Gidaje a Japan

gida a Japan sun haɗa da salon zamani da na gargajiya. Hanyoyi biyu na mazauna sun fi yawa a Japan ta zamani: gidan da aka raba da iyali ɗaya da kuma ginin da ke da yawa, ko dai mallakar mutum ne ko kamfani kuma an hayar su a matsayin gidaje ga masu haya, ko kuma mallakar mazauna. Ƙarin nau'ikan gidaje, musamman ga mutanen da ba su yi aure ba, sun haɗa da gidajen kwana (waɗanda suka shahara tsakanin ɗaliban koleji), dakunan kwana (wanda aka saba da shi a kamfanoni), da bariki (ga membobin Sojojin Tsaro na Japan, 'yan sanda da wasu ma'aikatan gwamnati).

Wani fasalin da ba a saba gani ba na gidajen Japan shine ana tsammanin gidaje suna da iyakacin rayuwa, kuma galibi ana rushe su kuma ana sake gina su bayan ƴan shekarun da suka gabata, gabaɗaya shekaru ashirin na gine-ginen katako da shekaru talatin don gine-ginen siminti - duba ƙa'idodi don cikakkun bayanai. Gyaran gidaje, maimakon sake gina su, al'ada ce da ba a saba gani ba a Japan, duk da cewa ana samun karuwarta, wanda ke nuni da cewa dabi'ar amfani da tsofaffin gidaje na iya canzawa. Koyaya, Townsend [wane?] ya yi imani da gaske cewa haɗarin girgizar ƙasa ga gidajen dangi guda an wuce gona da iri, yana mai da hankali kan dabarun tallan masu ginin gida da kamfanonin gidaje. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin galibi suna amfani da fasahar girgizar ƙasa don sanya tsoro ga masu siye. A cewar Townsend, ingantaccen tsarin gidaje, wanda aka ƙarfafa shi da katakon katako da katako, gabaɗaya yana da ƙarfi sosai don jure girgizar ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, Townsend yana nuna kyakkyawan aikin gine-ginen katako a cikin ƙasarsu idan aka kwatanta da wasu, yana ba da shawarar cewa kada a lalata darajarsu da ƙarfinsu..^[1]

Kididdigar gidaje

Alkaluma daga Binciken Gidaje da Filaye na 2012 da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da Sadarwa ta gudanar sun nuna cewa Japan na da gidaje 53,890,900 a lokacin. Daga cikin wadannan, 46,862,900 (86.9%) sun mamaye kuma 7,027,900 (13.0%) ba su zauna ba. Daga cikin rukunin da aka mamaye, 28,665,900 (61.2%) mallakar gidan mazauna ne. Matsakaicin adadin dakuna kowane rukunin gidaje ya kai 4.77, matsakaicin jimlar bene ya kai murabba'in murabba'in 94.85 (28.69 tsubo; 1,021.0 sq ft) kuma matsakaicin adadin mutane a kowane ɗaki ya kasance 0.56.[1] An yi amfani da raka'a 45,258,000 (96.6%) don rayuwa na musamman kuma an yi amfani da raka'a 1,605,000 (3.4%) duka don rayuwa da kasuwanci. Daga cikin raka'o'in da aka yi amfani da su kawai don rayuwa, 10,893,000 (24.1%) an sanye su da na'urar gano hayaki ta atomatik. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2003, ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida da sadarwa ta Japan ta rarraba rukunin gidaje 17,180,000 (36.7%) a matsayin suna cikin birane yayin da rukunin gidaje 27,553,000 (58.8%) ke cikin yankunan karkara..

Kamar yadda yake a Amurka, yawancin Japan" id="mwKw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Japan">Jafananci suna zaune a cikin gidaje na iyali ɗaya. A lokacin bayan yakin, yawan gidaje masu yawa a Japan ya karu da sauri. A cikin 1990, alal misali, kashi 60% na gidajen Jafananci sun kunshi gidaje guda ɗaya, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 77% a cikin 1958. Shekaru biyu da suka gabata, a cikin 1988, kashi 62.3% na jimlar gidaje a Japan sun kasance gidaje guda ɗaya kuma kashi 37.7% gidaje ne masu yawa. A wannan shekarar, binciken da hukumar tsara tattalin arzikin Japan ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 62.3 cikin dari na yawan jama'ar Japan sun mallaki gida mai hawa biyu.

A cikin shekarun 1980s, sabon gida a Japan ya kai sau 5-8 na kudin shiga na shekara-shekara na matsakaicin Jafananci, kuma sau 2-3 na matsakaitan Amurka. Lokaci na rance na yau da kullun ga gidajen Jafananci shine shekaru 20, tare da biyan kuɗi na 35%, yayin da a Amurka ya kasance shekaru 30 da 25%, saboda bambancin ayyuka a cikin kasuwannin kuɗi.

A cikin 1973, bisa ga wani binciken, kashi 65% na yawan jama'ar Japan suna zaune a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu, yayin da kashi 12% ke zaune a cikin ɗakunan da aka haɗa da kashi 23% a cikin ɗaki ko ɗaki. Binciken da Hukumar Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa ta gudanar a 1983 ta gano cewa akwai gidaje miliyan 34.75 a Japan, daga cikinsu an gina kashi 46.1% da katako, kashi 31.3% na katako mai hana wuta, da kuma kashi 22.6% na ferroconcrete ko wasu kayan da ba na katako ba. Wannan binciken ya gano cewa gidaje masu zaman kansu sun kai kashi 64.3% daga dukkan gidaje a Japan, tare da rabon da ya fadi a cikin birane. A cikin unguwanni 23 na Tokyo, alal misali, gine-ginen raka'a da yawa kamar gidajen gidaje sun kai kashi 62.5% na dukkan gidaje a cikin waɗannan unguwanni. Dangane da zama, kashi 62.4% na gidaje a Japan sun kunshi gidaje masu zaman kansu, kashi 24.3% na raka'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suka hayar, kashi 7.6% na raka'o'in da gwamnati suka hayar da su, da kuma kashi 5.2% na gidaje ga ma'aikatan gwamnati da ma'aikatan kamfanin.

Dangane da binciken gidaje da aka gudanar a 1993, gidajen iyali guda ɗaya sun kai kashi 59.2% na dukkan gidaje a Japan. A shekara ta 1997, an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 60% na Jafananci suna zaune a gidaje masu zaman kansu.^[2] A cikin 1998, an gano kashi 52% na dukkan gidaje a Japan sun kunshi gidaje masu zaman kansu mallakar mazaunansu, kashi 36% gidaje ne da aka hayar a cikin ɗakunan gidaje, kashi 8% gidaje ne a cikin ɗakuna masu zaman kansu, kuma kashi 4% an hayar gidaje masu ban sha'awa. A shekara ta 2005, gidaje 27,533,066 (57.2% na gidaje masu zaman kansu) sun mallaki gida mai zaman kansa, yayin da gidaje 19,014,478 (39.5%) suka zauna a cikin gidaje ko gidaje. A shekara ta 2008, an kiyasta cewa shida daga cikin Jafananci goma suna zaune a gidajen iyali guda.^[3]^[4]

A wani bincike da ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida da sadarwa ta gudanar a shekarar 2008, kusan gidaje miliyan 7.56 ne babu kowa a cikinsu. Daga baya an kiyasta a cikin 2019 cewa kusan 13.6% na gine-gine a Japan ba kowa ne, [wanda ake magana da shi a cikin Jafananci kamar Akiya (Jafananci: 空き家, lit. 'gidan wofi'). Wasu daga cikin kadarorin kuma ana kiransu da jiko bukken (Jafananci: 事故物件, lit. 'black dukiya'), kuma suna da wahala ga masu mallakar gidaje su sayar ko bari saboda alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru kamar kisan kai, kashe kansa, haɗarin mutuwa ko wasu wuraren da ba a so. Don magance wannan, Ma’aikatar Filaye, Lantarki, Sufuri da yawon buɗe ido (MLIT) ta samar da tsare-tsare don inganta gyare-gyare da sake mallake kadarorin Akiya, tare da wakilan kadarorin da ke riƙe da jeri na musamman da ake kira ‘Akiya Bank’ don sauƙaƙe tallace-tallace, gyarawa da hayar irin waɗannan kadar.[4] Yayin da tsarin bankin Akiya na cikin gida ya kasance tun daga shekarun 1990, sabon sha'awar sake fasalin dukiya, da kuma zuwan intanet, yana nufin cewa an kafa tsarin kasa a cikin 2010, wanda ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa yau.[5]. Wani bincike na 2024 da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta gudanar ya gano cewa adadin kadarorin Akiya sun kai gidaje miliyan 9, kuma kusan kashi 13.8% na gidajen a Japan babu kowa.[6]^[5]

Danchi

Danchi (団地, lit. "ƙasar rukuni") ita ce kalmar Jafananci don babban tarin gine-ginen gidaje na wani salon da ƙira, yawanci ana gina su azaman gidajen jama'a ta hukuma ta gwamnati.

Kamfanin Gidajen Japan (JHC), wanda yanzu ake kira Urban Renaissance Agency (UR), an kafa shi ne a shekarar 1955. A cikin shekarun 1950, 60, da 70, JHC ta gina danchi da yawa a yankunan da ke kusa da birni don biyan bukatun gidaje na yawan jama'ar Japan da ke ƙaruwa a lokacin.

Tsarin ciki

Gidan gargajiya na Jafananci ba shi da amfani da aka tsara don kowane ɗaki ban da yankin ƙofar (Genkan, 玄関), kicin, gidan wanka, da bayan gida. Kowane ɗaki na iya zama ɗakin zama, ɗakin cin abinci, karatu, ko ɗaki. Wannan yana yiwuwa saboda duk kayan da ake buƙata suna iya ɗaukar kaya, ana adana su a cikin oshiire, ƙaramin ɓangaren gidan (babban ɗakunan ajiya) da aka yi amfani da su don adanawa. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa a Japan, ana nuna ɗakin zama a matsayin Ima, rayuwa "space". Wannan shi ne saboda girman ɗaki za'a iya canza shi ta hanyar canza rabuwa. Manyan gidaje na gargajiya galibi suna da ima ɗaya kawai (ɗaki / sarari) a ƙarƙashin rufin, yayin da kicin, gidan wanka, da bayan gida suna haɗe a gefen gidan a matsayin kari.

Da ɗan yi kama da ofisoshin zamani, bangarori a cikin gidajen gargajiya na Jafananci an halicce su ta bangarori masu motsi iri-iri. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan da aka fi sani da shi shine fusuma, ƙofofi masu zamewa da aka yi da itace da takarda, waɗanda za a iya ɗauka kuma a sauƙaƙe cire su. fusuma ta rufe kowane bangare daga sama zuwa kasa don <i id="mwug">Roka</i> zai iya ƙirƙirar ƙaramin ɗaki a cikin gidan. A gefen gidan akwai 'Rōk', sassan katako na katako, waɗanda suke kama da hallways. Rōka da Ima an raba su da <i id="mwuA">shōji</i>, ƙofofi masu zamewa da ƙofoci waɗanda aka yi da takarda da itace. Ba kamar fusuma ba, takarda da aka yi amfani da ita don shōji tana da ƙanƙanta sosai don haka hasken waje zai iya wucewa cikin gidan. Wannan ya kasance kafin a fara amfani da gilashi don ƙofofi masu zamewa. Rōka da waje na gidan ko dai an raba su da bangon ko allon katako wanda ake amfani da shi don rufe gidan da dare. Rufin da aka faɗaɗa yana kare rōka daga yin rigar lokacin da ruwan sama ya yi, sai dai a lokacin guguwa inda gidan ya rufe gaba ɗaya. Rufin gidajen gargajiya a Japan an yi su ne da itace da yumɓu, tare da tayal ko wuraren da aka rufe a saman.

Don manyan tarurruka, ana cire waɗannan bangarorin don ƙirƙirar babban ɗakin taro ɗaya. A lokacin rana ta al'ada, bangarori na iya ƙirƙirar ƙananan wuraren zama masu sarrafawa. Sabili da haka, kicin, gidan wanka, bayan gida, da Genkan tare da sararin samaniya guda ɗaya suna ƙirƙirar cikakken gidaje na Jafananci. Koyaya, gidan wanka, bayan gida, har ma da kicin na iya zama na jama'a. (Dubi Sentō.) Saboda haka, mafi ƙarancin tsarin gidaje na Jafananci, wanda har yanzu yana yiwuwa a gano idan mutum yana neman ɗaki mafi arha don hayar, ya ƙunshi kawai Genkan da ɗaki ɗaya / sarari.

Gidaje yawanci ana jera su a cikin tallace-tallace na ƙasa a cikin tsarin ɗakuna da yawa tare da masu nuna wasiƙa waɗanda ke nuna kasancewar wuraren ɗakuna na yau da kullun, misali: 1R ko 2LDK. R yana nuna ɗakin, L don ɗakin zama, D don ɗakin cin abinci, da K don kicin. A cikin wannan tsari, ba a ambaci gidan wanka da bayan gida ba amma an haɗa su ban da wasu ƙananan 1R ko 1Ks. L, D da K ba su da bambanci sosai kuma suna cikin ko kusa da kicin. LDK ya fi DK girma. Adadin da ke gaban haruffa yana nuna adadin ƙarin ɗakuna masu amfani da yawa. Sau da yawa ana raba ɗakunan ta ƙofofi masu zamewa, fusuma, don haka ana iya ƙirƙirar manyan ɗakuna guda ɗaya.

Bugu da ƙari, tallace-tallace sun ambaci girman ɗakunan - mafi mahimmanci, ɗakin zama - tare da ma'auni tatami">tatami mats (jō (饮) a cikin Jafananci), mats na gargajiya da aka yi daga shinkafa wanda shine daidaitattun girman: 176 by 88 centimetres (69 by 35 in) in) a yankin Tokyo da 191 cm da 95.5 cm a yammacin Japan. "2DK; ɗaki ɗaya na nau'in Jafananci na shida, ɗaki ɗaya mai nau'in Yammacin Yammaci na shida misali ne.

Apaato (Esek) (ko Apartment) don gine-ginen haya, waɗanda yawanci 'yan hawa ne kawai a tsawo, ba tare da ƙofar tsaro ta tsakiya ba.
Mansion (マンション) yawanci ana sayen gine-gine masu tsada (amma kwanan nan an hayar wasu saboda manyan wuraren zama) tare da bene da yawa, masu ɗagawa, da ƙofar tsaro ta gari, tare da akwatunan gidan waya na tsakiya; yawanci ana gina su da ƙarfi fiye da apaato, yawanci na ƙarfe-jafe (RC).

Kodayake ƙa'idodin da aka yarda da su don bayanin sun wanzu, wannan ba buƙata ce ta doka ba; sabili da haka, bayanin bazai zama cikakke ba.

Genkan

Ɗaya daga cikin halaye na gidan Jafananci shine Genkan, ko ƙofar shiga. Ya haɗa da ƙaramin yanki, a matakin ɗaya da na waje, inda mutane masu zuwa suka cire takalman su. Yayin da suke cire takalman su, mutane suna hawa kan bene mai tsawo. Suna nuna matakai na takalman su a waje. Sauran gidan yana a matakin da aka ɗaga na wannan bene. Kusa da bene na ƙasa akwai ɗakunan ajiya ko majalisa da ake kira Geta (akwatingeta) inda mutane za su sanya takalman su. Ana sanya slippers don amfani da cikin gida a can.

Gidan dafa abinci

Gidan dafa abinci na zamani na Jafananci yana da kayan aiki kamar murhu, ƙanƙanin kifi (mai girkewa), da firiji na lantarki. Za'a iya gina murhun ko kuma ya zama na'urar da ke da kansa a kan counter-top, kuma yawanci gas ne, kodayake kwanan nan shigar da zafi (IH) murhun sun zama sananne. Rukunin yau da kullun na kowane nau'in murhu sun haɗa da masu ƙonewa biyu zuwa huɗu. Broilers da aka tsara don dafa kifi yawanci suna cikin ɓangaren murhu kuma suna ƙasa, kuma ba kamar yawancin Yammacin Yamma ba, ba cikakkiyar faɗin ba ne. Ginin da aka gina da ya isa ya yi burodi ko gasa ba a saba gani ba; a maimakon haka, ana amfani da microwaves na convection na tebur. Yawancin gidajen abinci suna da magoya bayan fitar da wutar lantarki. Kayan ado galibi sun haɗa da murhun microwave, bututun ruwa mai zafi, da murhun lantarki. masu wanki jita-jita da aka gina a ciki ba su da yawa, kodayake wasu gidajen abinci na iya samun ƙananan wanke jita ko masu bushe jita-jita. Gidan dafa abinci ya haɗa da ruwa mai gudana, yawanci tare da maɓuɓɓugar zafi da sanyi.

Gidan wanka

Gidajen Jafananci yawanci suna da ɗakuna da yawa don abin da ke cikin gidajen Yammacin shine gidan wanka. Gidaje daban-daban don bayan gida na Jafananci, sink, da ofuro (gidan wanka) sun zama ruwan dare. Ƙananan gidaje, duk da haka, sau da yawa suna ƙunshe da ƙaramin gidan wanka guda ɗaya da ake kira wanka naúrar wanda ke ƙunshe ga duk kayan aiki uku. Hakanan ana iya gina ƙaramin sink a saman tankin bayan gida - akwai bututun, tare da saman tankin da ke samar da sink, kuma ruwa yana gudana cikin tankin - wanda ke gudana a lokacin sake zagayowar; wannan ya zama ruwan dare a tsakiyar gine-gine na karni na 20. Gidan da ke da sink, wanda ake kira ɗakin canza tufafi, yawanci ya haɗa da sarari don na'urar wanke tufafi. Gidan da ke dauke da wanka yana da ruwa tare da sarari don wanka, kuma sau da yawa don wankawa, kusa da (maimakon a cikin) wanka. A sakamakon haka, ruwan wanka ba sabulu ba ne ko datti, kuma ana iya sake amfani da shi. Yawancin injunan wanki a Japan sun zo tare da bututun tsawo don jawo ruwa daga tub don wankewa.

Ruwa mai zafi yawanci yana fitowa ne daga gas ko mai dumama kerosene. Mai dumama yawanci yana waje (akalla a yanayin zafi). Gas dinsa na iya zama daga kayan aiki na gari ko daga tankuna na LP (Liquid Petroleum) a shafin. Mai dumama ruwa na Jafananci ba shi da tanki kuma yana dumama ruwa akan buƙata. Ɗaya daga cikin masu dumama na iya samar da wanka da kicin. Koyaya, gidaje da yawa suna da masu dumama biyu ko fiye. Kwanan nan, an gabatar da masu dumama ruwa na lantarki ga masu gidaje. Wadannan masu dumama wutar lantarki suna dumama ruwa a cikin tanki da dare lokacin da wutar lantarki ta fi arha, don amfani da rana mai zuwa.

Yin wanki

Gidajen zamani a Japan za su sami ƙaramin na'urar wanki, amma yawancin ba za su sami mai bushe tufafi ba yayin da yawancin Jafananci ke rataye tufafi don bushewa a kan baranda ^[6] ko a cikin gidan wanka, idan an dumama shi. Ana samun Masu wanki a ko'ina cikin Japan. Yawancin ƙananan gidaje ba su da ɗaki don sanya na'urar wanki ko mai bushewa. Hakazalika, ƙananan gidaje ne kawai tare da na'urorin wanki suna da masu bushewa. Saboda haka, a lokacin ruwan sama ko a ranakun ruwan sama, mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar tufafinsu zuwa gidan wanka don wankewa da bushe su.

Gidaje da yawa sun haɗa da akalla ɗaki ɗaya na gargajiya na Jafananci, ko washitsu. Yana da fasalin tatami, shoji maimakon zane-zane da ke rufe taga, fusuma (rashin sashi mai laushi) yana raba shi daga sauran ɗakuna, oshiire (kulle) tare da matakai biyu (don adana Futons), da rufin katako. Wataƙila ba shi da kayan aiki, kuma yana aiki azaman ɗakin iyali da rana da ɗakin kwana da dare. Yawancin washitsu suna da ƙofofin gilashi masu zamewa waɗanda ke buɗewa a kan bene ko balcony.

Sauran ɗakunan kwana, da ɗakunan zama, ɗakunan cin abinci, da ɗakuna, suna cikin salon Yamma. Yawanci suna da murfin bene na zamani. Rufin rufi yawanci na roba ne, kuma yana iya zama fari ko beige. Windows yawanci suna buɗewa ta hanyar zamewa a gefe, kodayake windows da yawa na kicin suna buɗewa da karkatawa, tare da ƙasa yana karkata waje.

Gidan ɗaki ɗaya

A one-room mansion (wan rūmu manshon ワンルームマンション) is a Japanese apartment style in which there is only one small room (10 square metres (3.0 tsubo; 110 sq ft) in many cases) and usually a compact bathroom. It is the functional equivalent of the Western-style studio apartment. These units are most often rented by single individuals due to their extremely small size; it is difficult for more than one person to reside in them. Most of Japan's city apartment blocks have rooms such as these although family units (around 60 to 90 square metres (18 to 27 tsubo; 650 to 970 sq ft) in size) are more common, especially in the suburbs.

Rashin zafi

Rashin dumama sarari maimakon dumama ta tsakiya na al'ada ne a gidajen Jafananci. Kerosene, gas, da raka'a na lantarki sun zama ruwan dare. Sau da yawa ana hayar gidaje ba tare da dumama ko kayan sanyaya ba amma tare da sararin samaniya mara amfani, yana ba da damar shigar da raka'a na famfo mai zafi. Mazauna suna sayen kayan aiki kuma suna ɗaukar su lokacin da suke motsawa.

Gine-gine na gargajiya na Jafananci ba sa amfani da rufi, kuma ana iya cire rufi a cikin gine-gine na zamani, musamman a cikin ƙananan gidaje; kuma ba a yi amfani da gilashin rufi da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin windows, tare da waɗannan gabaɗaya guda ɗaya. Wannan ba haka ba ne a Hokkaido da arewacin Honshū, saboda sanyi na hunturu a can. Gidaje masu rufi da zafi a arewacin Japan sun fi zafi fiye da gidaje da yawa a sassan da suka fi zafi na Japan kuma galibi suna amfani da gilashin bangon biyu.^[7] Wannan ba haka ba ne ga sababbin gine-gine kamar yadda aka rufe su kuma aka gina su da gilashi mai rufi.^[7]

Mai sauƙin ƙonewa na kerosene yana da tanki don man fetur, mantle, da kuma sarrafawa. Batir mai sarrafa wutar lantarki sanannen mataki ne. Matsayi na gaba yana da fan na lantarki don yada iska mai zafi ta cikin dakin. Yawancin irin waɗannan raka'a suna da kulawar kwamfuta na zafin jiki. Kwamfutar kuma na iya kunna su da kashe su a kan jadawalin. Masu dumama gas suna da mashahuri, kuma gidaje da yawa suna da tashoshin gas a cikin ɗakuna don saukar da raka'a masu ɗaukar hoto. Windows a cikin gidaje da yawa suna da hanyoyin buɗewa don kare mazauna daga iskar gas mai yawa. Kerosene da sassan gas suna da fasalulluka na tsaro don kashe wuta da kuma yanke man fetur lokacin da mai dumama ya sami girgizar ƙasa, ko daga hadari ko girgizar kasa. Wadannan raka'a yawanci suna rufewa ta atomatik bayan sa'o'i biyu ko uku don hana hayaki na carbon monoxide daga ginawa yayin da mazaunin yake barci.

Wani nau'in mai dumama kerosene yana aiki kamar radiator kuma ya ƙunshi sassa biyu. Ana adana man fetur na kerosene a cikin tanki kuma an ƙone shi a waje da gida, kuma harshen wuta yana dumama ruwa wanda ke kewayawa cikin na biyu a cikin gidan. A cikin wannan rukunin, magoya baya suna busawa a fadin bututun da ke ɗauke da ruwan zafi, kuma ɗakin yana da dumi a sakamakon haka. Wannan nau'in mai dumama ya shahara tun lokacin da yake rage hayaki sosai kuma kusan yana kawar da haɗarin guba na carbon monoxide da kuma damar karamin yaro ko dabba da ke raunata kansu ba da gangan ba.

Ana isar da zafi ta hanyar famfo mai zafi da aka ɗora a kan rufin ko ganuwar, kamar sama da ƙofofi zuwa bene ko balcony, maimakon ta hanyar allon tushe. Wadannan masu dumama sau da yawa suna yin aiki sau biyu a matsayin masu sanyaya iska kuma ana kiransu eakon. Kula da thermostatic da timers suna samuwa a mafi yawan layi. Masana'antun kayan lantarki da na lantarki suna samar da waɗannan masu dumama.

A arewacin Japan, dumama ƙasa yukadanbō (床暖房) (lit. 'mai dumama bene') ya zama ruwan dare, wani nau'in mai dumama a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, inda ake rarraba ruwa mai dumama don samar da dumi. Ana samun dumama a cikin gidaje ko gidaje a cikin sassan da suka fi zafi na Japan amma ba don gidaje ba. Kudin yana da tsada, don haka wani lokacin ana shigar da irin wannan kawai a cikin iyakokin wurare kamar ɗakunan zama ko "ɗakin canza tufafi". Katunan lantarki sun zama sanannun a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.

A ƙarshe, ana amfani da nau'in mai dumama na gargajiya da aka sani da Kotatsu a yau. Kotatsu na iya zuwa a cikin siffofi da yawa, amma mafi yawanci shine a matsayin mai dumama lantarki wanda aka haɗe a ƙarƙashin tebur mai laushi: Tebur yawanci ana kewaye shi da zane mai haske don kiyaye zafi. Irin wannan tebur ya zama ruwan dare a cikin washitsu.

Yawancin gidajen Jafananci suna haɗuwa da wutar lantarki ta ƙasa ta amfani da tsarin waya 3 tare da daidaitattun ƙarfin lantarki na 100 V. 100 V AC suna ko'ina cikin gida don amfani gaba ɗaya. Wasu 'yan tashoshin 200 V na iya kasancewa don haɗa kayan aiki kamar su murhu mai dumama ko babban mai sanyaya iska. Layin mita shine 50 Hz a gabashin Japan, da 60 Hz a yammacin kasar. Masu fashewa na kewayon 30 zuwa 60 Amperes suna da kyau ga mafi yawan allon rarrabawa wutar lantarki.

Yawancin kayan aikin cikin gida suna aiki yadda ya kamata a kowanne mitar (matsayi na kai tsaye). Tashoshin suna kama da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a Arewacin Amurka (duba kwatanci), tare da ramuka biyu na tsaye. Tsoffin tashoshin ba su da ma'auni kuma yawancin sockets ba su da tushe mai kyau. Wuraren da ke cikin kicin, bayan gida, da gidan wanka, da kuma wadanda rufin ke bayarwa don raka'a masu sanyaya iska yawanci suna da tashar ƙasa ta uku, ko dai a cikin nau'in tashar 3-pin ko kuma rufewa. Na'urorin da aka tsara don amfani da ruwa, kamar masu wanke tufafi da kujerun bayan gida masu zafi, galibi suna da waya ta ƙasa ko ƙuƙwalwar ƙasa. Ana samun masu sauƙin sauƙaƙe don canza irin waɗannan matattarar 3-pin don haka ba da damar amfani da su a kowane nau'in matattarar 2-pin.

Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ana buƙatar sabbin gidajen Jafananci su sami tashoshin ƙasa na 3 don haɗa kayan cikin gida. Wannan doka ba ta shafi tashoshin da ba a yi niyyar amfani da su ba don kayan cikin gida, amma ana ba da shawara sosai don samun tashoshin 3-pin a ko'ina cikin gida.

100 V polarized outlet (JIS C 8303; 15 A 125 V)
3-pin grounded outlet (JIS C 8303 15 A 125 V)
3-pin high amperage outlet, typically used for air conditioners (JIS C 8303; 20 A 125 V)
200 V grounded outlet, typically used for stoves and larger air conditioners (JIS C 8303; 20 A 250 V)

Kayan hasken wuta, kamar masu dumama, yawanci shine asalin mai zama. Gidaje da yawa ba su haɗa da fitilun rufin da aka gina a cikin rayuwa, cin abinci, da ɗakuna masu barci ba. Maimakon haka, suna da rufin rufi wanda ke ba da haɗin lantarki da goyon bayan inji don kayan aikin hasken wuta. Akwai nau'ikan haɗin rufi guda huɗu na yau da kullun kuma waɗannan gabaɗaya za su goyi bayan nauyin saurin haske. Kayan abinci, dakunan wanka, ganguna da genkan suna iya samun kayan ado na rufin da aka gina.

Hasken wuta gabaɗaya ta hanyar fitilu masu haske da Fitila na LED, kuma galibi a wuraren zama suna da sauyawa ta hanyoyi 4. Fitila tana da bututun haske guda biyu, tare da hasken dare (a hukumance 常夜灯, ba bisa ka'ida ba aナツメ球, natsume-kyū, "jujube-bulb" (wanda ake kira don siffar)), da kuma sauyawa tsakanin "duka kwararan fitila a kan", "fitila daya kawai a kan", 'hasken dare kawai' da "kashe". Masu farawa masu haske masu sauyawa (a hukumance 点灯管, ba bisa ka'ida ba) sun zama ruwan dare a cikin tsofaffin kayan aiki.

Motoci

A waje da yankunan da ke cikin manyan birane, yawancin Jafananci suna ajiye motocinsu a ko kusa da gidajensu. Wasu gidaje masu zaman kansu suna da garage da aka gina a ciki; wasu suna da carports ko wuraren da ba a kare su ba a filin. Gidaje da gine-ginen condominium galibi suna da wuraren ajiye motoci, wasu suna zaune (alal misali) a bene na farko (watau a matakin ƙasa) na ginin, wasu a waje. Gidan ajiye motoci yana ba da damar amfani sau biyu na iyakantaccen sarari: filin ajiye motoci ɗaya a ƙasa, tare da mai ɗaga shi lokacin da ake buƙata; sauran wuraren shakatawa a ƙasa. Ana kuma amfani da shirye-shiryen mai ɗagawa. Mazauna kuma suna hayar wuraren ajiye motoci a wuraren da ba a yi amfani da su ba a cikin unguwar, gabaɗaya kowane wata, ana kiranta tsukigime chūsha (月極停車; filin ajiye motoci na kowane wata).

Gine-gine

Yawancin gidaje masu zaman kansu suna gina ta masana'antun ƙasa kamar Matsushita (a ƙarƙashin sunan PanaHome), Misawa Home, Mitsui, da Sumitomo Forestry. Wasu irin waɗannan kamfanoni suna kula da wuraren shakatawa tare da gidaje masu salo don nunawa ga masu sayarwa. Masu ginin condominium na iya buɗe naúrar don nuna masu sayarwa; a madadin haka, suna iya gina ɗakin samfurin daban a wasu wurare. Masu yin kayan aiki iri ɗaya suna aiki da ɗakunan baje kolin don nuna samfuran su.

Kayan gini

Masu zanen gine-gine na Japan sun haɓaka fasahar da za ta rage lalacewar girgizar ƙasa, bala'i na halitta wanda ke faruwa akai-akai a Japan. Don rage girgizar gine-gine, gine-gine za su ware tushe na gine-gine daga ƙasa. Ma'aikatan gine-gine galibi suna shigar da sassauƙa a ƙarƙashin gine-gine don tallafa musu lokacin da girgizar ƙasa ta faru, ko ƙirƙirar sarari a ƙarƙashin tushe don haka ba a haɗa shi kai tsaye da ƙasa ba. Wannan kuma shine dalilin da ya sa gidajen Jafananci ke amfani da katako na katako, tunda itace abu ne wanda ke rage girgizar ƙasa.^[8]

Baƙi a Japan da ke hayar gidaje da kansu galibi suna fuskantar nuna bambanci daga wakilan ƙasa ko masu gidaje waɗanda suka ƙi hayar baƙi.^[9] Wasu jami'ai za su bayyana wa baƙi kai tsaye cewa yana mai wahala a hayar su. Neman mai ba da tabbaci yana da wahala ga baƙi da yawa. Rayuwa a cikin Gidan Baƙi hanya ce ta kauce wa waɗannan matsalolin. Wani lokaci ana kiransa "Gaijin Houses" (ma'ana gidan 'yan kasashen waje), Gidajen Baƙi sun zo a cikin siffofi da girma daban-daban. An tsara su ne don samar da masauki na ɗan gajeren lokaci a farashi mai kyau tare da mafi ƙarancin matsala. Yawancin lokaci ana nufin baƙi na ƙasashen waje, suna ƙara shahara tare da matasa Jafananci da ke neman karya al'adar zama tare da iyaye har sai, kuma wani lokacin bayan aure. Duk da yake ana biyan ajiya, a mafi yawan lokuta suna da ƙanƙanta kuma ba a caji kuɗi don waɗannan kadarorin ba. Gidan baƙo zai samar da ɗaki ɗaya don barci, kicin da aka raba da kuma gidan wanka. Gidajen kamar na'urorin wanki yawanci ana sarrafa su da tsabar kudi, amma saboda tsananin gasa masu gidaje da yawa suna neman samar da kayan aiki kyauta da yawa kamar yadda zasu iya; Intanet kyauta a halin yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a Tokyo. Yawanci, baƙi da Jafananci suna da wuya a sami Gidajen Baƙi kuma suna zaɓar ƙananan "apaatos" a maimakon haka.

Gidajen kamfanoni

Kamfanoni da yawa na Japan suna kula da gine-ginen su (wanda ake kira shataku) inda matasa ma'aikata ke zaune lokacin da suka fara aiki. Wani lokaci, shataku yana kusa da ginin ofishin kamfanin. A wasu lokuta, kamfanin bazai mallaki gidansa ba, amma yana riƙe da hayar musamman akan ɗaya ko fiye da gine-ginen gidaje masu zaman kansu. A shekara ta 2003, akwai kusan raka'a miliyan 1.5 na shataku a Japan.

Dangane da manufofin kamfanin, wasu shataku suna da ɗaki ɗaya kuma suna samuwa ne kawai ga mutane marasa aure yayin da wasu kamfanoni ke ba da ɗakunan ɗakuna masu yawa ga ma'aurata. Hakazalika, akwai yiwuwar ko ba za a iya samun matsakaicin lokacin da za a iya hayar shataku ba, amma hakan ma ya dace da manufofin kamfanin. Wasu suna ba da ɗakin har sai ma'aikaci ya yi aure, wasu za su ba da shi ne kawai don shekaru 3, 4, 5 ko fiye na aiki. Ya bambanta daga kamfani zuwa kamfani.

Gidaje na gargajiya

Gidan gargajiya a yankin Okinawa yana da rufin ja na yankin.

A tarihi, talakawa yawanci suna zaune a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu, yanzu da aka sani da Minka, ko, galibi a cikin birane, a cikin Machiya (町屋) ko gidajen jere da ake kira nagaya (長屋). Misalan har yanzu suna bayyane a Kyoto. Ƙarin tsarin zama sun haɗa da gidan samurai, gidajen manoma masu arziki (kamar shugabannin ƙauyen), da kuma gidajen haikalin Buddha.

Itace shine kayan da aka zaba don gine-gine, yayin da rufin zai iya zama ciyawar, bark na cypress, tile, ko itace mara kyau. Gidajen da aka ɗaga sun kasance na itace, kuma ana iya rufe su da matsakaicin kara a wurare. Kayan abinci yawanci suna da bene na datti.

Rashin gida

Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Kwadago da Albarka ta ruwaito a cikin 2003 cewa Japan tana da mutane 25,296 marasa gida. Osaka, Tokyo, da Aichi sune yankunan da ke da mafi yawan mutanen da ba su da gida, yayin da birnin Osaka, unguwanni na musamman 23 na Tokyo, da birnin Nagoya suna da 1750 ko fiye (babu wani birni da ke da 850). Ma'aikatar ta gano cewa kusan kashi 41% suna zaune a wuraren shakatawa na birane da kashi 23% a bakin kogin; tituna da tashoshin jirgin kasa suma suna da adadi mai yawa.

↑ "Why Are Japanese Homes Disposable?". Freakonomics (in Turanci). 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
↑ "GROWING POPULARITY: The Burgeoning Gardening Boom". web-japan.org.
↑ "4A4B - 4a4b Japentext". 4a4b.wikispaces.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-07. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
↑ https://www.bbc.com/hausa/multimedia/2012/10/121002_gasar_zanengidaje_naduniya
↑ "Survey: Almost 14% of all homes in Japan found to be vacant | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis". The Asahi Shimbun (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-05-01.
↑ "Huh? I Have to Hang My Laundry in Japan? - The Japan Guy". thejapanguy.com. 3 November 2010.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named neoj
↑ "How Earthquake-Proof Buildings Are Designed — BigRentz". www.bigrentz.com (in Turanci). 2019-02-06. Retrieved 2020-12-08.
↑ "Housing glut opens door to foreign tenants | the Japan Times Online". Archived from the original on 2010-05-16. Retrieved 2010-05-17.

[1] "Why Are Japanese Homes Disposable?". Freakonomics (in Turanci). 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2024-04-14.

[2] "GROWING POPULARITY: The Burgeoning Gardening Boom". web-japan.org.

[3] "4A4B - 4a4b Japentext". 4a4b.wikispaces.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-07. Retrieved 2010-11-08.

[4] ttps://www.bbc.com/hausa/multimedia/2012/10/121002_gasar_zanengidaje_naduniya

[5] "Survey: Almost 14% of all homes in Japan found to be vacant | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis". The Asahi Shimbun (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-05-01.

[6] "Huh? I Have to Hang My Laundry in Japan? - The Japan Guy". thejapanguy.com. 3 November 2010.

[neoj-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named neoj

[8] "How Earthquake-Proof Buildings Are Designed — BigRentz". www.bigrentz.com (in Turanci). 2019-02-06. Retrieved 2020-12-08.

[9] "Housing glut opens door to foreign tenants | the Japan Times Online". Archived from the original on 2010-05-16. Retrieved 2010-05-17.

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