Geology na Indonesia

Geology na Indonesia
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	ilmin duwatsu
Ƙasa	Indonesiya

Wannan taƙaitaccen taƙaitacciyar ilimin ƙasa ne na Indonesia. Indonesia tana tsakanin manyan faranti biyu na tectonic wato, faranti na Australiya da sabon faranti na Sunda.

Tectonics

Taswirar da aka sauƙaƙa na tsarin yanayin ƙasa na Indonesia.

Tectonics na Indonesiya suna da sarƙaƙƙiya sosai, saboda wurin taro ne na faranti da yawa. Indonesiya tana tsakanin faranti biyu na nahiyar: Sahul Shelf da Plate Sunda; kuma tsakanin faranti biyu na teku: Plate Pacific da Filin Tekun Filibi..

Rashin Indiya a ƙarƙashin Sunda Plate ya kafa dutsen dutse a yammacin Indonesia, ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da ke fama da girgizar ƙasa a duniya tare da dogon tarihin fashewa da girgize. Wannan jerin tsaunuka masu aiki sun kafa Sumatra, Java, Bali, da Ƙananan Tsibirin Sunda, mafi yawansu, musamman Java da Bali, sun fito ne a cikin shekaru miliyan 2-3 da suka gabata. Motsawar farantin Pacific da Sahul sun mallaki tectonics na gabashin Indonesia.

Subduction yana faruwa a kudu maso gabashin Sumatra da Yammacin Java. Sumatra ta fi aiki a cikin 'yan shekarun nan duk da kasancewa a cikin wannan gefen subduction. Dalilin rashin ayyukan girgizar ƙasa akai-akai a Yammacin Java matsala ce ta lokaci kuma ba aikin tectonic ba. Duk da yake yana iya ɗaukar shekaru ɗari kawai don girgizar ƙasa mai girma ta faru a bakin tekun Sumatra, yana iya ɗaukar kusan shekaru 500 daga bakin tekun yammacin Java.^[1]

A gefen tekun yammacin Java akwai yuwuwar kuskuren koma baya. Kasancewar koma baya na iya kara tsayin tsunami a bakin tekun. Akwai sassan megathrust guda biyu, ɗaya daga Kudu maso Gabashin Sumatra da sauran na Yammacin Java. Waɗannan sassan suna ba da gudummawa ga tsunami wanda matsakaita a girman 11 m (36 ft) amma yana iya kaiwa 34 m (112 ft). Haɗuwar megathrust da na baya sune dalilai na irin wannan babban tsunami.^[1]

Tsarin ƙasa

Hanyoyin tectonics a Indonesia sun kafa manyan gine-gine a Indonesia. Mafi shahararren kuskuren a yammacin Indonesia shine Semangko Fault ko Babban Sumatran Fault, kuskuren fashewa fashewa tare da Tsibirin Sumatra (kimanin kilomita 1,900). Samun wannan yankin kuskure yana da alaƙa da yankin subduction a yammacin Sumatra.

Kuskuren Palu-Koro wani babban fasalin tsarin da aka kafa a tsakiyar yankin Indonesia. Wannan kuskuren yana gudana a fadin tsakiyar tsibirin Sulawesi kuma ya kai ga yammacin Makassar Strait, kuma ya ƙare a cikin Mangkalihat Peninsula a Borneo. An sanya sunan kuskuren ne bayan babban birnin Sulawesi na Tsakiya, Palu, a bakin tekun yammacin Sulawesi da Kogin Koro, wanda yankin kuskuren ya kafa.

Kuskuren Sorong wani muhimmin kuskuren gefen hagu ne a gabashin Indonesia, mai suna bayan garin Sorong. Yana da gabas zuwa yamma kuma ya shimfiɗa daga arewacin Yammacin Papua zuwa Gabashin Sulawesi na kimanin kilomita 2000.

Hanyar Tekun Indonesia

Daban-daban iri-iri a cikin tsibiran Indonesiya da mashigin Torres na New Guinea suna nuna sha'awar geologic zuwa jigilar kaya da jigilar ruwa, musamman a zurfin ƙasa da 100m (inda aka ce an rufe jigilar ruwa); irin waɗannan hanyoyin, ko a rufe ko har yanzu, sun haɗa da Tekun Tekun Indonesiya tsakanin Tekun Pacific da Indiya. Hawan Tectonic na yankin, wanda ya tsananta da raguwar matakan teku a lokacin glaciation na baya-bayan nan, ana tsammanin ya canza yanayin yanki, musamman game da damina, farawa ~ shekaru miliyan 4 da suka gabata..^[2]

Rubuce-rubuce

Tsarin stratigraphy na yammacin Indonesia ya mamaye tsarin zamanin Cenozoic, daga Paleogene zuwa Quaternary. An samo ƙananan Mesozoic da Paleozoic a wurare. An samo dutsen Devonian a cikin Kogin Telen, Gabashin Kalimantan, a matsayin raguwa a cikin Paleogene clastic sediments.

Gabashin Indonesia yana da tsofaffin stratigraphy idan aka kwatanta da yammacin ɓangaren. Tsarin ya kasance daga Permian zuwa Tertiary. An gano burbushin Ichthyosaur a cikin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a Tsibirin Kai, wanda ke nuna saukowar Mesozoic a cikin ƙasa (Charlton, 1992). An yi nazarin burbushin burbushin Mesozoic a tsibirin Misool ta Fauzie Hasibuan (1996).

Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Indonesia
Dutsen wuta na Indonesia

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Supendi, Pepen; Widiyantoro, Sri; Rawlinson, Nicholas; Yatimantoro, Tatok; Muhari, Abdul; Hanifa, Nuraini Rahma; Gunawan, Endra; Shiddiqi, Hasbi Ash; Imran, Iswandi; Anugrah, Suci Dewi; Daryono, Daryono; Prayitno, Bambang Setyo; Adi, Suko Prayitno; Karnawati, Dwikorita; Faizal, Lutfi (2023-03-01). "On the potential for megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis off the southern coast of West Java and southeast Sumatra, Indonesia". Natural Hazards (in Turanci). 116 (1): 1315–1328. Bibcode:2023NatHa.116.1315S. doi:10.1007/s11069-022-05696-y. ISSN 1573-0840. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Cane1, Mark A.; Molnar, Peter (10 May 2001). "Closing of the Indonesian seaway as a precursor to east African aridification around 3–4 million years ago". Nature. Nature Research. 411 (6834): 157–162. Bibcode:2001Natur.411..157C. doi:10.1038/35075500. PMID 11346785.

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Supendi, Pepen; Widiyantoro, Sri; Rawlinson, Nicholas; Yatimantoro, Tatok; Muhari, Abdul; Hanifa, Nuraini Rahma; Gunawan, Endra; Shiddiqi, Hasbi Ash; Imran, Iswandi; Anugrah, Suci Dewi; Daryono, Daryono; Prayitno, Bambang Setyo; Adi, Suko Prayitno; Karnawati, Dwikorita; Faizal, Lutfi (2023-03-01). "On the potential for megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis off the southern coast of West Java and southeast Sumatra, Indonesia". Natural Hazards (in Turanci). 116 (1): 1315–1328. Bibcode:2023NatHa.116.1315S. doi:10.1007/s11069-022-05696-y. ISSN 1573-0840. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[2] Cane1, Mark A.; Molnar, Peter (10 May 2001). "Closing of the Indonesian seaway as a precursor to east African aridification around 3–4 million years ago". Nature. Nature Research. 411 (6834): 157–162. Bibcode:2001Natur.411..157C. doi:10.1038/35075500. PMID 11346785.

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