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Gertrud Baer

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Gertrud Baer
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Halberstadt (mul) Fassara, 25 Nuwamba, 1890
ƙasa Königreich Preußen (mul) Fassara
Weimarer Republik (mul) Fassara
Czechoslovakia (en) Fassara
Tarayyar Amurka
Mutuwa Geneva, 15 Disamba 1981
Ƴan uwa
Ƴan uwa
Karatu
Harsuna Jamusanci
Sana'a
Sana'a Malami da peace activist (en) Fassara
Employers Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (en) Fassara

Gertrud Baer (1890–1981) ɗan Jamus ne mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata Yahudawa kuma mai fafutukar zaman lafiya . Daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Mata ta kasa da kasa don zaman lafiya da 'yanci, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar zartarwa na reshen Jamus na WILPF tun daga shekarar 1921 kuma ta kasance shugabar kungiyar ta kasa da kasa daga 1929 zuwa 1947. A cikin Yaƙin Duniya na II, kodayake an raba jagoranci, Baer shine shugaban farko na ƙungiyar. A karshen yakin, ta zama mashawarcin WILPF na farko a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ta rike wannan mukamin har zuwa 1972.

Rayuwar farko

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An haifi Gertrud Baer a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1890 a Halberstadt, a cikin lardin Saxony na Masarautar Prussia ga ma'aurata Yahudawa, Sara (née Stern) da Gustav Baer. Mahaifinta, na dogon kafa iyali daga Halberstadt na likitoci da malamai. Shi dillalin karfe ne. Mahaifiyarta diya ce ga Babban Rabbi na Hamburg, Anschel Stern [de], da matarsa Jeanette (née Adler). [1] Kakan mahaifiyar Baer shine Nathan Marcus Adler wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Rabbi na Daular Burtaniya da mahaifinsa Mordechai Baer Adler, wanda ya kasance Babban Rabbi na Hanover. [2]

Baer shine ɗan'uwa mafi girma a cikin dangi, wanda ya ƙaura zuwa Hamburg lokacin tana kusan shekara biyu. Erna (1892-1967), Walter (an haifi 1894), Harriet (1896-1956), da Jeanette (1903-1944) duk an haife su a Hamburg. An kashe Jeanette a Auschwitz a lokacin Holocaust . [1] Shigar da mahaifiyarta ta yi a cikin ƙungiyar mata bourgeois ta Jamus ta rinjayi ta kuma ta raka ta zuwa tarurruka. A ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan tarurrukan, ta sadu da Lida Gustava Heymann kuma tare da ita, sun yi aiki a gidan mata na farko a Hamburg. [3] Baer ta kammala karatunta na farko kuma ta sami horon zama malami da ke karatu a Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich da Neuchâtel, Switzerland. [4]

Sana'a

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Bayan kammala horo, Baer ta fara aikinta a matsayin malami a Hamburg. [4] A lokacin yakin duniya na daya Baer ya koma Munich kuma ya shiga tare da Heymann, Anita Augspurg da Helene Stöcker a cikin Ƙungiyar Pacifist . [1] [3] A cikin 1915, ta halarci Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Mata [3] da aka gudanar a Hague, inda aka ƙaddamar da ra'ayoyin farko don mata su kafa Kwamitin Mata na Duniya don Zaman Lafiya na Dindindin. An biyo bayan wannan taron a cikin 1919 tare da kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci (WILPF), [5] wanda Baer ya shiga nan da nan, ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban tare da reshen Jamus na WILPF daga shekarar kafa ta. [1] Tsakanin 1918 zuwa 1919, Baer ya kafa majalisar mata a ma'aikatar zamantakewa ta Munich, don sabuwar Jamhuriyar Bavarian Soviet . [3] [6] Ta kuma shiga cikin darussan rani akan Internationalism, wanda WILPF ke daukar nauyin a farkon 1920s. [7] Tsakanin 1919 zuwa 1933, ta yi aiki a mujallun mata Die Frau im Staat (Mace a Jiha) da Die Friedenswarte (Peace Watch). [6]

A shekara ta 1922, Baer, wadda ta kasance sakatariyar zartarwa ta WILPF na Jamus tsawon shekara guda, ta yi balaguron farko zuwa Amurka. [8] [6] Ba ta samu ganawa da shugaba Harding ba, lokacin da shige da fice ya tsare ta saboda kasancewarta a jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Jamus da kuma fargabar cewa ba ta da isassun kudaden da za ta iya ciyar da kanta a lokacin da take cikin kasar. [8] [9] [10] An sake shi bayan shiga tsakani na Jane Addams, Baer, lokacin da yake magana a wani taro na baya, ya bukaci mata su shiga cikin yunkurin zaman lafiya da zanga-zangar yaki. [11] [6] Da yake ba da laccoci tare da membobin Burtaniya da Faransa, Baer ya bukaci Amurka da ta janye sojojinta daga Latin Amurka, ta saki fursunonin siyasa, da kuma amincewa da Tarayyar Soviet . [6] Tare da Heymann da Frida Perlen, Baer ya jagoranci yunƙurin sulhunta matan Jamus da Faransanci a lokacin tsaka mai wuya . Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan shirin shi ne dashen itatuwa da aka yi a shekara ta 1926 a arewacin Faransa. Baer ya kuma kasance mataimakin shugaban kungiyar zaman lafiya ta Jamus kuma ya yi balaguro sosai a Turai. [6]

Komawa Amurka a 1924 don halartar taron WILPF na kasa da kasa, Baer ya bukaci a dauki Hitler a matsayin babbar barazana. [6] [12] A cikin 1929, ta gaji Jane Addams a matsayin shugabar kasa da kasa na WILPF, [4] amma saboda yawan aikin da za a yi, an yanke shawarar cewa za a raba nauyin da Addams ya ɗauka tare da Emily Greene Balch da Clara Ragaz . [13] [14] Lokacin da Hitler ya karbi mulkin Jamus a shekara ta 1933, Baer ya gudu daga ƙasar ya sami takardar zama ɗan ƙasa a Czechoslovakia . [15] Shugabancin WILPF ya kira taron gaggawa kuma ya ba ta mafaka, ya ɗauke ta aiki na cikakken lokaci don shirya taronsu na gaba. [6] [12] Lokacin da ' yan Nazi suka kwace kuma suka mamaye kasar, sai ta gudu zuwa Geneva . [15] Bayan mutuwar Addams a 1935, an yanke shawarar samun Baer, Ragaz da Cornelia Ramondt-Hirschmann, su ci gaba da alhakin da aka raba a matsayin kujerun WILPF. [13] Da ta yi balaguro na uku zuwa Amurka a waccan shekarar, Baer ta halarci taron kwance damara, inda ta yi kira ga kasashen duniya da su yi aiki tare domin samun zaman lafiya. [16]

A cikin 1939, Baer, mai lura da WILPF na Majalisar Tattalin Arziki na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya, an aika zuwa Amurka. An ƙaura Majalisar zuwa Princeton, New Jersey kuma ana ganin ya zama dole ga Baer ya ƙaura don matsalolin tsaro. Daga nan ne ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar farko ta WILPF, a duk lokacin yakin, inda ta ke shirya hanyoyin sadarwa da ake aikewa da su a duk wata uku zuwa sassan duniya. [5] Baer da Ragaz sun raba kujera har yanzu, amma dan Birtaniya Kathleen Innes, ya maye gurbin Ramondt-Hirschmann a 1937 a matsayin memba na uku. [14] Matan ukun sun aike da wasika zuwa ga shugaba Roosevelt inda suka bukace shi da ya kyale 'yan gudun hijira su shiga kasar. [12] A cikin 1940, Baer ta zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka, kodayake ta koma Geneva na dindindin a 1950. [1] Bayan da ya ci gaba da raye-rayen abokan hulɗa da ƙungiyar, a ƙarshen yakin, Baer ya zama mashawarcin WILPF na farko ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ya rike wannan matsayi har zuwa 1972. [5] Wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryen da ta shiga sun bukaci Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da ta binciki irin tasirin da gwaje-gwajen atomic da kuma musamman radiation ke yi ga jama'a. Tun daga 1955, ta jaddada bukatar yin amfani da makamashin hasken rana, maimakon neman makamashin nukiliya, [5] kuma a cikin yakin 1960 ya bukaci ilimin yankunan karkara ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo. [5]

A shekara ta 1965, a taron cika shekaru hamsin na kafa WILPF, Baer ta bayyana takaicinta kan yadda kungiyar ta kaurace daga tushenta na mata, inda ta tunatar da mambobin cewa, har sai an samu cikakkiyar daidaito a dukkan bangarorin rayuwa, mata za su kasance cikin hadari. [5] A shekara mai zuwa, a matsayin mai lura da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka gudanar a Roma, Baer ya sake yin magana game da alakar da ke tsakanin mata da kuma zaman lafiya, yayin da yake kira ga 'yancin kai ga Viet Nam . [5] A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Baer ya kasance mai himma ga ƙungiyar, yana matsa lamba don faɗaɗa membobinsu don haɗawa da matasa da waɗanda ke wajen ƙungiyoyin jama'a. [5] Ta matsa lamba don kwance damara kuma ta yi aiki don samun manyan kasashe su amince da zartar da yarjejeniyar hana yaduwar nukiliya ta 1968. [5] Kafin lokacinta ta hanyoyi da yawa, ra'ayoyin Baer sun riga sun kasance biyu na mata da kuma sake haifuwar 1980 na motsin zaman lafiya. [5] A cikin 1977, wani fim ɗin shirin na Michaela Belger, mai suna Gertrud Baer. Ein Leben für die Gleichberechtigung der Frau, für Frieden und Freiheit ( Gertrud Baer: Rayuwa don 'Yancin Mata, don Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci ) an sake shi don girmama aikin Baer. [1]

Mutuwa da gado

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Baer ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1981 a Geneva. [1] Taron karawa juna sani na WILPF da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara don horar da sabbin membobi an sake masa suna a cikin 1981 a matsayin Taro na Matasa na bazara na Gertrude Baer, don girmama ta. [5]

Duba kuma

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  • Jerin sunayen masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

Manazarta

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ambato

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Zoder 2014.
  2. ↑ Apple 2011.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Bake n.d.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 The Denton Journal 1937.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 Foster 1989.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Sklar, Schüler & Strasser 1998.
  7. ↑ Rose 2011.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 The Morning Call 1922.
  9. ↑ The New York Times 1922.
  10. ↑ The Ottawa Herald 1922.
  11. ↑ The New York Tribune 1922.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Foster 1995.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Longman 1937.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Swarthmore College Peace Collection 1992.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1940.
  16. ↑ The Daily News 1935.
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