Gaskiya ta Shari'a

Gaskiya ta Shari'a
Makarantar tunani da legal theory (en)
Bayanai
Karatun ta	Falsafa Na shari'a
Hannun riga da	legal formalism (en)

Gaskiyar shari'a wata hanya ce na halitta ga doka; ra'ayi ne cewa shari'a ya kamata ta yi koyi da hanyoyin kimiyyar halitta; wato, ya kamata ya dogara da shaidar kwarewa. Dole ne a gwada Ra'ayoyi akan abubuwan da aka lura da duniya.  

Masu hakikanin shari'a sun yi imanin cewa kimiyyar shari'a ya kamata kawai bincika doka tare da hanyoyin da ba su da darajar kimiyyar halitta, maimakon ta hanyar binciken falsafa game da yanayin da ma'anar doka waɗanda suka bambanta da doka kamar yadda ake yi a zahiri. Lalle ne, gaskiyar shari'a ta tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya raba doka daga aikace-aikacenta ba, kuma ba za a taɓa fahimtar ta a waje da aikace-aikacen ta ba. Saboda haka, gaskiyar shari'a tana jaddada doka kamar yadda take, maimakon doka kamar yadda ya kamata ta kasance. Samun ma'anar doka a wurare kamar ra'ayoyin shari'a da alƙalai suka bayar da kuma girmamawa ko watsi da abin da ya gabata da kuma koyarwar stare decisis, yana jaddada muhimmancin fahimtar abubuwan da ke cikin yanke shawara na shari'a.

A Scandinavia Axel Hägerström ya haɓaka wata al'ada ta ainihi wacce ta kasance mai tasiri a cikin ƙwararrun shari'o'in Turai don mafi yawan karni na 20.

Gaskiyar shari'a tana da alaƙa da shari'ar Amurka a cikin shekarun 1920 da 1930, musamman tsakanin alƙalai na tarayya da lauyoyi a cikin Gwamnatin Roosevelt. Shahararrun lauyoyi da ke da alaƙa da gaskiyar shari'a sun haɗa da Felix Cohen, Morris Cohen, Arthur Corbin, Walter Wheeler Cook, Robert Hale, Wesley Hohfeld, Karl Llewellyn, Underhill Moore, Herman Oliphant da Warren Seavey, da yawa daga cikinsu suna da alaƙa ne da Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale. Kamar yadda Keith Bybee ya yi jayayya, "gaskiya ta shari'a ta fallasa rawar da siyasa ke takawa a cikin yanke shawara na shari'a kuma, a yin hakan, ya yi tambaya game da ƙoƙarin da aka yi na al'ada don kafa ikon shari'a a kan tushe mai ɗorewa, marar son kai. " Masanan shari'a na zamani da ke aiki a cikin al'adar Shari'a da Al'a sun fadada kan tushe da aka kafa ta hanyar gaskiyar shari'a don tabbatar da abin da ake kira sabon gaskiyar shari'a.

A matsayin nau'i na shari'a, ana bayyana gaskiyar shari'a ta hanyar mayar da hankali ga doka kamar yadda yake a zahiri a aikace, maimakon yadda yake a cikin littattafai. Don wannan dalili, ya fi damuwa da ayyukan alƙalai da abubuwan da suka rinjayi hanyoyin yanke shawara na shari'a. Kamar yadda Karl Llewellyn ya yi jayayya, "[b]a cikin yanke shawara suna tsayawa alƙalai; alƙalai maza ne; kamar yadda maza suke da asalin ɗan adam. " Dokar, sabili da haka, ba ta wanzu a cikin wani yanki na ka'idoji ko ka'idojin ka'idojoji, amma ba za a iya raba ta da aikin ɗan adam da ikon alƙalai don ƙayyade doka ba. Don fahimtar yanke shawara da ayyukan 'yan wasan shari'a, masu hakikanin shari'a sun juya ga ra'ayoyin kimiyyar zamantakewa don fahimtar halayyar ɗan adam da alaƙar da ta ƙare a cikin sakamakon shari'a.

Masu gabatarwa

Kodayake yunkurin hakikanin shari'a na Amurka ya fara fitowa a matsayin karfi mai karfi a cikin shekarun 1920, ya jawo hankalin masu tunani da yawa da suka gabata kuma manyan al'adu sun rinjayi shi. A farkon shekarun karni na ashirin, masu tunani kamar Roscoe Pound, John Chipman Gray, da Benjamin Cardozo sun soki hanyoyin da suka dace da doka. Masana falsafa irin su John Dewey sun riƙe kimiyya mai mahimmanci a matsayin abin koyi na duk binciken basira, kuma sun yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a ga doka a matsayin kayan aiki mai amfani don inganta jin daɗin ɗan adam. A waje da mulkin doka, a fannoni kamar tattalin arziki da tarihi, akwai "tawaye da tsari," martani don tallafawa hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa na yin falsafar da kimiyyar ɗan adam. Amma mafi mahimmancin tasirin ilimi a kan masu hakikanin shari'a shine tunanin lauyan Amurka da Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.