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Kisan kare dangi a Gaza

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
(an turo daga Gaza genocide)
Infotaula d'esdevenimentKisan kare dangi a Gaza

Iri Kisan kiyashi
humanitarian crisis (en) Fassara
Bangare na Yaƙin Gaza
Kwanan watan 7 Oktoba 2023 –
Wuri Zirin Gaza
Ƙasa State of Palestine, Israeli-occupied territories (en) Fassara da Israel and The Occupied Territories (en) Fassara
Nufi Falasdinawa
Wanda ya rutsa da su Falasdinawa
Adadin waɗanda suka rasu 64,260
Perpetrator (en) Fassara Isra'ila

Kisan kare dangi na Gaza shine kisan kare dangi da ake yi a yankin Gaza da Isra'ila ta aikata da gangan, kuma mai tsari, [1] wanda Isra'ila ta aikata a lokacin yakin Gaza . Ya kunshi kisan gilla, yunwa da gangan, haifar da mummunan rauni ga jiki da kwakwalwa, da kuma hana haihuwa . Sauran ayyukan sun hada da toshe hanyoyin, lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa na farar hula, lalata cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, kashe ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da masu neman agaji, haifar da tilastawa mutane yin hijira, aikata cin zarafin mata, da lalata wuraren ilimi, addini, da al'adu. [2] Kwamitin musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kwamitin bincike, [2] Kungiyar Masana Kisan Kare Dan Adam ta Duniya, [3] kungiyoyi da dama na kare hakkin dan adam, [ d ] nazarin kisan kare dangi da dama da masana dokokin kasa da kasa, da sauran kwararru.

Ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2025, an kashe akalla mutane 70,117 a Gaza. [4] Yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa fararen hula ne, [5] [6] kuma kusan kashi 50% mata ne da yara . [7] [8] Idan aka kwatanta da sauran rikice-rikicen duniya na baya-bayan nan, adadin wadanda suka mutu a 'yan jarida, ma'aikatan agaji da na lafiya, da yara suna cikin wadanda suka fi yawa. Ana kyautata zaton dubban gawawwakin da ba a kirga ba suna karkashin baraguzan gine-gine da suka lalace. [6] [9] Wani bincike da aka yi a mujallar likitanci ta The Lancet ya kiyasta cewa mutuwar raunukan da suka mutu ba ta kai yawan wadanda suka mutu ba kafin watan Yunin 2024, yayin da aka lura da adadin wadanda suka mutu idan aka hada da mutuwar "ba a kaikaice". [10] Adadin wadanda suka jikkata ya fi 171,000. [11] Gaza tana da mafi yawan yara da aka yanke wa hannu a kowane mutum a duniya; Yaƙin Gaza ya sa yara sama da 21,000 suka nakasa .

Toshewar da Isra'ila ta yi ya taimaka wajen haifar da yunwa da kuma yunwar da aka tabbatar . Ya zuwa watan Agusta na 2025, an yi hasashen cewa kimanin mutane 641,000 ne ke fuskantar mummunan yanayi na rashin abinci kuma "adadin mutanen da ke fuskantar matakan gaggawa zai iya karuwa zuwa miliyan 1.14". [1] [1] A farkon rikicin, Isra'ila ta katse ruwan Gaza da wutar lantarki, amma daga baya ta gyara ruwan. [2] Ya zuwa watan Mayu na 2024, an lalata ko kuma an lalata kashi 84% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Gaza. [1] Isra'ila ta kuma lalata wuraren tarihi da dama na al'adu, ciki har da dukkan jami'o'i 12 na Gaza, da kuma kashi 80% na makarantunta. [3] [4] Sama da Falasdinawa miliyan 1.9 - kashi 85% na al'ummar Gaza - an tilasta musu yin hijira. [5] Harin bam na Isra'ila ya kuma yi illa ga muhalli a fadin yankin.

A watan Disamba na 2023, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta gabatar da shari'o'i, Afirka ta Kudu da Isra'ila, kan Isra'ila a Kotun Duniya ta ICJ, suna zargin ta karya yarjejeniyar kisan kare dangi . [1] A watan Janairun 2024, kotun ta umarci Isra'ila da ta dauki dukkan matakan da ke cikin ikonta don hana aiwatar da ayyukan kisan kare dangi, hana da hukunta masu tayar da zaune tsaye, da kuma ba da damar ayyukan jin kai, taimako da kayayyaki zuwa Gaza. [2] [3] [1] Daga baya kotun ta umarci Isra'ila da ta kara yawan taimakon jin kai zuwa Gaza da kuma dakatar da hare-haren Rafah . [1] [1] Isra'ila ba ta cika bin umarnin kotun ba. [4] [5] [6]

Isra'ila da magoya bayanta sun dage cewa ayyukanta ba kisan kare dangi ba ne, [12] cewa martani ne ga hare-haren ranar 7 ga Oktoba, kuma manufar Isra'ila ita ce ta lalata Hamas da kuma 'yantar da mutanen da Isra'ila ta yi garkuwa da su. [13] [12] Akwai karuwar yarda tsakanin masana shari'a na kasa da kasa da kuma masana shari'a kan kimanta kisan kare dangi, kodayake wasu masana ilimi sun kalubalanci hakan. [14]

Bayani

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Taswirar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Gaza ta watan Satumbar 2023, wadda ke nuna shingen kan iyaka da wuraren binciken ababen hawa zuwa Isra'ila da Masar da kuma Yankin da Isra'ila ke Tsare da Ruwa, wanda ke nuna iyakokin yankin da aka killace da kuma iyakokin da ake da su na zirga-zirga da shiga.

Mamayar da Isra'ila ta yi wa yankin Gaza ya fara ne a yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila na shekarar 1967. A shekarar 2005, Isra'ila ta janye sojojinta na ƙasa bisa ga yarjejeniyar Oslo da kuma Intifada ta Biyu. Daga baya Kotun Duniya ta fitar da wani ra'ayi na ba da shawara cewa duk da janyewar Isra'ila har yanzu tana mamaye yankin Gaza ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.

Tun daga shekarar 2007, yankin Gaza yana karkashin ikon Hamas, wata kungiyar masu fafutukar Islama, yayin da Yammacin Kogin Jordan ya ci gaba da kasancewa karkashin ikon Hukumar Falasdinawa . Bayan da Hamas ta karbe iko, Isra'ila ta tsananta killace yankin Gaza, tana mai cewa akwai damuwa kan tsaro; kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa sun kira toshewar wani nau'i na hukunci na gama gari . UNRWA ta ba da rahoton cewa, saboda toshewar, kashi 81% na mutanen Gaza suna rayuwa kasa da matakin talauci a shekarar 2023, inda kashi 63% na rashin abinci ke fama da shi kuma sun dogara da taimakon kasashen duniya. [15] Tun daga shekarar 2007, Isra'ila da Hamas (da sauran mayakan Falasdinawa a Gaza) sun shiga rikici, [16] [17] [18] ciki har da yaƙe-yaƙe huɗu a 2008-2009, 2012, 2014, da 2021.

A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2023, Hamas ta jagoranci kai hari zuwa Isra'ila daga Gaza, [19] ta kashe akalla mutane 1,139 [20] [21] [ e ], yawancinsu fararen hula . Harin ya kunshi munanan ayyukan tashin hankali, ciki har da cin zarafin mata . [22] A lokacin harin, kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga na Falasdinawa sun sace mutane 251 daga Isra'ila zuwa zirin Gaza . Isra'ila ta mayar da martani da wani mummunan harin bam sannan ta mamaye zirin Gaza a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. [23]

Jami'an Hamas sun ce harin martani ne ga mamayar da Isra'ila ta yi wa Yammacin Kogin Jordan, toshewar Gaza, cin zarafin 'yan gudun hijirar Isra'ila a kan Falasdinawa, takunkumi kan motsin Falasdinawa, da kuma tsare dubban Falasdinawa, da yawa ba tare da an tuhume su ba, waɗanda Hamas ta nemi sakin su ta hanyar garkuwa da Isra'ilawa. [24] Masu sharhi da yawa sun gano mamayar Isra'ila a matsayin musabbabin yakin. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da dama, ciki har da Amnesty International, [25] B'Tselem, [26] da Human Rights Watch, sun kwatanta mamayar Isra'ila da wariyar launin fata ; magoya bayan Isra'ila sun musanta wannan halayyar. Wani ra'ayi na shawara da Kotun Duniya ta bayar a watan Yulin 2024 ya tabbatar da mamayar a matsayin haramtacciyar hanya kuma ya ce ta karya Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan Kawar da Duk Wani Nau'in Wariyar Launin Fata .

A cikin sa'o'i 48 na farko na harin ramuwar gayya na Isra'ila, shugaban rundunar sojin sama Herzi Halevi ya ba da rahoton cewa rundunar sojin sama ta kai hari kan wurare 1,000. A cewar matarsa, ya gaya mata cewa "za a lalata Gaza". Rahotanni sun ce daga baya, Firayim Minista Benjamin Netanyahu ya ce yana son a kai hari kan wurare 5,000, duk da cewa rundunar sojin sama ba ta tabbatar da wuraren da makiya suka kai hari 5,000 ba. An yi amfani da fasahar kere-kere don samar da jerin wuraren da aka kai hari, a lokuta da yawa bisa ga bayanan sirri da ba a tabbatar ba ko kuma na tsohon lokaci. An kashe kimanin Falasdinawa 10,000 a cikin wata guda, ciki har da iyalai gaba ɗaya. Shmuel Lederman ya kira wannan "abin laifi ne kamar yadda ya faru". [27]

Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta ce matakan soji da ta ɗauka martani ne ga hare-haren ranar 7 ga Oktoba, kuma ta nemi a rusa Hamas, a kifar da gwamnatin yankin Gaza, a kuma 'yantar da mutanen da Isra'ila ta yi garkuwa da su. Ta musanta cewa ayyukan soji na kisan kare dangi ne. [13] [12] Masu sharhi da yawa suna jayayya cewa wani ɓangare na dalilin shine ɗaukar fansa kan hare-haren ranar 7 ga Oktoba. [28] [29] Nimer Sultany ya yi jayayya cewa ƙiyayya ga Falasɗinawa shi ma dalili ne. [30]

Ma'anoni na kisan kare dangi da ƙalubalen shari'a

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  Yarjejeniyar Kisan Kare Dangi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1948 ta bayyana kisan kare dangi a matsayin " duk wani aiki da aka aikata da nufin lalata, gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare, wata ƙungiya ta ƙasa, ƙabila, ƙabila ko addini, kamar haka: kashe membobin ƙungiyar; haifar da mummunan rauni ga jiki ko hankali ga membobin ƙungiyar; da gangan haifar da yanayin rayuwa na rukuni wanda aka tsara don kawo ƙarshen ta ta zahiri ". [31] [32] Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya ba ta taɓa ɗaukar wata ƙasa alhakin kisan kare dangi ba. [33] Matakin shari'a na niyyar kisan kare dangi ya kasance babban shinge ga shari'a. [33]

Asalin ma'anar da Raphael Lemkin ya ƙirƙira ta fi faɗi fiye da wadda aka yi amfani da ita a Yarjejeniyar Kisan Kiyashi kuma ta haɗa da lalata al'adu da zamantakewa . Sabanin haka, ma'anonin masana na gargajiya suna jaddada ayyukan da ke niyya ga rayuwar wata ƙungiya. [34] [35] Babu ƙaramin adadin waɗanda abin ya shafa [36] [37] [38] ko waɗanda abin ya shafa da aka yi niyya [39] da ake buƙata don tabbatar da laifin, kuma ba a buƙatar halaka ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya ba. [40] A cikin shari'ar kisan kiyashin Rohingya, jihohi da dama sun yi jayayya cewa ICJ ya kamata "ta ɗauki hanyar da ta dace wacce ta fahimci muhimmancin laifin kisan kiyashi, ba tare da sanya matakin fahimtar manufar kisan kiyashi mai wahalar cimmawa ba don a sa binciken kisan kiyashi ya zama ba zai yiwu ba." [41]

Manufar kisan kare dangi da kuma tayar da hankali

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Falasdinawa a ƙarƙashin baraguzan ginin bayan harin da Isra'ila ta kai a yankin Gaza

Masana sun tabbatar da cewa kalaman shugabannin siyasa da na soja na Isra'ila [23] [42] — tare da kalaman kafofin watsa labarai masu ra'ayin kawar da zalunci da kuma halayen Isra'ila a Gaza — suna nuna niyyar kisan kare dangi da kuma tayar da hankali kan al'ummar Falasdinawa a Gaza. [43] Jami'an Isra'ila da 'yan jarida [23] [44] [22] sun yi maganganun baki da ke ɓata wa Falasdinawa rai da kuma tayar da hankali, ko kuma yabon zalunci a kansu a matsayin ƙungiya. [45] Manufar kisan kare dangi kuma tana bayyana ta hanyar girman da tsarin ayyukan da suka wuce duk wani halaltaccen burin soja [43] — gami da yawan kai hari ga yara, [13] [43] [3] yaduwar cin zarafin jima'i, [46] lalata al'adun gargajiya, [47] [48] [49] da kuma sanya yanayi masu lalata rai [50] [51] — tare da dagewar waɗannan ayyuka duk da sanin illolinsu masu girma. [52] [53]

Kwamitin bincike na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Amnesty International sun rubuta wani "tsarin aiki" da hukumomin Isra'ila suka yi, inda suka kammala da cewa manufar kisan kare dangi ita ce "kadai fahimta mai ma'ana" da za a iya samu daga shaidar. [54] [55] Sauran kungiyoyi da suka danganta manufar kisan kare dangi ga ayyukan ko maganganun jami'an Isra'ila sun hada da kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [44] [56] da kuma Kisan Kare Dan Adam . [57] A matsayin wani bangare na Defence for Children International - Palestine v. Biden, masanin tarihi Barry Trachtenberg ya ce kalaman da jami'an Isra'ila suka yi amfani da su sun dogara ne akan ra'ayin masana tarihi kan kisan kare dangi cewa halin da ake ciki a Gaza ya zama kisan kare dangi. [45] Navi Pillay, shugabar kwamitin bincike na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kwatanta kalaman 'yan siyasar Isra'ila da kitsa kisan kare dangi a lokacin kisan kare dangi na Rwanda .

A watan Satumba na 2025, kwamitin bincike na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya gano cewa Firayim Ministan Isra'ila Benjamin Netanyahu, Shugaba Isaac Herzog, da tsohon ministan tsaro Yoav Gallant sun shiga cikin " haɗarin kai tsaye da na jama'a don aikata kisan kare dangi ". [58] Yawan ambaton da shugabannin Isra'ila suka yi wa Amalek - maƙiyin da ke cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki ga Isra'ilawa waɗanda Allah ya ba da umarnin halaka su - an ɗauke su a matsayin shaida na niyyar kisan kare dangi daga masu suka da yawa, [59] ciki har da Afirka ta Kudu.

Farawa

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B'Tselem, shari'ar shari'a ta Afirka ta Kudu da ake yi wa Isra'ila, da kuma wasu masana da ke jayayya cewa Isra'ila na aikata kisan kare dangi sun ba da ranar 7 ga Oktoba a matsayin ranar farawa. [60] [20] [22] A cewar B'Tselem, "Ba za a iya fahimtar harin kisan kare dangi da aka kai wa mazauna Gaza, da kuma dukkan Falasdinawa a matsayin ƙungiya ba tare da sanin tasirin harin 7 ga Oktoba ga al'ummar Isra'ila ba. Firgici, tsoro da wulakanci da harin ya haifar, da kuma juyin juya halin zamantakewa da ya haifar, sun yi aiki a matsayin abin da ke motsa manufofin gwamnati ga Falasdinawa - daga zalunci da iko zuwa halaka da halaka." [22] Martin Shaw da A. Dirk Moses sun yi jayayya cewa wannan "tashin hankalin da ke gaba-gaba" yana sa ya zama da wahala a yi jayayya cewa kisan kare dangi ya fara ne bayan harin farko na Isra'ila a Gaza. [61] [14]

A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2023, masanin tarihi Raz Segal ya ce Isra'ila tana aikata "shari'ar kisan kare dangi ta littattafai". Shi ne ɗaya daga cikin malamai na farko da suka yi hakan. [62] Wasu kuma suna jayayya cewa yaƙin ya kasance halaltacce kuma kisan kare dangi ya fara daga baya, a cikin 2024 ko 2025. [61] [14] A watan Satumba na 2024, wani Kwamitin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kammala da cewa, "manufofi da ayyukan Isra'ila a lokacin bayar da rahoto [watau Oktoba 2023 zuwa Yuli 2024] sun yi daidai da halayen kisan kare dangi." [63]  

Kashe-kashe kai tsaye

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Masana Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun bayyana ayyukan Isra'ila a Gaza a matsayin kawar da mutane, laifi kan bil'adama wanda ya kunshi "aikin kisa a babban mataki". A cikin watanni biyu na farko na bama-bamai, Isra'ila ta jefa tan 25,000 na abubuwan fashewa a Zirin Gaza. Da yawa daga cikinsu bama-bamai ne da ba a shirya su ba da aka jefa a yankunan da ke da cunkoson jama'a, wanda ya lalata unguwannin gaba daya. [64] Tun daga ranar 7 ga Oktoba 2023, ana zargin IDF da kisan gillar Falasdinawa marasa makami ba bisa ka'ida ba da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Sojojin Isra'ila sun kashe fararen hula Falasdinawa, inda wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Disamba 2023 ya bayyana cewa an yi zargin sun harbe su a gaban iyalansu. [38] A watan Janairun 2024, sojojin Isra'ila sun harbi fararen hula suna daga tutoci fararen hula, inda suka kashe daya. [38] Likitoci sun gano yara Falasdinawa da dama da suka samu raunukan harbin bindiga a kai da kirji, daidai da harin da sojojin Isra'ila suka kai musu da gangan.

A watan Afrilun 2024, an gano kaburbura da dama dauke da gawawwaki sama da 300, [38] da ake zargin sun hada da tsofaffi, mata da wadanda suka ji rauni, [65] da wasu da aka daure musu hannuwa. [65] Hukumar IDF ta ce zargin da ake yi mata na haddasa kisan gillar "ba shi da tushe kuma ba shi da tushe", kuma a lokacin aikinta "a yankin Asibitin Nasser, bisa ga kokarin gano wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su da kuma wadanda suka bace, an binciki gawawwakin da Falasdinawa suka binne a yankin Asibitin Nasser." Ta kara da cewa, "An mayar da gawawwakin da aka bincika, wadanda ba na wadanda Isra'ila ta yi garkuwa da su ba, zuwa wurinsu." [66]

Akalla Falasdinawa 14,000 ne aka kashe a Gaza kafin Disamba 2023. A ƙarshen 2024, wani bincike da aka yi ya takaita ga waɗannan mace-macen da akalla majiyoyi uku masu zaman kansu suka tabbatar, kuma daga Nuwamba 2023 zuwa Afrilu 2024 ne kawai (kimanin mutane 8,100), ya tabbatar da rahotannin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kafafen yada labarai suka bayar a baya cewa kashi 70% na mace-macen mata ne da yara. [ g ] Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Agusta 2024, bayanai daga Ma'aikatar Lafiya (ga waɗanda suka mutu kawai waɗanda aka gano su, kimanin mutane 34,000 a lokacin) sun nuna cewa kashi 60% na waɗanda suka mutu mata ne, yara, da tsofaffi. [67] Watanni goma sha ɗaya bayan haka (31 ga Yuli 2025) adadin waɗanda suka mutu waɗanda aka gano su gaba ɗaya ya kai 60,199, 52.6% daga cikinsu mata ne, yara, da tsofaffi. [68] [69] [ h ]

Zuwa ranar 14 ga Janairu 2024, an tabbatar da mutuwar 'yan Gaza sama da 23,900. Zuwa ranar 10 ga Mayu, mace-macen sun haura 35,000, kashi ɗaya bisa uku daga cikinsu ba a san ko su waye ba, inda aka kiyasta cewa an binne sama da 10,000 a ƙarƙashin tarkacen. [70] A cikin makonni uku na farko, harin Isra'ila ya kashe yara da yawa a Gaza fiye da yadda aka kashe a duk faɗin duniya a duk yankunan rikici a kowace shekara tun daga 2019. [71] [72] Sama da mutane 52,000 sun ji rauni a Disamba 2023, [73] [74] kuma zuwa watan Mayu 2024 wannan adadin ya karu zuwa sama da 77,700. [75]

Ya zuwa ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2025, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Gaza ta ba da rahoton cewa akalla 'yan Gaza 67,194 aka kashe, wanda ke tsakanin kashi 3% zuwa 4% na jimillar yawan mutanen Gaza.

Mujallar +972 da Local Call sun ruwaito cewa IDF ta yanke shawarar a farkon yakin da ta ba da izinin kashe fararen hula har zuwa 15 zuwa 20 ga kowane ɗan bindiga mai matsakaicin matsayi, yayin da aka ba da izinin ga wani babban ɗan bindiga da ya kashe fararen hula sama da 100. A cewar jami'an leƙen asirin Isra'ila shida, babban abin da ke haifar da yawan mace-macen shine yadda sojoji ke kai hari kan mahara a gidajensu tare da iyalansu, wanda aka zaɓa wani ɓangare saboda tsarin leƙen asiri mai sarrafa kansa yana sauƙaƙa gane waɗannan gidajen. [76] Wani jami'in leƙen asiri ya ce wajen kai hari ga ƙananan 'yan bindiga, Isra'ila ta yi amfani da bama-bamai marasa ma'ana kawai, waɗanda za su iya lalata gine-gine gaba ɗaya, don kada su "ɓatar da bama-bamai masu tsada ga mutane marasa mahimmanci". [77]

A watan Maris na 2024, Haaretz ta ruwaito cewa wasu kwamandojin Isra'ila sun kafa "yankunan kashe-kashe" inda ake umurtar sojoji su kashe duk wanda suka gani, koda kuwa ba su da makami. [78] [30] A cewar wani jami'in Isra'ila, "a aikace, ɗan ta'adda shine duk wanda IDF ta kashe a yankunan da sojojinta ke aiki." [78] [ i ]

A watan Yuni, Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press ya gano cewa yakin da Isra'ila ke yi a Gaza yana kashe dukkan jinin Falasdinawa zuwa "wani mataki da ba a taɓa gani ba". A cewar shaidar da aka bai wa Knesset na Isra'ila, an umarci sojojin Isra'ila da ke tuka motocin bulldozer masu sulke su "su yi karo da 'yan ta'adda, matattu da rai, cikin ɗaruruwan mutane".

Jakunkunan gaɓoɓin da aka ƙone, waɗanda aka sassaka, waɗanda ake kira ashlaa ( أشلاء ) da Larabci, [79] [80] daga harin sama da Isra'ila ta kai a ranar 10 ga Agusta 2024 a Makarantar Al-Tabaeen, wacce ke karbar bakuncin Falasdinawa da suka rasa matsuguni .

An yi jayayya kan adadin mata da yara a cikin wadanda suka mutu, [81] amma an san sunayensu, jinsi, da shekarunsu na sama da 60,000 na wadanda suka mutu. [82] A ranar 7 ga Mayu 2024, jimillar mace-macen da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ambata sun kai 34,735, wanda aka gano 24,686 gaba daya: 52% mata da yara, 8% tsofaffi na dukkan jinsi, da kuma 40% maza. [83] A watan Nuwamba 2024, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta buga wani bincike da ya shafi mace-mace 8,119 wadanda akalla majiyoyi uku masu zaman kansu suka tabbatar, tsakanin Nuwamba 2023 da Afrilu 2024, inda kashi 70% daga cikinsu mata da yara ne. [84] Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Agusta 2024, bisa ga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Gaza, adadin mace-macen ya karu zuwa 40,691, 34,344 da aka gano sunansu: mata da yara 17,652 (51%), tsofaffi 2,955 (9%) na dukkan jinsi (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin waɗanda suka kai shekaru 60 ko sama da haka), da kuma maza 13,737 (40%). [67] Shekara guda bayan haka (31 Yuli 2025), bisa ga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Gaza, adadin mace-macen da aka gano da sunansu ya kai 60,199: 28,728 (48%) mata ne da yara, 2,928 (5%) tsofaffi ne na dukkan jinsi (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin waɗanda suka kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka), kuma maza 28,543 (47%). An kashe akalla yara 18,457 tun daga watan Oktoban 2023. [82] A watan Nuwamban 2024, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Gaza ta ba da rahoton cewa an share iyalai 1,410 na Gaza gaba daya daga rajistar farar hula sakamakon hare-haren bama-bamai na Isra'ila. Tattara bayanai ya zama da wahala ga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Gaza saboda lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa. [70] Ma'aikatar ta zama dole ta kara rahotanninta na yau da kullun dangane da matattu a asibiti da wasu hanyoyin samun bayanai, [70] gami da rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai da masu ba da agaji na farko da kuma iyalai da zawarawa, wadanda dole ne su yi rijistar mutuwar mazajensu a hukumance don cancantar samun tallafin gwamnati. Farfesa Michael Spagat ya gano bukatar gaggawa ta hanyar da ta dace don daidaita adadin mutuwar da ta yi - 34,535 kamar yadda ya faru a ranar 30 ga Afrilun 2024 - tare da cikakken bayani, gami da wadanda suka mutu kawai wadanda aka gano su, wanda ya kai 24,653 a wannan ranar. [7] Zuwa watan Agusta na 2025, wannan gibin da ke tsakanin adadin wadanda abin ya shafa da kuma adadin wadanda aka gano wadanda suka jikkata ya ragu (kimanin 62,000 idan aka kwatanta da kimanin 60,000), yayin da aka gano karin wadanda abin ya shafa. [85] Hukumomin Isra'ila sun yi jayayya kan adadin da ma'aikatar ta kashe, amma hukumomin leken asirin Isra'ila, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya sun amince da shi a matsayin daidai. [70] Kwanan nan, Jaridar The Guardian ta ruwaito cewa wani rumbun adana bayanai na IDF ya yi rijistar 'yan bindiga 8,900 da aka kashe. Wannan da bayanan GHM sun nuna cewa adadin mutuwar fararen hula ya kai kashi 83%, wanda ya zarce na duk wani rikici tun 1989, ban da kisan kare dangi na Rwanda, Yakin Mariupol, da Yakin Srebrenica . IDF ta musanta hakan, tana mai cewa alkaluman ba daidai ba ne kuma ba su dace da bayananta ba. Wani takarda da aka buga a shekarar 2025 kan yakin Gaza ta kiyasta mutuwar mutane 64,260 sakamakon raunukan da suka ji rauni tsakanin Oktoba 2023 da 30 ga Yuni 2024, kuma mai yiwuwa ta zarce 70,000 nan da Oktoba 2024, inda kashi 59.1% mata ne, yara da tsofaffi. Ta kammala da cewa GHM ta ƙididdige mutuwar da suka ji rauni da kashi 41% a cikin rahotonta, kuma ta lura cewa bincikenta "ya yi watsi da cikakken tasirin aikin soja a Gaza, domin ba su yi la'akari da mutuwar da ba ta ji rauni ba sakamakon katsewar ayyukan kiwon lafiya, rashin isasshen abinci, da rashin isasshen ruwa da tsafta." [86] Wani kiyasi makamancin haka na mutuwar raunukan da suka ji rauni ya kai kusan 80,000 a watan Janairu 2025. [87] Wani bincike da aka yi a watan Fabrairu a jaridar The Lancet ya kiyasta cewa tsawon rai a yankin Gaza tsakanin Oktoba 2023 da Satumba 2024 ya ragu da shekaru 34.9, ban da mutuwar da ba a kaikaice ba. Binciken ya kuma yi amfani da bayanan ƙidayar jama'a da rajista don tantance ingancin adadin mace-macen da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Gaza ta yi, kuma ba a sami wani babban kuskure ba. [88]

A watan Mayun 2025, ministan kuɗi Bezalel Smotrich ya yi iƙirarin cewa Isra'ila tana kai hari ga ma'aikatan farar hula na Hamas, yana mai cewa, "Muna kawar da ministoci, ma'aikatan gwamnati, masu kula da kuɗi - duk wanda ke riƙe da mulkin farar hula na Hamas." [89] Kashe 'yan Hamas fararen hula a cikin kanta haramun ne. [90]

Tun daga watan Yunin 2025, sojojin IDF suka ce an umarce su da su yi harbi a kan taron Falasdinawa kusa da wuraren bayar da agaji na Gidauniyar Jin Kai ta Gaza, inda suka kashe sama da mutane 1,000. Amnesty International ta yi zargin cewa Isra'ila na ƙoƙarin takaita agaji don takura wa Falasdinawa da kuma aiwatar da kisan kare dangi. [91]

A watan Nuwamba na 2025, wani bincike da Cibiyar Bincike ta Max Planck ta gudanar ya kiyasta cewa jimillar mace-macen da aka samu a Gaza ya kai tsakanin 100,000 zuwa 126,000, wanda kashi 27% cikin 100 yara ne 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15, yayin da kashi 24% mata ne. [92]

Amnesty International da B'Tselem sun tabbatar da cewa kisan kare dangi bai ƙare ba a lokacin tsagaita wuta, suna ambaton ci gaba da kisan Falasɗinawa. [93] Tsakanin fara tsagaita wuta a watan Oktoban 2025 da Fabrairun 2026, Isra'ila ta kashe mutane 603. [94]

Mutuwar da ba ta kai tsaye ba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Uwa ta yi kuka saboda 'yarta 'yar shekara 4, wacce ta mutu sakamakon rashin abinci mai gina jiki da rashin magani

Rasha Khatib, Martin McKee, da Salim Yusuf sun buga kiyasin adadin mace-macen, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice da rikicin ya haifar, wanda ya zuwa watan Yulin 2024 ya riga ya faru ko kuma zai faru a cikin watanni da shekaru masu zuwa. Ana sa ran mutuwar Falasdinawa kai tsaye daga cututtuka za ta fi yawa saboda tsananin rikicin, lalacewar kayayyakin more rayuwa na kiwon lafiya, rashin abinci, ruwa, matsuguni, da wurare masu aminci ga fararen hula su gudu, da kuma raguwar kudaden UNRWA . Sun kiyasta cewa jimillar mace-macen da suka shafi rikici a Gaza zai iya ninka adadin mace-macen da aka ruwaito sau hudu zuwa 16. Ta hanyar ninka adadin mace-macen da aka ruwaito da biyar, sun yi jayayya cewa "mace-mace 186,000 ko ma fiye da haka na iya kasancewa sakamakon rikicin da ake ciki a Gaza". [70] Spagat ya rubuta cewa kiyasin su "ba shi da tushe mai ƙarfi kuma ba shi da tushe", [95] amma "adalci ne a jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa ba dukkan mace-macen za su kasance na tashin hankali kai tsaye ba", kuma ya kira adadin mace-macen da aka yi a Gaza "mai girma sosai". [96] Donald Bloxham ya kuma lura cewa yawancin mace-macen sun kasance "mutuwa ta kai tsaye" a yaƙe-yaƙe daban-daban kuma "hana kayayyaki shiga Gaza cikin tsari" wata manufa ce ta Isra'ila, wanda hakan ya sa kiran waɗannan mutuwar "ba a kaikaice" ba daidai ba ne. [97]

Wata wasika ta Oktoba 2024 daga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na Amurka waɗanda suka yi aiki a Gaza tun daga 7 ga Oktoba 2023 sun yi ƙoƙari su kiyasta yawan mutanen Gaza da suka mutu daga yunwa bisa ga rahotanni na IPC da ke akwai a fili.[98] Ya ce ƙididdigar da ta fi dacewa ita ce aƙalla mutane 62,413 a Gaza sun mutu daga yunwa, mafi yawansu yara ƙanana ne; wannan ƙididdigat ɗin ya dogara ne akan zaton cewa bala'i (mataki na 5) rashin tsaro na abinci yana haifar da mutuwar aƙalla 2 ga mutane 10,000 a kowace rana. [j] Likitocin sun kuma kiyasta cewa akalla mutane 5,000 sun mutu saboda rashin samun damar kulawa da cututtukan da ba su da alaƙa. [99][100] Kimanin mutuwar kai tsaye a cikin binciken biyu da The Economist ya sake dubawa ya nuna cewa tsammanin rayuwa a Gaza ya fadi da shekaru 35, yana gasa da Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda a cikakkun sharuddan.

Yunwa da toshewar hanyoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Daga sama zuwa agogo :

Hare-hare kan harkokin kiwon lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Daga sama zuwa ƙasa :

Mummunan rauni a jiki da tunani, da kuma cin zarafin jima'i

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Daga sama zuwa ƙasa :

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Israel's genocide against Palestinians 'not over' despite ceasefire - new Amnesty briefing". Amnesty International. 27 November 2025. Archived from the original on 28 November 2025. Retrieved 4 January 2026.
  2. 1 2 "Israel has committed genocide in the Gaza Strip, UN Commission finds". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (in Turanci). 16 September 2025. Archived from the original on 25 September 2025. Retrieved 21 September 2025.
  3. 1 2 "IAGS Resolution on the Situation in Gaza" (PDF). International Association of Genocide Scholars. 31 August 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 September 2025. Retrieved 1 September 2025. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "IAGSResolution" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ "Reported impact snapshot – Gaza Strip (3 December 2025)". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 3 December 2025. Archived from the original on 4 December 2025.
  5. ↑ Schwarz 2024.
  6. 1 2 Tantesh & Graham-Harrison 2024.
  7. 1 2 Spagat, Mike (28 May 2024). "Gaza Ministry of Health releases detailed new casualty data amidst confusion of UN's death numbers in Gaza". Action On Armed Violence (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Spagat 2024a" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ Graham-Harrison 2024a.
  9. ↑ Massoud & Fick 2023.
  10. ↑ Jamaluddine et al. 2025:
  11. ↑ Gómez-Ugarte et al. 2025.
  12. 1 2 3 Casciani 2024a.
  13. 1 2 3 UN Commission of Inquiry report 2025: "The extensive and deliberate targeting of Palestinian children shows that the military operations were not conducted solely to defeat Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups, nor can they legitimately contribute to the other stated goals of defending the state of Israel and securing the release of Israeli hostages."
  14. 1 2 3 Moses 2025.
  15. ↑ "The Gaza Strip: The humanitarian impact of 15 years of blockade". UNICEF. June 2022. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Meakem
  17. ↑ Kane et al. 2023.
  18. ↑ Beauchamp, Zack (7 October 2023). "Why did Hamas invade Israel?". Vox. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  19. ↑ Shaw 2024.
  20. 1 2 Semerdjian 2024a.
  21. ↑ Marsi & Siddiqui 2024.
  22. 1 2 3 4 B'Tselem 2025.
  23. 1 2 3 Segal & Daniele 2024.
  24. ↑ McKernan et al. 2023.
  25. ↑ Amnesty International 2022.
  26. ↑ B'Tselem 2021: "A regime that uses laws, practices and organized violence to cement the supremacy of one group over another is an apartheid regime. Israeli apartheid, which promotes the supremacy of Jews over Palestinians, was not born in one day or of a single speech. It is a process that has gradually grown more institutionalized and explicit, with mechanisms introduced over time in law and practice to promote Jewish supremacy. These accumulated measures, their pervasiveness in legislation and political practice, and the public and judicial support they receive—all form the basis for our conclusion that the bar for labeling the Israeli regime as apartheid has been met."
  27. ↑ Lederman 2025.
  28. ↑ Fassin 2024; Semerdjian 2024a; Levene 2024
  29. ↑ Abraham 2024:
  30. 1 2 Sultany 2024.
  31. ↑ United Nations 2014.
  32. ↑ "United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect". United Nations. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  33. 1 2 Gehani, Brishna (16 February 2024). "Is the ICJ's standard of proof for genocide unattainable?". Research Society of International Law (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 19 December 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
  34. ↑ Semerdjian 2024b.
  35. ↑ McDoom 2024.
  36. ↑ "Legal concepts and questions". Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024.
  37. ↑ "Large number of victims". ICTR/ICTY/IRMCT Case Law Database. International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals. Archived from the original on 25 August 2024. The Appeals Chamber found...As to the conviction for genocide, there need not be a large number of victims to enter a genocide conviction.
  38. 1 2 3 4 UNHR 2024.
  39. ↑ Stanton, Gregory H (25 May 2025). "Israel's Twelve Tactics of Denial". Genocide Watch (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 September 2025. Many who have not read the Genocide Convention think genocide can only be proven if the intent is to destroy a whole people. But the Convention clearly states that intent to destroy part of a people is enough to prove genocide.
  40. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  41. ↑ Jamshidi 2024a.
  42. ↑ Lederman 2024.
  43. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Asem2025
  44. 1 2 Kulkarni 2023.
  45. 1 2 Gessen 2024.
  46. ↑ UN Commission of Inquiry report 2025: "Whether targeting women, men, boys or girls, sexual violence was conducted not just to degrade and humiliate profoundly the direct victims but to punish the Palestinian group as a whole."
  47. ↑ Amnesty International report 2024:
  48. ↑ "Statement on Why We Call the Israeli Attack on Gaza Genocide". Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention (in Turanci). 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2025.
  49. ↑ "Widescale destruction of cultural heritage in Gaza". Museums Association (in Turanci). 30 January 2024. Archived from the original on 18 August 2025. Retrieved 29 September 2025. The destruction of cultural heritage, which Palestinians have accused Israel of targeting deliberately, was cited as evidence in South Africa's case to the UN International Court of Justice that the state is committing acts of genocide in Gaza.
  50. ↑ Amnesty International report 2024: "The nature of the conditions of life that Israel imposed on Palestinians in Gaza following 7 October 2023 indicates that the destruction of the group, as such, was their intended outcome. The Israeli authorities decided to impose a total siege on Gaza on 9 October 2023...fully aware that this would necessarily cause and exacerbate malnutrition, hunger, the outbreak of multiple diseases and, ultimately, bring Gaza to the brink of famine. Indeed, Israel must have been aware of the 'objective probability' that these conditions of life would lead to the physical destruction of Palestinians in Gaza, a factor identified as probative of intent."
  51. ↑ Quigley 2024a.
  52. ↑ UN Commission of Inquiry report 2025: "The Commission finds that the Israeli authorities were aware that, by destroying the healthcare system throughout Gaza, their actions would lead to the destruction of Palestinians as a group... the systematic and complete destruction of the healthcare system in Gaza, the siege-induced deprivation of medical necessities... were part of the intent to destroy Palestinians in Gaza by preventing their capacity and possibility to heal, recover and live"
  53. ↑ Lederman 2025: "The case of Gaza...shows us again why the meaning of intent in the Genocide Convention should be reinterpreted...to include the foreseeable consequences of a given policy when its meaning is the genocidal destruction of a group or a severe harm to it as a group—a knowledge-based rather than purpose-based concept of genocide. Such a concept points to...moving away from the focus on obscure mental states of individual perpetrators to the collective process that leads to genocide."
  54. ↑ Amnesty International report 2024: "The evidence presented in the report clearly shows that the destruction of Palestinians in Gaza, as such, was Israel's intent—either in addition to or as a means to achieve its military aims. There is only one reasonable inference that can be drawn from the evidence presented: genocidal intent has been part and parcel of Israel's conduct in Gaza since 7 October 2023, including its military campaign."
  55. ↑ UN Commission of Inquiry report 2025: "On the basis of fully conclusive evidence, the Commission finds that statements made by Israeli authorities are direct evidence of genocidal intent. Additionally, on the basis of circumstantial evidence, the Commission finds that genocidal intent was the only reasonable inference that could be drawn, based on the pattern of conduct of the Israeli authorities. Thus, the Commission concludes that the Israeli authorities and Israeli security forces have the genocidal intent to destroy, in whole or in part, the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip."
  56. ↑ Condon & Condon 2024.
  57. ↑ "Public Statement: Scholars Warn" 2023
  58. ↑ UN Commission of Inquiry report 2025.
  59. ↑ Bartov 2023; Jones 2024; Levene 2024; Coghill 2024
  60. ↑ Jamshidi 2024a: "In its application to the ICJ, South Africa describes Israel's entire campaign inside Gaza since 7 October as genocidal."
  61. 1 2 Shaw 2025b.
  62. ↑ Klein 2025.
  63. ↑ OHCHR 2024d.
  64. ↑ Albanese 2024a.
  65. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named un-1148876
  66. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cnn-mass-graves
  67. 1 2 Graham-Harrison 2024b.
  68. ↑ "Killed in Gaza". Tech for Palestine. 17 August 2025. Archived from the original on 24 December 2025.
  69. ↑ "UNRWA Situation Report #184". United Nations. 15 August 2025. Archived from the original on 17 August 2025.
  70. 1 2 3 4 5 Khatib, McKee & Yusuf 2024: "Armed conflicts have indirect health implications beyond the direct harm from violence. Even if the conflict ends immediately, there will continue to be many indirect deaths in the coming months and years from causes such as reproductive, communicable, and non-communicable diseases. The total death toll is expected to be large given the intensity of this conflict; destroyed health-care infrastructure; severe shortages of food, water, and shelter; the population's inability to flee to safe places; and the loss of funding to UNRWA, one of the very few humanitarian organisations still active in the Gaza Strip. In recent conflicts, such indirect deaths range from three to 15 times the number of direct deaths. Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death to the 37,396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186,000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. Using the 2022 Gaza Strip population estimate of 2,375,259, this would translate to 7.9% of the total population in the Gaza Strip."
  71. ↑ "Gaza: 3,195 Children Killed in Three Weeks Surpasses Annual Number of Children Killed in Conflict Zones Since 2019". Save the Children. 29 October 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023.
  72. ↑ Qutami 2023.
  73. ↑ Thomas 2023.
  74. ↑ Associated Press 2023a.
  75. ↑ United Nations in Palestine 2024.
  76. ↑ Abraham 2024:
  77. ↑ Abraham 2024.
  78. 1 2 Kubovich 2024a.
  79. ↑ Shaloub-Kevorkian, Nadera (2024-10-31). "Ashlaa' and the Genocide in Gaza: Livability against Fragmented Flesh". Society for Cultural Anthropology (in Turanci). Retrieved 2026-03-06.
  80. ↑ Abu-Sittah, Ghassan (2024-10-31). "The Character of Settler-Colonial Violence". Society for Cultural Anthropology (in Turanci). Retrieved 2026-03-06.
  81. ↑ Ioanes, Ellen (17 May 2024). "The controversy over Gaza's death toll, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  82. 1 2 "Killed in Gaza". Tech for Palestine. Archived from the original on 31 December 2025.
  83. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Horton et al.
  84. ↑ Saric 2024.
  85. ↑ "Gaza death toll surges to 62,192 as Israel continues the genocide". Wafa. 21 August 2025.
  86. ↑ Jamaluddine et al. 2025.
  87. ↑ Bloxham 2025.
  88. ↑ Guillot et al. 2025.
  89. ↑ Shpigel 2025.
  90. ↑ Jamshidi 2024b.
  91. ↑ "Gaza: Evidence points to Israel's continued use of starvation to inflict genocide against Palestinians". Amnesty International. 3 July 2025. Archived from the original on 4 July 2025. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
  92. ↑ "Gaza: study reveals unprecedented losses of life and life expectancy". Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (in Turanci). 25 November 2025. Archived from the original on 22 December 2025. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
  93. ↑ "Is genocide still happening in Gaza?". Aljazeera. Aljazeer. 12 February 2026. Retrieved 24 February 2026.
  94. ↑ "Gaza death toll exceeds 75,000 as independent data verify loss". Aljazeera. 18 February 2026. Retrieved 24 February 2026.
  95. ↑ Spagat, Mike (10 July 2024). "A critical analysis of The Lancet's letter "Counting the Dead in Gaza: Difficult but Essential". Professor Mike Spagat reviews the claim the total Gaza death toll may reach upwards of 186,000". Action On Armed Violence (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  96. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bigg 2024
  97. ↑ Bloxham 2025:
  98. ↑ "USA Letter". Gaza Healthcare Letters (in Turanci). 2 October 2024. Archived from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  99. ↑ Stamatopoulou-Robbins 2024: "In addition to killing people directly through traumatic injuries, wars cause "indirect deaths" by destroying, damaging, or causing deterioration of economic, social, psychological and health conditions. Most expansively, this report describes the causal pathways that can be expected to lead to far larger numbers of indirect deaths. These deaths result from diseases and other population-level health effects that stem from war's destruction of public infrastructure and livelihood sources, reduced access to water and sanitation, environmental damage, and other such factors. This report builds on a foundation of previous Costs of War research for its framework and methodology in covering the most significant chains of impact, or causal pathways, to indirect war deaths in Gaza and the West Bank. Unlike in combat, these deaths do not necessarily occur immediately or in the close aftermath of the battles which many observers focus on. While it will take years to assess the full extent of these population-level health effects, they will inevitably lead to far higher numbers of deaths than direct violence."
  100. ↑ "Appendix to letter of October 2, 2024 re: American physicians observations from the Gaza Strip since October 7, 2023" (PDF). Gaza Healthcare Letters. 2 October 2024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2024. These are the most conservative estimates of the death toll that can be made with the given available data as of September 30, 2024. It is highly likely that the real number of deaths in Gaza from this conflict is far higher than this most conservative estimate. Without an immediate ceasefire the death toll will only continue to mount, especially among young children.
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