".
  62. ↑ "Hungary's new gas deal fuels Russia fears". POLITICO (in Turanci). 2024-04-02. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  63. ↑ "Slovaks Get Russian Gas Via Turkey". barrons (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-07.
  64. ↑ Siccardi, Francesco. "Understanding the Energy Drivers of Turkey's Foreign Policy".
  65. ↑ O'Byrne, David (22 November 2022). "Azerbaijan's Russian gas deal raises uncomfortable questions for Europe". Eurasianet. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  66. ↑ "Doğalgaz ve Petrol Boru Hatları Haritası" [Map of gas and oil pipelines]. Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources.
  67. ↑ "Europe's Solidarity Gas Promises Disunity". 25 April 2023.
  68. ↑ "The End of the Affair? The Transit of Russian Gas Across Ukraine". ICDS (in Turanci). 2024-12-27. Retrieved 2024-12-30.
  69. ↑ Jansen, Gerald (17 May 2021). "Russia Is Making A Comeback In This Growing Gas Market". OilPrice.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  70. ↑ "Turkey offers 'alternative' as energy hub for Europe". Hürriyet Daily News (in Turanci). 28 March 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  71. ↑ O'Byrne, David (6 May 2022). "Southeast Europe looks to Azerbaijan to replace Russian gas". Eurasianet (in Turanci). Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  72. ↑ "Regional Solutions to Regional Challenges in the Middle East?". Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies (in Turanci). 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-12-19. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
  73. ↑ "Europe wary of Turkish hub to hide gas 'made in Moscow'". euronews (in Turanci). 1 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
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