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Gicciyewa

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Gicciyewa
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Bayanai
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Hoton ƙarni na 15 na Yesu da aka gicciye tsakanin ɓarayi biyu

Gicciwa hanya ce ta hukuncin kisa inda ake ɗaure wanda aka yankewa hukunci ko ƙusa a kan babban giciye na katako, katako ko gungume kuma a bar shi a rataye shi har mutuwa ta ƙarshe. [1] An yi amfani da shi azaman azabtarwa ta Farisa, Kartaginians, da Romawa, [1] da sauransu. An yi amfani da gicciye a wasu ƙasashe kwanan nan kamar karni na 21.

giciye na Yesu yana da mahimmanci ga Kiristanci [1] kuma gicciye (a cikin Roman Katolika yawanci ana nuna shi tare da Yesu da aka ƙusa a ciki) alama ce ta addini ta Kiristanci. Mutuwarsa ita ce mafi kyawun misali na gicciye a tarihi, wanda hakan ya haifar da al'adu da yawa a duniyar zamani don haɗa hanyar kisa kusa da Yesu da kuma ruhaniya ta Kirista. Sauran adadi a cikin Kiristanci an yi imanin cewa an gicciye Yesu, gami da Saint Peter, wanda al'adar Cocin ta ce an gicciye shi da fuska, da Saint Andrew, wanda al-adar Cocin ke cewa an gicciyen shi a kan Gicciye mai siffar X. A yau, ƙayyadaddun adadin Kiristoci da son rai suna fuskantar gicciye ba tare da mutuwa ba a matsayin aikin ibada.

Kalmomin

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Tsohon Girkanci yana da kalmomi guda biyu don gicciye: anastauroo ( ἀνασταυρόω ), daga stauros (wanda a cikin Hellenanci na zamani kawai yana nufin " giciye " amma wanda a zamanin da ana amfani dashi don kowane nau'i na katako, mai nunawa ko maras kyau, danda ko tare da haɗe-haɗe) da apotumpanizo ( ἀποτυμπανίζω ) "a gicciye akan katako", tare da anaskolopizo ( ἀνασκολοπίζω " girgiza "). A cikin rubutun Helenanci kafin Romawa na farko anastauro yawanci yana nufin "girgiza".

Hellenanci da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Sabon Alkawari na Kirista yana amfani da kalmomi huɗu, uku daga cikinsu bisa stauros ( σταυρός ), yawanci ana fassara "giciye". Kalmar da aka fi sani shine stauroo ( σταυρόω ), "don gicciye", yana faruwa sau 46; sustauroo ( συσταυρόω ), "don gicciye tare da" ko "tare" yana faruwa sau biyar, yayin da anastauroo ( ἀνασταυρόω ), “sake gicciye” ya bayyana sau ɗaya kawai a Wasiƙar Ibraniyawa 6:6 . Prospegnumi ( προσπήγνυμι ), “domin gyara ko ɗaure shi, gicciye, gicciye” ya faru sau ɗaya kawai, a Ayyukan Manzanni.

Kalmar Turanci giciye ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin crux, [2] wanda ke nufin itace ko kowane gini na itace da aka yi amfani da shi don rataye masu laifi a matsayin hanyar kisa. Kalmar daga baya ta zo ne don komawa musamman ga gicciye. Kalmar da ta danganta crucifix ta samo asali ne daga Latin crucifixus ko cruci fixus, wanda ya wuce na crucifigere ko cruci figere, ma'ana "don gicciye" ko "don ɗaure zuwa gicciye". [3][4][5][6]

Bayani

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Hoton Gabriel von Max na 1866 Martyress ya nuna wata budurwa da aka gicciye da wani saurayi suna sa furanni a ƙafafunta

Siffar giciye

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  A cikin Daular Romawa, gibbet (kayan kisa) don gicciye ya ɗauki siffofi da yawa. Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC–65 AD 4 BC-65 AD) ya ce: "Ina ganin gicciye a can, ba kawai na wani nau'i ba amma an yi su ta hanyoyi daban-daban: wasu suna da wadanda aka azabtar da su da kai zuwa ƙasa; wasu suna rataye sassan su na sirri; wasu suna miƙa hannayensu a kan gibbet. " A cewar Josephus, a lokacin Siege na Sarkin sarakuna Titus na Urushalima (70 AD), sojojin Romawa sun rataye Yahudawa da yawa zuwa gicciye a hanyoyi daban-bayan nan.

A wasu lokuta gibbet wani gungume ne mai sauƙi, wanda ake kira a cikin Latin crux simplex . Sau da yawa, duk da haka, akwai giciye-ƙetare da aka haɗe ko dai a saman don ba da siffar T (crux commissa) ko kuma a ƙasa da saman, kamar yadda yake a cikin hanyar da aka fi sani da alamar Kirista (cruz immissa). T-shaped Hoton da ya fi tsufa na gicciye na Romawa yana nuna mutum a kan gicciye mai siffar T. Rubutun da aka samo a cikin wani taberna (gidan shakatawa na masu tafiya) a Puteoli, wanda ya kasance daga lokacin Trajan ko Hadrian (ƙarshen karni na 1 zuwa farkon karni na 2 AD). [7]

Marubuta a karni na 2 da suka yi maganar giciyen kisa sun kwatanta hannun gicciye a matsayin miƙe, ba a haɗa su da gungume ɗaya ba: Lucian ya yi magana game da Prometheus kamar yadda aka gicciye "a sama da kwazazzabo tare da miƙa hannunsa". Ya kuma ce siffar harafin Τ (harafin Helenanci tau ) na kayan aikin katako ne da ake amfani da shi don gicciye. Artemidorus, wani marubuci na lokaci guda, ya ce an yi gicciye da ginshiƙai (jam'i) da ƙusoshi kuma an miƙa hannun gicciye. Da yake magana game da giciye na kisa, Irenaeus ( c. 130–202 ), marubuci Kirista, ya siffanta shi da haɗaɗɗen katako mai madaidaici kuma mai jujjuyawa, wani lokaci tare da ɗan tsinkaya a cikin madaidaiciyar hanya. [8]

Rubutun Sabon Alkawari game da gicciye Yesu ba su fayyace siffar wannan gicciye ba, amma rubuce-rubucen farko na baya sun kamanta shi da harafin T. A cewar William Barclay, domin tau yana da siffar daidai da crux commissa kuma yana wakiltar lamba 300, "duk inda ubanni suka zo a kan adadin 300 a cikin Tsohon Alkawari sun ɗauki shi a matsayin giciye na prefi na Kristi". [9] Misali na farko, wanda aka rubuta kusan ƙarshen karni na 1, shine Wasiƙar Barnaba, tare da wani misali shine Clement na Alexandria ( c. 150c. 215). [10]

Justin Martyr ( c. 100 – c. 165 ) ya ga giciyen Kristi da aka wakilta a cikin ƙetare tofi da aka yi amfani da shi don gasa ɗan ragon Idin Ƙetarewa . [11]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 (Paul J. J. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "EECO 2018" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary, "cross"". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
  3. ↑ "Collins English Dictionary, "crucify"". Collins. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  4. ↑ "Compact Oxford English Dictionary, "crucify"". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  5. ↑ "Webster New World College Dictionary, "crucify"". yourdictionary.com/. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  6. ↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary, "crucify"". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
  7. ↑ Cook, John Granger (2012). "Crucifixion as Spectacle in Roman Campania". Novum Testamentum. 54 (1): 60, 92–98. doi:10.1163/156853611X589651. JSTOR 23253630.
  8. ↑ "The very form of the cross, too, has five extremities, two in length, two in breadth, and one in the middle, on which [last] the person rests who is fixed by the nails" ( Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses II, 4[dead link]).
  9. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  10. ↑ "Clement of Alexandria, The Stromata, book VI, chapter 11".
  11. ↑ "Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho, XL, 3". That lamb which was commanded to be wholly roasted was a symbol of the suffering of the cross which Christ would undergo. For the lamb, which is roasted, is roasted and dressed up in the form of the cross. For one spit is transfixed right through from the lower parts up to the head, and one across the back, to which are attached the legs of the lamb.
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