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George Eliot

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George Eliot
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna Mary Anne Evans
Haihuwa Nuneaton (en) Fassara, 22 Nuwamba, 1819
ƙasa United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Harshen uwa Turanci
Mutuwa Landan, 22 Disamba 1880
Makwanci Highgate Cemetery (mul) Fassara
Yanayin mutuwa Sababi na ainihi (kidney disease (en) Fassara)
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi Robert Evans
Mahaifiya Christiana Pearson
Abokiyar zama John Walter Cross (en) Fassara  (6 Mayu 1880 -  22 Disamba 1880)
Ma'aurata George Henry Lewes (en) Fassara
Karatu
Makaranta Bedford College (en) Fassara
Royal Holloway and Bedford New College (mul) Fassara
Harsuna Turanci
Jamusanci
Sana'a
Sana'a Marubuci, mai aikin fassara, mai falsafa, marubuci, maiwaƙe, ɗan jarida, essayist (en) Fassara da edita
Muhimman ayyuka The Mill on the Floss (en) Fassara
Silas Marner (mul) Fassara
Middlemarch (en) Fassara
Daniel Deronda (en) Fassara
Adam Bede (en) Fassara
Romola (en) Fassara
Wanda ya ja hankalinsa Honoré de Balzac (mul) Fassara da Charles Christian Hennell (en) Fassara
Fafutuka literary realism (en) Fassara
Sunan mahaifi George Eliot
Imani
Addini mulhidanci
agnosticism (en) Fassara
IMDb nm0253652

Mary Ann Evans (daga ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba 1819 harzuwa 22 ga watan Disamba 1880; a madadin Mary Anne ko Marian [1] [2] ), wanda aka sani da sunanta na alkalami George Eliot, marubuciya ce 'yar Ingila, mawaƙiya, 'yar jarida, mai fassara, kuma ɗayan manyan marubuta. na Zamanin Sarauniya Victoriya.[3] Ta rubuta litattafai bakwai: Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Romola (daga 1862 harzuwa 1863), Felix Holt, the Radical (1866), Middlemarch (daga 1871 harzuwa 1872) da Daniel Deronda (1876). Kamar yadda Charles Dickens da Thomas Hardy, ta fito daga lardin Ingila; akasarin ayyukanta an saita su a can. Ayyukanta an san su da haƙiƙanin haƙiƙanin su, hangen nesa na tunani, fahimtar wuri da cikakken kwatancen karkara. Mawallafin marubuci Virginia Woolf ya bayyana Middlemarch a matsayin "ɗayan litattafan Turanci da aka rubuta don manyan mutane"[4] da Martin Amis[5] da Julian Barnes[6] a matsayin mafi girma novel a cikin harshen Turanci.

Abin kunya kuma ba tare da al'ada ba ga zamanin, ta zauna tare da mai aure George Henry Lewes a matsayin abokin aurensa, daga 1854 zuwa 1878, kuma ta kira shi mijinta. Ya kasance yana aure da matarsa ​​kuma yana kula da 'ya'yansu, ko da ta bar shi ya zauna da wani mutum kuma ya haihu da shi. A cikin watan Mayun 1880, watanni goma sha takwas bayan mutuwar Lewes, George Eliot ya auri abokinsa na dogon lokaci, John Cross, wani mutum da ya girme ta, kuma ta canza sunanta zuwa Mary Ann Cross.

Rayuwa

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Rayuwar farko da ilimi

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An haifi Mary Ann Evans a Nuneaton, Warwickshire, Ingila, a South Farm a cikin Estate Hall Arbury.[7] Ita ce ɗa ta uku na Robert Evans (daga 1773 harzuwa 1849), manajan gidan Arbury Hall, da Christiana Evans (née Pearson, daga 1788 harzuwa 1836), ‘yar mai gida. Cikakkun ƴan uwanta sune: Christiana, wanda aka fi sani da Chrissey (daga 1814 harzuwa 1859), Isaac (daga 1816 harzuwa 1890), da ƴan’uwan tagwaye waɗanda suka mutu kwanaki kaɗan bayan haihuwa a cikin Maris 1821. Har ila yau, tana da ɗan’uwa rabi, Robert Evans (daga 1802 harzuwa 1864), da 'yar'uwar' yar'uwa, Frances "Fanny" Evans Houghton (daga 1805 harzuwa 1882), daga auren mahaifinta na baya zuwa Harriet Poynton (daga 1780 harzuwa 1809). A farkon 1820, dangin sun ƙaura zuwa wani gida mai suna Griff House, tsakanin Nuneaton da Bedworth.[8]Matashin Evans ƙwararren mai karatu ne kuma a bayyane yake haziki. Domin ba a ganinta kyakkyawa a zahiri, ba a tunanin Evans tana da damar yin aure da yawa, kuma wannan, tare da basirarta, ya sa mahaifinta ya saka hannun jari a cikin ilimin da ba sau da yawa ba mata.[9] Daga shekaru biyar zuwa tara, ta shiga tare da 'yar uwarta Chrissey a makarantar Miss Latham a Attleborough, daga shekaru tara zuwa goma sha uku a makarantar Mrs. Wallington a Nuneaton, kuma daga shekaru goma sha uku zuwa goma sha shida a makarantar Miss Franklin a Coventry. A makarantar Misis Wallington, ’yar bishara Maria Lewis ce ta koyar da ita—wadda aka aika wa wasiƙunta na farko. A cikin yanayin addini na makarantar Miss Franklin, Evans ya fuskanci shiru, imani mai ladabi wanda ya saba wa aikin bishara.[10] Bayan ya cika shekara goma sha shida, Evans ba shi da ilimi kadan.[11] Godiya ga muhimmiyar rawar da mahaifinta ke takawa a kan kadarorin, an ba ta damar shiga ɗakin karatu na Arbury Hall, wanda ya taimaka mata ilimin kanta da zurfin koyo. Iliminta na gargajiya ya bar ta; Christopher Stray ya lura cewa "littattafan George Eliot sun zana sosai a kan adabin Girka (daya daga cikin littattafanta ne kawai za a iya buga shi daidai ba tare da amfani da nau'in nau'in nau'in Hellenanci ba), kuma sau da yawa bala'i na Girkanci ya rinjayi jigoginta".[12]

Tunawa da girmamawa

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Anyi wurare da dama don tunawa a mahaifarta wato Nuneaton. Wannan su hada da Kwalejin George Eliot, Makarantar Middlemarch Junior, Asibitin George Eliot (tsohon Asibitin Gaggawa na Nuneaton), [13] da George Eliot Road, a Foleshill, Coventry. Hakanan, The Mary Anne Evans Hospice a Nuneaton. Wani mutum-mutumi na Eliot yana cikin Titin Newdegate, Nuneaton, kuma Nuneaton Museum & Art Gallery yana da nunin kayan tarihi masu alaƙa da ita. An ba wa wata na'ura mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa da ke gina rami na Bromford a kan High Speed ​​2 don girmama ta.[14]

A cikin 2015, an ba wa sabon ɗakin zama sunan Evans a Jami'ar Royal Holloway ta London, magajin Kwalejin Bedford, wanda Evans ya halarta a 1850-1.

Ayyukan ta

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Littattafai

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Tarin Gajerun Labarai da tatsuniyoyi

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Fassarori

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Shayari

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Labaran gaskiya

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Wannan Muƙalar guntuwa ce: tana buƙatar a inganta ta, kuna iya gyara ta.

==Manazarta==George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans)

George Eliot sunan alƙalami ne na Mary Ann Evans (22 Nuwamba 1819 – 22 Disamba 1880), fitacciyar marubuciya, 'yar jarida, mai fassara, kuma masaniyar adabin Ingila. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan littattafan Turanci na ƙarni na 19 saboda ƙwarewarta wajen bayyana halayen ɗan Adam, zamantakewa, ɗabi'a, da matsalolin rayuwa. Littattafanta sun yi tasiri sosai ga ci gaban adabin Turanci kuma har yanzu ana karanta su a duniya.

Rayuwar farko

An haifi Mary Ann Evans a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1819, a Arbury Farm, Warwickshire, Ingila. Mahaifinta, Robert Evans, ya kasance mai kula da manyan kadarori, yayin da mahaifiyarta, Christiana Evans, ta kasance uwargida. Tun tana yarinya ta nuna ƙwarewa wajen karatu da rubuce-rubuce, inda ta koyi Turanci, Faransanci, Jamusanci da kuma Italiyanci.

Bayan rasuwar mahaifiyarta a shekarar 1836, Mary Ann ta ɗauki nauyin kula da gidan iyalinsu tare da mahaifinta. Wannan ya sa ta ƙara samun gogewa game da rayuwar al'umma, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen rubuce-rubucenta.

Farkon aikinta

A shekarar 1851 ta koma birnin Landan, inda ta fara aiki a mujallar Westminster Review a matsayin edita da marubuciya. Ta fassara muhimman littattafan falsafa daga Jamusanci zuwa Turanci, abin da ya ƙara bunƙasa iliminta da sunanta a duniyar adabi.

Saboda ana nuna wariya ga mata marubuta a lokacin, ta zaɓi amfani da sunan George Eliot domin a karɓi aikinta ba tare da son zuciya ba.

Rubuce-rubuce

George Eliot ta rubuta littattafai da dama waɗanda suka shahara saboda zurfin tunani da ingancin labari. Daga cikin fitattun ayyukanta akwai:

Scenes of Clerical Life (1857)

Adam Bede (1859)

The Mill on the Floss (1860)

Silas Marner (1861)

Romola (1863)

Felix Holt, the Radical (1866)

Middlemarch (1871–1872)

Daniel Deronda (1876)


Littafinta Middlemarch ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman littattafan da aka taɓa rubutawa a harshen Turanci saboda yadda ya yi bayani mai zurfi kan rayuwar al'umma da halayen mutane.

Salon rubutu

George Eliot ta yi fice wajen:

Bayyana halayen mutane da zurfin tunani.

Nuna matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.

Tattauna ɗabi'a da alhakin mutum.

Hada falsafa da labari cikin salo mai sauƙin karantawa.

Nuna muhimmancin ilimi da tausayi a rayuwar al'umma.


Rayuwar sirri

Mary Ann Evans ta rayu tare da George Henry Lewes, marubuci kuma masanin falsafa, duk da cewa ba su yi aure ba saboda matsalolin shari'a. Dangantakarsu ta kasance abin cece-kuce a lokacin, amma Lewes ya kasance babban mai goyon bayanta har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1878.

A shekarar 1880 ta auri John Walter Cross, wanda ya kasance ƙarami gare ta da shekaru masu yawa.

Rasuwarta

George Eliot ta rasu a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1880, tana da shekaru 61, sakamakon rashin lafiya. An binne ta a Highgate Cemetery da ke Landan, maimakon Westminster Abbey, saboda ra'ayoyinta da rayuwarta sun sa ba a ba ta wannan girmamawa a lokacin. Daga baya, an sanya mata abin tunawa a Poets' Corner na Westminster Abbey saboda irin gudummawar da ta bayar ga adabin Ingila.

Gadonta

George Eliot ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun marubutan mata a tarihin adabin duniya. Littattafanta suna ci gaba da zama abin nazari a jami'o'i da makarantu saboda zurfin fahimta game da rayuwar ɗan Adam. Ta taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa mata za su iya yin fice a duniyar adabi, kuma tasirin aikinta yana ci gaba har zuwa yau.

Kammalawa

George Eliot ta kasance marubuciya mai hangen nesa wadda ta yi amfani da hikima, ilimi da ƙwarewar rubutu wajen bayyana rayuwar al'umma da halayen ɗan Adam. Ayyukanta sun kasance ginshiƙai a tarihin adabin Turanci, kuma har yanzu suna da tasiri ga masu karatu da masana adabi a faɗin duniya.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Ashton, Rosemary (1996). George Eliot: A Life. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 255. ISBN 978-024113473
  2. ↑ Jacobs, Alexandra (13 August 2023). "George Eliot's Scandalous Answer to 'The Marriage Question'". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2023
  3. ↑ George Eliot (…) is the most earnestly imperative and the most probingly intelligent of the great mid-Victorian novelists". In: Sanders, Andrew The Short Oxford History of English Literature. Clarendon Press, 1994. p. 440
  4. ↑ Woolf, Virginia. "George Eliot." The Common Reader. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1925. pp. 166–176.
  5. ↑ Long, Camilla.Martin Amis and the sex war[dead link], The Times, 24 January 2010, p. 4: "They've [women] produced the greatest writer in the English language ever, George Eliot, and arguably the third greatest, Jane Austen, and certainly the greatest novel, Middlemarch
  6. ↑ Guppy, Shusha. "Interviews: Julian Barnes, The Art of Fiction No. 165". The Paris Review (Winter 2000). Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  7. ↑ Cooke, George Willis. George Eliot: A Critical Study of her Life, Writings and Philosophy. Whitefish: Kessinger, 2004. [1]
  8. ↑ George Eliot Biography – life, childhood, children, name, story, death, history, wife, school, young". www.notablebiographies.com. Retrieved 23 July 2018
  9. ↑ Karl, Frederick R. George Eliot: Voice of a Century. Norton, 1995. pp. 24–25
  10. ↑ Karl, Frederick R. George Eliot: Voice of a Century. Norton, 1995. p. 31
  11. ↑ Karl, Frederick R. George Eliot: Voice of a Century. Norton, 1995. p. 52
  12. ↑ Christopher Stray Classics Transformed, p. 81
  13. ↑ BIRMINGHAM REGIONAL HOSPITAL BOARD GROUP 20 HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE. Birmingham Regional Hospital Board Group 20 Hospital Management Committee. 1944–1974.
  14. ↑ Bromford Tunnel". HS2. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
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