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Gas mai sanyaya a kasar Sin

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.


Manufofin yanayi na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin suna da tasiri sosai ga canjin yanayi na duniya, saboda kasar Sin ita ce mafi yawan masu fitar da iskar gas a duniya. Shirye-shiryen kasar Sin na bin burin rage fitar da carbon ya haɗa da fitar da iskar gas kafin Shekarar 2030, da kuma cimma tsaka-tsaki na carbon kafin shekara ta 2060. [1] Saboda karuwar wutar lantarki da konewar kwal, Manufofin makamashi na kasar Sin suna da alaƙa da manufofin yanayi.[2] Har ila yau akwai manufofi don daidaitawa da canjin yanayi.[3] Ding Xuexiang ya wakilci kasar Sin a Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2023 a shekarar 2023, kuma yana iya zama mai tasiri wajen saita manufofin yanayi.[4]

Manufofin cikin gida na kasar Sin galibi ana yanke shawara ne a matakin gida ko lardin, tare da wasu jagororin da gwamnatin kasa ke bayarwa.[5] Saboda haka, manufofi da ake nufi don tsara kasuwanci yawanci ana aiwatar da su ta hanyar birni ko gwamnatocin larduna.[5] Kasuwanci yana da kyakkyawar alaƙa da manufofin kasar Sin, kamar yadda mayar da hankali ga ci gaban tattalin arziki ya tsara bukatun makamashi da yawan jama'a ga amfani da birane, kuma ya buɗe ƙasar har zuwa kasuwannin duniya tun daga shekarun 1970s. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kasar Sin ta sami daidaituwa tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma magance canjin yanayi, wanda wasu ke da'awar cewa sun dogara ga tsohon.

Akwai muhawara game da nauyin tattalin arzikin kasar Sin dangane da rage sauyin yanayi da kokarin rage sauyin sauyin yanayi a kasar Sin. A shekara ta 2006, kasar Sin ta wuce Amurka a matsayin kasar da ke da mafi girman adadin hayaki na carbon dioxide (CO2). [6] Kamar yadda canjin yanayi rikici ne wanda ke shafar duniya gabaɗaya, China ta yi haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Paris da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto. Bugu da ƙari, matsayin kasar Sin a matsayin babbar iko ta duniya ya haifar da dangantaka ta musamman tare da wasu manyan iko na duniya, kamar Amurka. Wannan, a dabi'a, ya kai ga matsayinsu na yaki da rikicin yanayi, kuma ta haka ne ci gaba a cikin manufofin yanayi na Amurka ya tsaya don tsara kasar Sin.

'Yan wasan kwaikwayo da cibiyoyi

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Tun daga shekara ta , karuwar hayaki na CO a kasar Sin da sauran duniya sun rufe fitar da Amurka da Turai.[7]
Kowane mutum, Amurka tana samar da carbon dioxide da sauri fiye da sauran yankuna na farko.[7]

A cikin Shekarar 2018, kasar Sin ta kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Muhalli (MEE).  : 95 An haɗa ayyuka da yawa na Manufofin muhalli daga wasu ma'aikatu cikin MEE, gami da ayyukan MEP, manufofin yanayi a baya a ƙarƙashin NDRC, da kuma ayyukan manufofin mujalli da yawa a baya a karkashin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Gwamnatin Oceanic ta Jiha.[8] : 95 An kuma sanya shirye-shiryen cinikayya na gurbatawa da hayaki na carbon a cikin ikon MEE. : 78 A cikin shekara ta 2021, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Muhalli ta buga White Paper kan "Mayar da Canjin Yanayi: Manufofin da Ayyukan China".[9]

Farawa tare da wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa game da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto a Bali a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), tare da hadin gwiwar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kokarin rage canjin yanayi a cikin kasar Sin. Ayyukan NGO a kasar Sin an hana su ta hanyar kulawar gwamnati.[10]

Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a da Muhalli tana ƙoƙarin shawo kan manyan masu fitar da GHG, kamar masu yin ƙarfe a Hubei, don buga lambobin fitar da su.[11]

Rashin iskar gas

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Page 'Chinese national carbon trading scheme' not found

Ƙaddamar da ita ga rage hayakin iskar gas ya kasance babban karfi wajen rage farashin iska da hasken rana a duniya, wanda hakan ke taimakawa amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa don tashi a duniya. : 8 : 8 

Manufofin da suka shafi ci gaban tattalin arziki

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Ci gaba da haɓaka hayaki a ƙasa da haɓaka GDP

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Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa amfani da makamashi a mafi yawan kasashe masu tasowa yawanci ya karu da sauri fiye da GDP a farkon matakan Masana'antu, yana ga bashi na kasar Sin cewa yayin da GDP ta karu da kashi 9.5% a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru da suka gabata, hayakin CO ya karu da kusan kashi 5.4% kawai a kowace shekara, [12] [13] ma'ana cewa ƙarfin carbon (hayakin carbon ta kowace raka'a na GDP) ya ragu a wannan lokacin.

Tsakanin shekarun 2000 da shekarar 2020, hayakin CO2 na kasar Sin ya karu daga kimanin tan miliyan 3,385 (Mt) zuwa kusan 10,065 Mt, yana nuna matsakaicin ci gaban shekara-shekara na kusan 5.4%. Wannan yana nufin cewa yayin da tattalin arzikin ya fadada cikin sauri, hauhawar iskar CO2 ta kasance matsakaici, wanda ya haifar da raguwar ƙarfin carbon. Duk da wannan ci gaba, ƙarfin carbon na kasar Sin ya kasance mai girma idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashe. A cikin 2024, kasar Sin ta rage ƙarfin carbon da kashi 3.4% saboda karuwar karfin makamashi mai sabuntawa; duk da haka, wannan ya kasa burin shekara-shekara na raguwar kashi 3.9%. Kasar tana da niyyar rage ƙarfin carbon da kashi 18% tsakanin shekarun 2021 da shekarar 2025, tana ƙoƙari ta kai ga fitar da CO2 kafin 2030. Koyaya, kasar Sin kawai ta sami raguwar kashi 8% daga shekara ta 2020 zuwa shekarar 2024, wanda ya sa burin a shekarar 2025 ya zama ƙalubale don cimma.

Kasar Sin ta aiwatar da manufofi daban-daban don kara rage ƙarfin carbon da inganta ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wadannan sun hada da sanya manufofi don kara yawan hayaki na CO2 kafin shekarar 2030 da kuma cimma tsaka-tsaki na carbon kafin shekara ta 2060. Har ila yau, kasar ta saka hannun jari sosai a cikin hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa, ta zama jagora a duniya a samar da hasken rana da makamashin iska. Bugu da ƙari, kasar Sin ta kafa tsarin kasuwancin carbon na kasa don karfafa rage fitar da hayaki a fadin masana'antu daban-daban.

A taƙaice, yayin da hayakin CO2 na kasar Sin ya karu tare da saurin ci gaban tattalin arziki, ci gaban waɗannan hayakin ya kasance ƙasa da na GDP, wanda ya haifar da raguwar ƙarfin carbon. Ci gaba da kokarin aiwatarwa da karfafa manufofi da nufin rage hayaki yana da mahimmanci ga kasar Sin don cimma burinta na dogon lokaci.

Kudin da aka samu a GDP

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Aikin Binciken kudi na tarayya - 'Green GDP' - ya mayar da hankali kan asarar tattalin arziki da gurɓataccen yanayi ya haifar. An fara aikin ne a shekara ta 2004 don haɗa abubuwan da ba a lissafa su ba a baya - don farashin muhalli, amma nan da nan ya samar da sakamakon da ya fi muni fiye da yadda ake tsammani. Shirin ya tsaya a shekara ta 2007. Binciken, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2006, ya nuna cewa gurɓata muhalli a shekara ta 2004 ya haifar da asarar tattalin arziki wanda ya kai yuan biliyan 511.8, daidai da kashi 3.05% na GDP na ƙasar. Koyaya, waɗannan adadi kawai sun kama cikakken kuɗin muhalli, kamar yadda suka fi lissafa lalacewar da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen yanayi kuma sun watsar da fannoni kamar ƙarancin albarkatu da lalacewar muhalli. Sakamakon haka, kimantawa masu zaman kansu sun ba da shawarar cewa ainihin adadin tattalin arziki na iya kasancewa tsakanin 8% da 12% na GDP, yana nuna tasirin tasirin abubuwan muhalli akan ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar Sin.

Duk da fahimtar farko na aikin, ya fuskanci kalubale, gami da rikice-rikice na hanya da juriya daga kananan hukumomi da suka damu game da tasirin ma'aunin aikin tattalin arziki. Wadannan cikas sun haifar da dakatar da shirin Green GDP a cikin shekara ta 2007. Sakamakon da ya fi dacewa daga irin wannan kokarin Green GDP ya kasance cewa kokarin rage lalacewar muhalli ya kai tsada sosai ga ci gaban tattalin arziki.[14] Wasu suna ganin wannan sakamakon a matsayin alamar cewa dabi'un kasar Sin sun fi dacewa da ci gaban tattalin arziki fiye da rage raguwar albarkatun da mummunan tasirin muhalli.[15]

Kasuwancin fitarwa

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  Har ila yau, kasar Sin tana da manufofin kudaden carbon na gandun daji. Kudin carbon na gandun daji sun dogara ne akan ma'auni na ci gaban gandun daji, wanda aka canza shi zuwa ma'aunin rage fitar da carbon ta ofisoshin muhalli da gandun daji na gwamnati.[16] Masu mallakar gandun daji (waɗanda yawanci iyalan karkara ne ko ƙauyuka na karkara) suna karɓar tikitin carbon (碳票; tan piao) waɗanda ke da tsaron kasuwanci.[16]

Tattaunawa game da tsarin kasuwancin fitarwa

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Shirye-shiryen cinikayya na fitarwa sun jawo damuwa game da tasirin dabarun kasuwa kanta a matsayin ingantaccen ma'auni ga canje-canjen yanayi, da kuma sigogi da aka saita a cikin manufofin da ke shafar ikonsa a matsayin mafita ga canjin yanayi.

Annie Leonard ta ambaci asalin tattalin arziki mara daidaituwa da rashin adalci, tsarin da ba a tsara shi ba game da hannun jari na hayaki wanda ke gayyatar cin hanci da rashawa a matsayin dalilan da za su kasance masu sukar ETSs.[17] Fiye da takamaiman aiwatarwa ta kasar Sin, wasu da suka fi budewa ga kasuwa a matsayin mafita har yanzu sun sami irin waɗannan batutuwa a cikin tsarin rarrabawar kasar Sin ga manufofin yanayi wanda ya ba da damar ba da izini ga manyan masu gurbatawa da kuma ba da fifiko ga ci gaban tattalin arziki, wanda ya haifar da karin izini.[18] Irin waɗannan batutuwan na iya lalata tasirin su a matsayin mafita ga canjin yanayi. A cikin Shekara ta 2016, wasu masu bincike sun kai ga bayyana ETSs a kasar Sin a matsayin "da nisa da tsarin da ke aiki sosai".[19]

Bugu da kari bincike daban-daban sun nuna gaskiya da daidaito na ka'idoji a matsayin manyan raunana a cikin aiwatarwa na ETS na kasar Sin. Masana sun nuna cewa ba a san ma'auni ba, rahoto, da kuma tabbatarwa (MRV) a fadin larduna daban-daban sun haifar da rashin daidaituwa da rahoto na bayanan da ba a dogara da su ba, wanda ke kara tsananta matsalolin wuce gona da iri da kuma lalata tasirin muhalli da aka yi niyya. Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da gwamnatocin yankuna ke tallafawa tattalin arziki sau da yawa suna haifar da ƙarancin fitarwa, suna haifar da yanayin manufofi wanda ke raunana burin rage fitarwa gaba ɗaya. Misali, A cikin bincikensu, Zhang et al. (a shekarar 2019) sun gano bambancin da yawa a cikin dabarun rarraba alawus a fadin larduna, suna lura da yadda rashin jituwa ya haifar da bambancin tasirin kasuwa da adalci. Sun jaddada cewa ba tare da daidaitaccen tsarin ƙasa da ke magance waɗannan bambance-bambance ba, yiwuwar ETS na China na dogon lokaci ya kasance mai tambaya. Marubutan sun yi jayayya don ingantaccen shugabanci, ingantaccen kulawar ma'aikata, da kuma matakan lissafi don rage waɗannan kuskuren tsarin. Hakazalika, Lo da Cong (2017) sun soki hanyoyin tilasta bin doka da ke cikin tsarin manufofin kasar Sin, suna nuna cewa ikon cin gashin kai na yanki a cikin gudanar da ETS yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga hanyoyin da ke tattare da doka da ƙalubalen tilasta. Suna ba da shawarar ƙara tsakiya ko aƙalla hanyoyin daidaitawa na ƙasa masu ƙarfi don tabbatar da daidaito da bin manufofin muhalli, don haka haɓaka amincin kasuwa da ingancin aiki.

Babban sikelin ragewa na yanzu

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Sabbin gine-ginen gidaje a Hubei galibi suna da kayan aikin hasken ranaMasu dumama ruwan rana

Ya zuwa shekara ta , fitar da CO na kowane mutum na kasar Sin har yanzu yana da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na na Amurka.[20] Kodayake kasar Sin ta ci gaba da gina tashoshin wutar lantarki masu amfani da hayaki mai yawa, "hawan ci gaban makamashi mai sabuntawa ya fi sauri".[21]

Akwai babban sha'awa ga hasken rana a kasar Sin. Kasuwancin kasuwar duniya na masana'antun masana'antun photovoltaic na kasar Sin ya karu daga kusan 1% a shekarar 2003 zuwa 18% a shekara ta 2007, [22] tare da ɗayan manyan masana'antun kasar Sin na waɗannan na'urorin shine kamfanin hasken rana na kasar Sin Suntech. [23] Kodayake ana fitar da mafi yawan rukunin photovoltaic, ana shirye-shiryen kara karfin da aka shigar zuwa akalla 1,800 MW nan da shekarar 2020. Wasu jami'ai suna sa ran shirye-shiryen za su cika sosai, tare da ƙarfin shigarwa wanda zai iya kaiwa kusan 10,000 megawatts nan da shekarar 2020.[24]

Saboda karuwar bukatar wutar lantarki, wasu kamfanoni (Aleo Solar, Global Solar, Anwell, CMC Magnetics, da dai sauransu) sun shiga kasuwar photovoltaic, wanda ake sa ran rage farashin sel PV.[25]

An riga an yi amfani da dumama ruwan rana sosai a duk faɗin ƙasar.[26] Kasar Sin ta ba da shawarar tsarin dumama ruwan rana tare da ajiyar zafi na yanayi don magance matsalolin dumama a yankunan karkara na Arewacin China.

Har ila yau, kasar Sin ta fara aikin sake gina gandun daji na kadada miliyan 9 (36,000 km2) - Green Wall of China - wanda zai iya zama aikin muhalli mafi girma a tarihi; ana sa ran za a gama shi nan da shekara ta 2050 a farashin har zuwa dala biliyan 8. 

Kasuwanci da aka bayar da gudummawa daga kasashe masu yawa a kasar Sin

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Jami'an kasar Sin sun yi iƙirarin cewa suna yin abubuwa da yawa waɗanda galibi ba a ganuwa, musamman ga ƙasar da ta fi girma, mai yawan jama'a, kuma (rurally) ba ta da tasowa kamar yadda take. Amma yin aiki da hakan, kuma ba a ganuwa ba, shine rawar da kamfanoni masu yawa ke takawa a kasar Sin wajen ba da gudummawa ga hayakin ta. An kiyasta cewa tun daga shekara ta , kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu (23%) na hayakin CO na kasar Sin suna fitowa ne daga samfuran da aka yi wa kasar Sin da aka ƙaddara don Yamma, suna ba da hangen nesa mai ban sha'awa game da babban kasuwancin kasar Sin. Wani binciken ya nuna cewa kusan 1/3 fitarwa daga China a 2005 saboda fitarwa ne.[27] Fiye da rabin waɗannan hayakin da ake buƙata daga Yammaci sun fito ne daga ƙasashe masu amfani da manufofin ci gaban kasar Sin da ke tallafawa masana'antu masu nauyi a kan yankuna da ke da dokokin muhalli da aiwatarwa. Wannan ya haɗa da yawancin masu samar da Walmart da sauran masana'antun mallakar kasashen waje waɗanda ke sayar da ɗakunan ajiya, musamman a Amurka.[28]

Kasar Sin ta karfafa kiranta na hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa don akalla wani ɓangare na hayaki na kasar Sin, ta hanyar bayyana jama'a, a watan Janairun shekarar 2008, Multinationals sun aikata laifuffuka 130 na dokar muhalli ta kasar Sin.[29]

Ba kamar takwarorinsu a wasu ƙasashe da yawa ba, yawancin masu tafiya na kasar Sin sun zaɓi kekunan lantarki da babura na lantarki, maimakon motoci tare da injunan konewa na ciki

Haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa

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  1. ↑ Prater, Hongqiao Liu, Simon Evans, Zizhu Zhang, Wanyuan Song, Xiaoying You, Joe Goodman, Tom (2023-11-30). "The Carbon Brief Profile: China". Carbon Brief (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-01-15.
  2. ↑ Tsang, Lauri Myllyvirta, Byford (2024-01-22). "China Pledged to 'Strictly Control' Coal. The Opposite Happened". Foreign Policy (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-01-15.
  3. ↑ "24: Adaptation". Guide to Chinese Climate Policy (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-01-15.
  4. ↑ "Do Vice-Premier Ding Xuexiang's COP28 talks signal new climate role?". South China Morning Post (in Turanci). 2023-04-20. Retrieved 2024-01-15.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Wang, XiaoHu; Jing, Yijia; Xu, Jingyuan; Cui, Jing; Du, Juan; Guo, Jia; Guo, Lei; Hsieh, Chih-Wei; Liu, Peng; Tong, Yijing; Tu, Wenyan; Yang, Fan; Yang, Lihua; Zang, Leizhen; Zhang, Ping (2024-06-01). "Understanding policy implementation capacity in China". Global Public Policy and Governance (in Turanci). 4 (2): 105–112. doi:10.1007/s43508-024-00095-4. ISSN 2730-6305.
  6. ↑ "China now no. 1 in CO2 emissions; USA in second position". Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. 2010-08-31. Archived from the original on October 3, 2008. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Friedlingstein et al. 2019, Table 7.
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :322
  9. ↑ "Full Text: Responding to Climate Change: China's Policies and Actions". Xinhua News (in Dan Kabilar Latin). 2021-10-27. Archived from the original on 2024-01-18. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  10. ↑ Schröder, Miriam; Melanie Müller (2009). "Chinese paths to climate protection". Development and Cooperation. Frankfurt am Main: Societäts-Verlag. 36 (1): 28–30. Archived from the original on 2010-12-18.
  11. ↑ Lushan, Huang (2023-01-04). "From smog to carbon: Chinese NGOs in transition". China Dialogue (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-01-17.
  12. ↑ "China's Climate Change Challenge Is Also the World's". Archived from the original on 2020-03-14. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
  13. ↑ Zeng, N.; Ding, Y.; Pan, J.; Wang, H.; Gregg, J. (2008). "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: Climate Change-the Chinese Challenge". Science. 319 (5864): 730–731. doi:10.1126/science.1153368. PMID 18258882. S2CID 206510567. Archived from the original on 2009-03-10. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
  14. ↑ Chi, Ying F.; Rauch, Jason N. (2010). "The Plight of Green GDP in China" (in Turanci) (3): 102–116. doi:10.7916/D8FX794J. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ↑ Li, Vic; Lang, Graeme (2010-02-01). "China's "Green GDP" Experiment and the Struggle for Ecological Modernisation". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 40 (1): 44–62. doi:10.1080/00472330903270346. ISSN 0047-2336.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :023
  17. ↑ "The Story of Cap & Trade". Story of Stuff (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-07.
  18. ↑ Xiong, Ling; Shen, Bo; Qi, Shaozhou; Price, Lynn (2015-08-01). "Assessment of Allowance Mechanismin China's Carbon Trading Pilots". Energy Procedia. Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015). 75: 2510–2515. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.249. ISSN 1876-6102.
  19. ↑ Jiang, Jingjing; Xie, Dejun; Ye, Bin; Shen, Bo; Chen, Zhanming (2016-09-15). "Research on China's cap-and-trade carbon emission trading scheme: Overview and outlook". Applied Energy. 178: 902–917. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.100. ISSN 0306-2619.
  20. ↑ Zeng, N.; Ding, Y.; Pan, J.; Wang, H.; Gregg, J. (2008). "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: Climate Change-the Chinese Challenge". Science. 319 (5864): 730–731. doi:10.1126/science.1153368. PMID 18258882. S2CID 206510567. Archived from the original on 2009-03-10. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
  21. ↑ "China's Climate Change Challenge Is Also the World's". Archived from the original on 2020-03-14. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
  22. ↑ Dorn, Jonathan G. "Solar Cell Production Jumps 50 Percent in 2007". Earth Policy Institute. Archived from the original on 2008-05-29. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
  23. ↑ "China special: The solar power king". New Scientist.com. 2007-11-07. Archived from the original on 2008-10-05. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
  24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named reu20090505
  25. ↑ "Anwell Produces its First Thin Film Solar Panel". Solarbuzz. 2009-09-07.
  26. ↑ Biello, David (2008-08-04). "China's Big Push for Renewable Energy". SciAm. Archived from the original on 2020-04-27. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
  27. ↑ "33% of China's Carbon Footprint Blamed on Exports". ABC News Abcnews.go.com. 2008-07-29. Archived from the original on 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
  28. ↑ Jim WatsonWang Tao (2007-12-20). "Is the west to blame for China's emissions?". Chinadialogue.net. Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
  29. ↑ "Environmental Protection Agency announced the 130 multinational corporations environmental". www.zhb.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2010-12-11.

Kasar Sin ta kasance cikin tattaunawa da kasashe da yawa game da ci gaba da fitar da iskar gas, tare da kokarin da take yi na bin manufofin fitar da isar gas. Dangantaka tsakanin wakilin yanayi na Amurka John Kerry da wakilin yanayi ya kasar Sin Xie Zhenhua sun ba da damar inganta hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen biyu. A cikin shekara ta 2023 Amurka da China sun yi yarjejeniya don yin aiki don cimma nasarori da yawa da ake nufi don rage tasirin rikicin yanayi, gami da inganta samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa, kare gandun daji, da rage hayakin gas.

Kasar Sin ta kasance mai halartar sau da yawa a cikin yarjejeniyar yanayi da ake nufi don inganta raguwar hayaki mai guba, gami da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto da Yarjejeniya ta Paris, kodayake ba a tilasta mata bin ta hanyar cimma burin da aka gabatar ta hanyar yarjejeniyar da aka ba ta.[1] Koyaya, biyo bayan Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen a cikin shekara ta 2009, kasar Sin ta kasance ƙarƙashin zargi na duniya daga masu gwagwarmayar yanayi saboda ƙoƙarin yin amfani da waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi zuwa yanayin da ya fi dacewa ga masana'antar kwal, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a tasirin tattalin arzikin kasar Sin.

Saboda tasirin musanta canjin yanayi a siyasar Amurka, wanda ya haifar da Shugaba Donald Trump ya fice daga Yarjejeniyar Paris, an sami wasu hasashe cewa China za ta dauki matsayin Amurka a matsayin babban mai aiwatar da jagororin yarjejeniyar yanayi.[2] Kasar Sin ta ba da tallafin dala biliyan 3.1 ga Kasashe masu tasowa, don karfafa kokarin su na aiwatar da burin fitar da carbon, yana nuna sha'awar samun ƙarin tasiri tsakanin kasashe masu ci gaba da kuma yanayin yanayi.[3]

Halin gwamnatin Biden game da manufofin yanayi na kasar Sin

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A karkashin gwamnatin Biden tana kallon canjin yanayi a matsayin fifiko na tsaro na kasa, wanda ya jagoranci Amurka ta sake shiga Yarjejeniyar Paris a watan Janairun shekarar 2021 kuma ta nada John Kerry a matsayin Wakilin Shugaban kasa na Musamman na Yanayi. Koyaya, gwamnatin ta nuna shakku game da jajircewar China ga hadin kan yanayi, musamman ta soki Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Duk da yake kasar Sin ita ce babbar mai saka hannun jari a duniya a cikin makamashi mai sabuntawa a cikin gida, tsakanin shekara ta 2014 da shekarar 2017, kusan kashi 91% na rance na bangarorin makamashi na kasar Sin ga kasashen BRI sun kasance don ayyukan man fetur. A cikin shekarar 2018 kadai, ayyukan kwal sun kai kashi 40% na waɗannan rance na bangaren makamashi. A shekara ta 2016, kasar Sin ta shiga cikin gina kimanin masana'antun kwal 240 a cikin kasashe masu haɗin gwiwar BRI, adadin da mai yiwuwa ya karu tun daga lokacin. Sakamakon haka, gwamnatin Biden ta bayyana wadannan saka hannun jari a matsayin masu cutarwa ga muhalli da kuma tattalin arziki "greenwashing".

Tattaunawa

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Hamayya daga jami'an lardin da na gida

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Jami'ai a Beijing sun ambaci cin zarafin da kamfanonin kasar Sin suka yi - a wannan yanayin, don kwatanta girman aikin da ke gaban su wajen samun bin ka'idojin muhalli wanda suke ganin yana ci gaba sosai. An ba da alhakin jami'an yanki da na gida don tura kamfanoni don karɓar waɗannan matakan tsari.

Ko da yake an ba wa gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi ko na yanki alhakin aiwatar da ƙa'idodin muhalli, aiwatar da aiwatarwa yana da haske sosai.[1] Misali, a shekarar 2006, firaministan kasar Wen Jiabao ya ba da gargadi ga jami'an kasar da su rufe wasu masana'antun da ke cikin masana'antu masu karfin makamashi, tare da sanya a kalla masana'antu shida don rage gudu. A shekara mai zuwa, waɗancan masana'antu iri ɗaya sun sanya haɓakar 20.6% a cikin fitarwa.[2] Har ila yau, a shekarar 2006, gwamnatin kasar ta fara haramta saren itatuwa a wasu wurare, domin fadada ayyukanta na kare dazuzzukan, tare da takaita girman birane da wuraren wasan golf, domin a kara amfani da filaye. Amma duk da haka da yawa daga cikin jami'an yankin da ke da alhakin aiwatar da sabbin dokokin da gaske sun yi watsi da su. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need][4].[5].[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Rashin bin doka ya kasance a wani bangare saboda kananan hukumomi yanzu suna da wani bangare na kudade wanda ba su da alaƙa da gwamnatin tsakiya, kuma suna motsawa don kare waɗancan hanyoyin samar da kudade waɗanda ke gurɓata, amma gurɓata riba.[6]

A sakamakon haka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Jiha ta kasar Sin ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi amfani da bankunan cikin gida a matsayin hanyar hana kamfanoni daga ayyukan carbon mai yawa, wanda ya haifar da wasu gazawar da ba a tsammani ba. Yawancin kananan hukumomi da suka aiwatar da manufofin 'Green Credit' a hukumance na ba da rance kawai ga kamfanoni masu ayyukan kore suna ci gaba da kare kamfanonin gurɓataccen da ke da riba, kuma bankunan a wasu larduna har yanzu ba su yi amfani da manufofin ba.[7]

Ci gaban tattalin arziki

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Shugabannin kasar Sin sun damu da cewa kasar Sin za ta kawo karshen fama da raguwa a ci gaban tattalin arziki wanda zai haifar da "rashin aikin yi da tashin hankali na zamantakewa". Wasu masana tattalin arziki sun kiyasta cewa ƙarshen 2030 don rage fitar da carbon na iya haifar da raguwar kashi 2% a cikin GDP.[8] Bugu da ƙari, ana sa ran ƙimar fitar da carbon mai ƙarfi za ta cutar da kamfanonin mallakar kasar Sin da na kasashen waje a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, kodayake daidaitawa da waɗannan manufofi har yanzu na iya haifar da ci gaba a nan gaba.[9]

Hakki na Duniya da Tarihin Tarihi

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Jami'an kasar Sin suna jayayya cewa kasar Sin tana ba da gudummawa ga dumamar yanayi na tsawon shekaru 30 kawai, yayin da kasashe masu tasowa ke yin hakan tsawon shekaru 200. Bugu da ƙari, matakai na farko na gurɓataccen masana'antu na iya ba da gudummawa ga abin da China ke gani a matsayin rashin daidaituwa na iko, musamman tsakanin Amurka da China, [10] saboda haka yawancin jami'an kasar Sin suna ganin ragewar dumamar duniya a matsayin haifar da nauyin tattalin arziki wanda ke jinkirta tattalin arzikinta kuma ya kara tsananta daidaiton iko.

Jami'an kasar Sin sun nuna cewa mafi girman hayaki ga kowane mutum ya daɗe kuma har yanzu yana cikin Kasashe masu tasowa, ba a kasar Sin ba. Saboda haka, jami'an kasar Sin sun nace cewa ya kamata kasashe masu tasowa su dauki nauyin da aka kashe a duniya don juyar da hayaki na duniya, daidai da ka'idar mai gurbatawa.

Wakilin yanayi na kasar Sin Xie Zhenhua ya jaddada matsayin kasar Sin cewa kasashe masu arziki suna da alhakin da ya fi girma game da canjin yanayi fiye da kasar Sin, kodayake kasar Sin ta kasance babbar mai fitar da carbon a duniya tun shekara ta 2006. Jawabinsa a taron yanayi na 2010 a Afirka ta Kudu ya nuna wannan matsayin kasar Sin: [11][12]Samfuri:China topicsA matsayinta na memba na UNFCCC, kasar Sin ta shiga cikin tarurruka da yawa da aka yi niyyar aiwatar da ƙuduri game da rage hayakin gas. Koyaya, kasar Sin ta sanya hannu ba tare da Annex I ba, ma'ana ba a tilasta wa al'ummar cika burin ragewa ba.[13] Tanadin da kasar Sin ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ba tare da yin alkawari ba shine tanadin da aka ba wa dukkan masu sa hannu a kasashe masu tasowa.[14]

Shirin Shekaru biyar na goma sha huɗu na kasar Sin shine Shirin Shekara biyar na farko don tsara manufofin yanayi na kasar Sin.[15] Shirin Musamman na Canjin Yanayi, wanda aka haɗa shi a cikin Shirin Shekaru biyar na goma sha huɗu, yana jaddada tsarin birane na muhalli, gami da hanyoyin kamar zoben kore na birane, sufuri na jama'a, da hanyoyin keke da hanyoyin tafiya. : 114 : 114 

A watan Oktoban shekarar 2021, kasar Sin ta ba da sanarwar shirin 1 + N, wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da tsarin kasar game da manufofin yanayi na shekarun tsakanin shekara ta 2021 da shekarar 2029, gami da niyyar maye gurbin kwal ko makamashin burbushin halittu don hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai tsabta, kamar sabuntawa ko makamashin nukiliya.[16] Shirin ya hada da tanadi don inganta hanyoyin low-carbon don samar da makamashi da masana'antu, don samun karfin carbon na kasar kafin shekarar 2030. Wannan shirin yana mai da hankali kan tushen makamashi mai tsabta da samar da ƙananan carbon, wanda ake nufi da tura kasar zuwa cimma matsaya ta carbon ta hanyar a shekarar 2060. [16]

Dubi kuma

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  • Bayar da canjin yanayi na baya-bayan nan
  • Belt da Hanyar Hadin Gizo ta Duniya Green Development Coalition
  • Canjin yanayi a kasar Sin
  • Dongtan, birni na muhalli na kasar Sin
  • Manufofin makamashi na kasar Sin
  • Ci gaban kore a kasar Sin
  • Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar hayakin carbon dioxide

Manazarta

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Samfuri:China topics

Ayyukan da aka ambata

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  1. ↑ "Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". unfccc.int. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
  2. ↑ Shen, Wei; Xie, Lei (2018-11-02). "Can China lead in multilateral environmental negotiations? Internal politics, self-depiction, and China's contribution in climate change regime and Mekong governance". Eurasian Geography and Economics. 59 (5–6): 708–32. doi:10.1080/15387216.2019.1586557. ISSN 1538-7216 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  3. ↑ "The South Centre | China's boost to South-South cooperation". www.southcentre.int. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
  4. ↑ Cai, Zhongyao; Ding, Xuhui; Zhou, Ziqian; Han, Aixi; Yu, Siqi; Yang, Xinyu; Jiang, Ping (2025-01-01). "Fiscal decentralization's impact on carbon emissions and its interactions with environmental regulations, economic development, and industrialization: Evidence from 288 cities in China". Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 110: 107681. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2024.107681. ISSN 0195-9255.
  5. ↑ "Toxic cost of China' success". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2015-01-07.
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named China special: The solar power king
  7. ↑ "China green credit 'meets resistance'". Chinadialogue.net. 2008-02-13. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
  8. ↑ Hübler, Michael; Voigt, Sebastian; Löschel, Andreas (2014-12-01). "Designing an emissions trading scheme for China—An up-to-date climate policy assessment". Energy Policy. 75: 57–72. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2014.02.019. ISSN 0301-4215.
  9. ↑ Chen, Xiaohui; Chen, Wen; Hu, Tao; Yang, Bo; Zeng, Jianguang (2023-08-17). "Regional carbon efficiency and corporate cash holdings: evidence from China". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (in Turanci). 10 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1057/s41599-023-01992-5. ISSN 2662-9992.
  10. ↑ Pata, Ugur Korkut (20 August 2024). "Decarbonization efforts under the energy and climate policy uncertainties: a comparison between the USA and China". Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy (in Turanci). doi:10.1007/s10098-024-02992-y. ISSN 1618-9558. Retrieved 9 May 2025.
  11. ↑ Waarlo, Niels (2021-11-04). "Westerse landen moeten in de spiegel kijken, vindt de man achter China's klimaatambities". de Volkskrant (in Holanci). Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  12. ↑ Li, Jane (27 October 2021). "China's Xie Zhenhua is the most important person attending COP26". Quartz (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  13. ↑ Pauw, Pieter; Mbeva, Kennedy; van Asselt, Harro (2019-07-30). "Subtle differentiation of countries' responsibilities under the Paris Agreement". Palgrave Communications (in Turanci). 5 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1057/s41599-019-0298-6. ISSN 2055-1045.
  14. ↑ Zeng, N.; Ding, Y.; Pan, J.; Wang, H.; Gregg, J. (2008). "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: Climate Change-the Chinese Challenge". Science. 319 (5864): 730–731. doi:10.1126/science.1153368. PMID 18258882. S2CID 206510567. Archived from the original on 2009-03-10. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
  15. ↑ Liu, Hongqiao; Evans, Simon; Zizhu, Zhang; Song, Wanyuan; You, Xiaoying (2023-11-30). "The Carbon Brief Profile: China". Carbon Brief (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-12-21.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 马娟. "国务院关于印发2030年前碳达峰行动方案的通知_环境监测、保护与治理_中国政府网". www.gov.cn. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
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