Gaskiya Serum
 Gaskiya Serum | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
psychoactive drug (en)  |
| Amfani |
narcoanalysis (en) |
"Seri na Gaskiya" sunan magana ne ga kowane nau'in magungunan psychoactive da aka yi amfani da su a kokarin samun bayanai daga batutuwan da ba su iya ko ba su so su samar da shi ba. Wadannan sun hada da ethanol, Scopolamine, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, Midzolam, flunitrazepam, sodium thiopental, da amobarbital, da sauransu.
Kodayake an gwada irin waɗannan abubuwa iri-iri, an gabatar da batutuwa masu tsanani game da amfani da su a kimiyya, da ɗabi'a, da kuma doka. A halin yanzu babu wani magani da aka tabbatar don haifar da ingantaccen ko ingantaccen faɗar gaskiya. Batutuwan da aka yi tambaya a ƙarƙashin tasirin irin waɗannan abubuwa an gano su da ban sha'awa kuma tunaninsu yana ƙarƙashin sake ginawa da ƙirƙirawa. Duk da yake an yi amfani da irin waɗannan magunguna yayin binciken shari'o'in farar hula da na laifi, tsarin shari'a na Yamma da masana shari'a ba su yarda da su ba a matsayin kayan aikin bincike na gaskiya.[1] A Amurka, an ba da shawarar cewa amfani da su yana iya keta Kwaskwarimar Biyar ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka (dama na yin shiru).[2] An kuma gabatar da damuwa ta hanyar Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai, suna jayayya cewa amfani da serum na gaskiya za a iya la'akari da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na kasancewa da 'yanci daga lalacewa, ko kuma ana iya la'antar da shi a matsayin nau'in azabtarwa, kuma an lura da shi a matsayinsa na keta Yarjejeniyar Amurka don hanawa da azabtarwa.[3][4]
An yi amfani da "Seri na Gaskiya" a baya a cikin kula da marasa lafiya a cikin aikin psychiatry. A cikin yanayin warkewa, ana kiran gudanar da sarrafa magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa na intravenous "narcosynthesis" ko "narcoanalysis". Dokta William Bleckwenn ne ya fara rubuta irin wannan aikace-aikacen. Amincewa da shawarwari na marasa lafiya damuwa ne, kuma aikin haifar da yanayin tunani ba tare da son rai ba yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'in azabtarwa.
Abubuwan sunadarai masu aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sedatives ko hypnotics waɗanda ke canza aikin fahimta mafi girma sun haɗa da ethanol, Scopolamine, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, mai ƙarfi gajere ko matsakaici na hypnotic benzodiazepines kamar Midzolam, flunitrazepam, da kuma wasu gajeren aiki barbiturates, gami da sodium thiopental (wanda aka fi sani da sunan Pentothal) da amobarbital (wanda aka sani da sodium amytal). [5][1]
Amincewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da yake akwai nazarin asibiti da yawa game da ingancin narcoanalysis a cikin tambayoyi ko gano karya, akwai jayayya ko wani daga cikinsu ya cancanci zama binciken bazuwar, wanda aka sarrafa, wanda zai cika ka'idodin kimiyya don tantance tasiri.[6][7]
Amfani da ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Indiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban Ofishin Bincike na Indiya ya yi amfani da barbiturates na intravenous don yin tambayoyi, sau da yawa a cikin manyan shari'o'i.[1] Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan shari'ar ita ce tambayar Ajmal Kasab, ɗan ta'adda kaɗai da 'yan sanda suka kama da rai a cikin Hare-haren 2008 a Mumbai, Indiya. Kasab ya kasance dan bindiga ne 'Yan Pakistan kuma memba ne na kungiyar ta'addanci ta Lashkar-e-Taiba . [8] A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2010, an sami Kasab da laifin aikata laifuka 80, ciki har da kisan kai, yaƙi da Indiya, mallakar fashewa, da sauran tuhume-tuhumen. A ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2010, kotun shari'a ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa a kan laifuka huɗu da kuma hukuncin rai da rai a kan laphuka biyar.
Babban Ofishin Bincike ya kuma gudanar da wannan gwajin a kan Krishna, babban shaida kuma wanda ake zargi a cikin babban shari'ar kisan gillar Aarushi-Hemraj ta 2008 don neman ƙarin bayani daga Krishna da kuma tantance amincinsa a matsayin shaida tare da mahimman bayanai, duk da haka ba a san hukumomin bincike ba. Bisa ga kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban da ba a tabbatar da su ba, Krishna ya yi iƙirarin cewa Hemraj (wanda ake zargi da farko) ba shi da laifi game da kisan Aarushi, yana mai cewa ya [Hemraj] "yi bi da Aarushi kamar 'yarsa".
A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2010 Alkalin Kotun Koli Balasubramaniam a cikin shari'ar "Smt. Selvi vs. Jihar Karnataka" ya yanke hukuncin cewa za a ba da izinin gwajin narcoanalysis, polygraph, da Taswirar kwakwalwa tare da yardar wanda ake tuhuma. Alkalin ya ce: "Muna da ra'ayi da aka yi la'akari da cewa babu wani mutum da za a iya tilasta shi kuma a miƙa shi ga irin waɗannan dabarun ba tare da son rai ba, kuma ta hanyar yin hakan ya zama shigar da 'yanci na mutum ba. "
A Gujarat, Babban Kotun Madhya Pradesh ta ba da izinin nazarin miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin binciken kisan da ya faru a watan Mayu 2010. An gano Jhurjhura Tigress a filin shakatawa na Bandhavgarh, mahaifiyar 'ya'ya uku, ta mutu sakamakon abin hawa ya buge ta. Wani Kwamitin Musamman ya nemi gwajin narcoanalysis na mutane huɗu, daya daga cikinsu ya ki yarda bisa la'akari da yiwuwar rikitarwa bayan gwajin.
USSR
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 2004, Novaya Gazeta, tare da ambaton Janar Oleg Kalugin na KGB, ya buga wata kasida da ta ce tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1980s Daraktoci Na farko da na biyu na KGB sun yi amfani da, a lokuta na musamman kuma galibi a kan 'yan kasashen waje, wani abu mai narkewa mara ƙanshi, mara launi, kuma mara ɗanɗano mai suna SP-117, ingantaccen magaji ga irin waɗannan magungunan da KGB ta yi amfani da su a baya, wanda ya yi tasiri wajen rasa ikon sarrafa kansa minti 15 bayan cin abinci. Mafi mahimmanci, mutumin da za a ba shi, a jere, sassa biyu na miyagun ƙwayoyi, watau duka "magani" da "magani", ba za su tuna abin da ya faru a tsakanin kuma su ji daga baya kamar dai ya yi barci kwatsam, hanyar da ta fi dacewa don gudanar da "maganin" a cikin abin sha mai barasa, saboda hakan zai zama bayani mai yiwuwa game da farawar bacci[9]
Sauran rahotanni sun bayyana cewa SP-117 wani nau'i ne kawai na barasa da ake nufi da a kara shi ga abin sha mai barasa kamar champagne.[10]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 Rinde, Meir (2015). "Stranger than fiction". Distillations. 1 (4): 16–23. Retrieved 22 March 2018. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Rinde" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Annotation 9 - Fifth Amendment". Find.Law. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
- ↑ Keller, Linda M. (2005). "Is Truth Serum Torture?". Ame Rican University International Law Review. 20 (3): 521–612. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ↑ "The Legal Prohibition Against Torture". Human Rights Watch. June 1, 2004.
- ↑ "Barbiturates". Encyclopedia of Surgery. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
- ↑ There is some controversy to this point; see IJME debate in Jesani, Amar (Oct–Dec 2006). "Medical professionals and interrogation: lies about finding the 'truth'". Indian Journal of Medical Ethics (Editorial). Mumbai. 3 (4): 116. Archived from the original on 2009-06-11.
A PubMed search found 26 references from 1997 to 2001 (or 5.2 publications per year), but in less than five years (2002 to July 2006) the number has more than tripled to 83 or 16.6 publications per year. Many of these are randomised controlled trials.
and Jesani, Amar (Jan–Mar 2007). "Misconceptions about narco analysis". Indian Journal of Medical Ethics (Editorial reply). Mumbai. 4 (1): 7–8, discussion 10–1. PMID 18630211. Archived from the original on 2013-07-30.It is true that the number of research publications on lie detection has tripled during 2002-2006. But no material has been produced that can be described as randomised controlled trials.
- ↑ A simple search: Misquitta, Neville (28 Feb 2011). "Narcoanalysis - spies, lies and truth serum". Psychiatry and Society in Pune (blog). Retrieved 12 Mar 2013.
A PubMed search using the MeSH term 'narcotherapy' gives just two articles in the last ten years. There are no randomised control studies - the scientific standard - to demonstrate the reproducibility of results obtained by narcoanalysis for information gathering, abreaction, or lie detection.
- ↑ "CRIMINAL APPEAL NOS.1899-1900 OF 2011" (PDF). Supreme Court of India. 29 August 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
- ↑ РЫБКИНУ ДАЛИ СП-117? Novaya Gazeta, 15 February 2004.
- ↑ "Russia's Lab X: poison factory that helped silence Soviets' critics". the Guardian (in Turanci). 9 March 2018.