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Gidaje a New Zealand

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Gidajen da ke kusa da Dunedin

Gidaje a New Zealand sun samo asali ne daga al'ada a kan gine ginen na kwata-acre, gidaje masu zaman kansu, amma akwai banbanci da yawa na tarihi da kuma wasu abubuwan zamani. New Zealand ta fi bin tsarin kasa da kasa. Daga lokacin da aka shirya mulkin mallaka na Turai a tsakiyar karni na 19 an sami ci gaba na gaba a cikin nau'ikan gidaje da aka gina a New Zealand, kuma har yanzu ana amfani da misalai na kowane ƙarni.[1][2]

Nau'o'in gidaje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gidaje masu rarraba bayan girgizar ƙasa, Christchurch
Gidajen Art-deco, titin Symonds, Auckland

A al'ada, sassan zama sun kasance kashi huɗu na kadada (kimanin murabba'in mita 1000), amma girman sassan na yau da kullun yana karuwa tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1900. Bayan jerin rikice-rikice game da yanayin gidaje masu kama da talakawa na birane, daga 1936 gwamnatin Labour ta lokacin ta haɓaka gidaje na Jiha - gidajen da gwamnati ta gina kuma ta hayar su ga iyalai masu talauci. Wannan gidaje an gina su sosai kuma sun kasance fasalin a yawancin birane, kodayake yanzu sau da yawa mallakar masu zaman kansu.[3] Yankunan birane, inda kusan kashi 86% na mazaunan New Zealand ke zaune, suna ƙara zama masu yawa, amma sun kasance da ƙarancin ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa.[4][5][6] Yawancin tsoffin ofisoshin da gine-ginen coci an canza su zuwa gidaje a manyan cibiyoyin New Zealand.

Gidajen hutu da masu tafi-da-gidanka

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Bach (gidan hutu) a cikin Gundumar Tasman, Tsibirin Kudancin

Ƙananan, sau da yawa gidajen hutu masu kyau ko gidajen rairayin bakin teku, waɗanda ake kira "Baches" (mai suna "batches") a mafi yawan ƙasar, amma "cribs" a kudancin Tsibirin Kudancin, [7] masu yawon bude ido suna amfani da su na wucin gadi a matsayin wurin hutun hutu. Wadannan galibi gidaje ne da aka gina da manufa ko shaguna kusa da bakin teku ko tafki, amma kuma suna iya zama tushe don farauta ko kamun kifi a cikin koguna na gida.[8] Suna da suna don ƙirar ƙira, ƙanƙanta da ƙirar ciki da kayan ɗaki. Koyaya, manyan gidajen hutu masu tsada kuma (ko da yake ba a saba da su ba) ana kiransu baches.

Tents, sansani da caravans ma sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, duk da haka, New Zealand ba ta da manyan wuraren shakatawa na wasu irin waɗannan ƙasashe, kamar Australia da Afirka ta Kudu.

Wani yunkuri na gina ƙananan gidaje ya fito.[9]

Har ila yau, New Zealand tana da babban ɗakunan jeji, amma zama a cikinsu fiye da kwana uku a lokaci ɗaya an hana shi.[10]

Rashin gida

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  Mutane da yawa New Zealanders suna zaune har abada a cikin gine-ginen da ba a tsara su a matsayin gidaje ba; gwamnati ta rarraba waɗannan mutane a matsayin marasa gida. Akwai matsaloli wajen auna rashin gida ta hanyar kididdiga, kuma New Zealand ba ta yin rikodin abin da ya faru daidai da sauran kididdigar. Ƙididdigar shekara ta 2013 ta samar da kimantawa cewa kashi 1% na mutane a New Zealand suna rayuwa cikin "rashin gidaje mai tsanani" - karuwa daga shekarun da suka gabata.      

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018 gwamnati ta ware dala miliyan 100 don magance rashin gida a cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa.[11]

Tsarin gida

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Lokacin da aka fara rikodin a 1974, sabbin gidaje a New Zealand suna da matsakaicin yanki na bene na 120 m2 (1,290 sq ft).  Matsakaicin sabon girman gida ya tashi zuwa kololuwa a 200 m2 (2,150 sq ft) a cikin 2010, kafin faɗuwa zuwa 158 m2 (1,700 sq ft) a cikin 2019.[12]

A cikin 1966 New Zealand Encyclopedia ya amince da ƙirar asali guda bakwai na gidajen New Zealand.[13]

13th zuwa farkon 19th karni

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Māori Chief Tahau a cikin whare a tsakiyar 1870s

Da farko Māori ya yi amfani da hanyoyin gini da aka ɓullo da su a wurare masu zafi na Polynesia, wanda aka canza don dacewa da rayuwar makiyaya.  A karni na 15, al'ummomin Māori na gargajiya sun yi barci a gidajen kwana na kwana (wharepuni).  Wharepuni an yi su ne da katako, da rugujewa, ciyawar bishiya da bawon, suna da rufin ƙura da benayen ƙasa.  Har ila yau, wannan ginin yana da baranda na gaba wanda ya kasance dacewa da yanayin New Zealand kuma ba a samuwa a cikin Polynesia na wurare masu zafi.  Tasirin hanyoyin gidaje na Turai ya haifar da haɗuwa da ƙira tare da Māori ɗaukar tagogi da manyan rufin

Karni na 19

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Gida, Sydenham, Christchurch
Villa, Royal Oak, Auckland

Gidaje daga wannan lokacin an raba su zuwa gidaje da villas. Gidaje na farko da aka gina a New Zealand gidaje ne.[14] Villas sun kasance mafi girma kuma sun fi tsada. Gidan da aka saba da shi yana da kicin a bayan gidan kuma ya rabu da ɗakin cin abinci, kamar yadda shirye-shiryen abinci ya faru ba tare da gani ba. Villas sune babban nau'in gidaje a yankunan zama daga bayan 1840 har zuwa yakin duniya na .

Farkon karni na 20

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California Bungalow, Paeroa
Gidan Art Deco, Waterview, Auckland

Karni na 20 ya fara ne da manyan gidajen Edwardian da gine-ginen neo-Georgian [15] Daga ƙarshen 1910s Bungalow na California ya zama sananne. ƙirar tana da rufin da ke ƙasa da tsawo na rufin fiye da na al'ada na New Zealand kuma saboda haka ya fi sauƙi a dumama.[14] Wannan ya yi daidai da shahararren masana'antar fina-finai ta Hollywood, wanda ya haɗa da tufafin Amurka, kayan ɗaki, motoci da gidaje.

A matsayin martani ga tasirin Amurka da nostalgia ga Burtaniya an gina salon gidaje wanda ya yi kama da tsofaffin salon Ingilishi. Hanyar manufa ta Mutanen Espanya daga ƙarshen 1920s tare da manyan arches uku da ginshiƙan Baroque masu karkatarwa.[16] Modernism (Art deco) na 1930 an tsara shi don aiki tare da shimfidar wurare da rufin shimfiɗa.[17]

Girgizar kasa ta Hawke's Bay ta 1931 ta nuna rashin ko ƙananan ƙarfin girgizar ƙasa a cikin gine-gine. Daga baya, an gabatar da ka'idodin girgizar ƙasa don gine-gine a cikin 1935. [17][18]

Ƙarshen ƙarni na 20

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Gidajen jihar suna da babban tasiri a kan hanyar da aka gina gidaje a New Zealand daga shekarun 1940 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960. [19]

1970s sun ga sauye-sauye da yawa ga ginin gidaje. Ma'auni na New Zealand tsakanin 1969 zuwa 1976 ya ga ginin yana motsawa daga daular zuwa raka'a awo. Rukunin Imperial har yanzu suna ci gaba da amfani da su; misali, 90 ta 45 millimeters (3.5 in × 1.8 in) katako mai girma har yanzu ana kiransa 'hudu-bi-biyu'. A cikin 1978, an gabatar da mahimman ƙa'idodin gini guda biyu: NZS 3604, ƙayyadaddun ƙira da buƙatun gini don gine-ginen katako mai haske, da NZS 4218, suna ƙayyadad da mafi ƙarancin buƙatun ƙirar thermal don gidaje..[20]

Karni na 21

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A farkon karni na 21 New Zealanders sun gina a cikin salon da suka ranta daga tasirin da suka gabata.[14]

Haɗin kai da muhalli

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A wasu wurare masu ban sha'awa a yankin kyawawan dabi'u ana buƙatar majalisun gida don haɗa ƙirar gidan tare da mahalli da ke kewaye.[21]

Kula da yanayi mai sauƙi

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Ana iya gina gidaje don kara yawan zafin da aka samu a rana daga rana kuma ya riƙe shi da dare.[22]

Farfado da kayan gini na halitta

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Tare da karuwar wadata da damuwa game da muhalli an gina ƙananan gidaje amma suna ƙaruwa tare da kayan halitta da aka sarrafa da hanyoyin gini na gargajiya.[23][24]

Ayyuka

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Heating and insulation

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Rufewa a cikin rufin, ganuwa da bene ya zama tilas ga sababbin gine-gine da ƙari a cikin 1978 . [25] Ana amfani da fiber na gilashi, polyester, polystyrene, ulu da takarda don rufi a New Zealand.[26] Gidajen gida a New Zealand na iya samun tallafi mai yawa daga gwamnati.[26]

Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a ta 2018 New Zealand, famfo mai zafi sune mafi yawan nau'ikan dumama sararin samaniya, tare da 47.3% na gidaje suna amfani da su azaman kayan aikin dumama su na farko. Sauran nau'ikan dumama sararin samaniya na yau da kullun sune na'urorin juriya na lantarki (44.1%) da masu ƙone itace (32.3%) [27]

Wasu majalisun gida suna ƙuntata nau'in itace da masu ƙone kwal wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don inganta ingancin iska.[28]

Ruwa da magudanar ruwa

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  A cikin 2017 kusan kashi 80% na New Zealanders sun dogara da tsarin rarraba ruwa wanda ya samar da mutane sama da 100. Daga cikin wadannan kashi 96% sun cika ka'idodin ƙwayoyin cuta don ingancin ruwa, yayin da kashi 81% suka cika dukkan ka'idojin da suka dace.[29] Sauran kashi 20% na mutanen New Zealand yawanci suna zaune a yankunan karkara inda ake amfani da ruwan sama, rafi da ramuka a matsayin tushen ruwa.

Manyan kadarori na iya sarrafawa ko adana datti a shafin.[30] Ana iya sake amfani da ruwan toka don wasu dalilai ban da shan giya. Wasu majalisun New Zealand suna buƙatar wannan sake amfani.[31]

Gine-gine da ka'idoji

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Dokar Gine-gine ta 1991 ta maye gurbin Dokar Gine-ginen 2004, [32] wannan ya gabatar da lasisi ga masu zanen gine-gine, masu ginawa da kuma kasuwancin da suka danganci.[33] Ana buƙatar majalisun su kasance ƙarƙashin binciken tsarin kula da inganci na yau da kullun, duk da haka, masu binciken gine-ginen majalisa sun kasance ba tare da lasisi ba.[34]

Dokar Ginin ta tsara mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin aikin da dole ne gine-gine su tsara su kuma su gina su don saduwa, amma kanta ba ta tsara hanyoyin ko mafita don saduwa da Dokar ba.[35] Maganin da aka yarda da shi da hanyoyin tabbatarwa sun ƙayyade hanyoyin gini da gwaji waɗanda ke tabbatar da bin Dokar.[36] Misali, gina gine-gine zuwa gine-ginen katako na NZS 3604 ko gine-ginin masonry na ƙarfe na NZS 4229 ba tare da buƙatar takamaiman ƙirar injiniya ba shine mafita mai karɓa don bin tanadin tsarin Dokar.[37]

Canjin ka'idoji

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Yawancin canje-canje ga gidaje suna buƙatar a tabbatar da su, akwai kuma iyakoki akan gidaje masu muhimmanci na tarihi.

Ayyukan gini ba bisa ka'ida ba

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Duk da yake duk ayyukan gini da ba su bi Dokar Gine-gine ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, wasu kuma an haramta su musamman.[38]

Tushen

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  Akwai nau'o'i uku masu yawa don tushe na gidaje na kewayen birni, tushe na tushe na katako da kuma bene mai tsawo tare da sararin samaniya.[39] Gudun ƙafa ya bambanta da nau'in ƙasa da gangara, tare da ko dai dutsen polystyrene mai iyo ko kuma da wuya a tarawa.

Yanayi da ka'idojin muhalli

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An tsara ka'idoji a cikin gine-ginen katako na NZS 3604 da NZS 4218 Ruwan zafi - Gidaje da ƙananan gine-gine game da juriya ga iska, girgizar ƙasa, dusar ƙanƙara, lalata, da yanayi. Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna girgizar ƙasa, dusar ƙanƙara da yankunan yanayi don birane da manyan garuruwa da aka zaɓa: [40]

Birni Girgizar ƙasa Snow Yanayi
Whangārei
Auckland		 Ƙananan (1) N0 Yankin 1
Hamilton
Tauranga
Sabon Plymouth		 Ƙananan (1) N0 Yankin 2
Rotorua Matsakaici (2) N0 Yankin 2
Taupō Matsakaici (2) N0 Yankin 3
Whanganui Matsakaici (2) N1 Yankin 2
Gisborne
Napier
Hastings
Palmerston ta Arewa
Wellington		 Babba (3) N1 Yankin 2
Nelson Matsakaici (2) N3 Yankin 3
Blenheim Babba (3) N3 Yankin 3
Greymouth Matsakaici (2) N2 Yankin 3
Christchurch Matsakaici (2) N4 Yankin 3
Timaru Ƙananan (1) N4 Yankin 3
Garin Sarauniya Babba (3) N5 Yankin 3
Dunedin
Invercargill		 Ƙananan (1) N5 Yankin 3

Hadarin girgizar ƙasa da gini

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Yankunan haɗarin girgizar ƙasa kafin da bayan girgizar ƙasar Christchurch

Girgizar ƙasa na iya faruwa a ko'ina a New Zealand, amma haɗarin gina gine-gine yana da yawa, tare da gabashin Arewacin tsibirin da yammacin Kudancin tsibirin suna da haɗari mafi girma.[41] Bayan Girgizar kasa ta Christchurch ta 2011 babban bita ya canza iyakoki da ka'idojin gini.[42][43]

A karkashin NZS 3604 da NZS 4229, New Zealand ta kasu kashi huɗu na girgizar ƙasa, tare da yankin 1 yana da mafi ƙarancin haɗarin girgizar kasa yayin da yankin 4 ke da haɗari mafi girma. Gine-gine a cikin yankuna 2, 3 da 4 dole ne su tsayayya da sau 1.6, sau biyu, da sau uku ƙarfin gine-ginen yankin 1 bi da bi.

Rashin wadatar gidaje

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Mallaka

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A cikin 2017 kashi 63% na New Zealanders suna zaune a cikin gidan da aka zauna, wannan ya haɗa da waɗanda ke da jinginar gida a kan dukiyarsu kuma kashi 33% suna zaune a gidajen haya. Wannan shine mafi ƙarancin mallakar gida tun 1951. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda karuwar farashin gidaje na New Zealand wanda tun daga 1990 ya karu da sauri fiye da kowane kasar OECD.[44]

An rarraba gidaje a cikin New Zealand a matsayin 'mai wuyar araha' tare da maki 6.5 a ƙarƙashin ma'aunin ma'auni na tsaka-tsaki.[1]  Ƙarfafawa ya bambanta dangane da wurin, tare da manyan cibiyoyin birane kamar Auckland da Wellington sun fi ƙanƙanta da ƙananan garuruwa da yankunan karkara.[45]

Yin hayar

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A tsakiyar watan Agusta 2022, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta ba da shawarar dakatar da karuwar haya da kuma kara yawan masauki don samar da masu haya taimako don mayar da martani ga farashin rayuwa na baya-bayan nan. Hukumar a baya ta fitar da Binciken Jama'a game da Lafiyar Dalibai a watan Yulin 2022 wanda ya gano cewa kashi biyu cikin uku na dalibai na sakandare ba su iya biyan kuɗin rayuwa na asali ba ciki har da abinci, haya da kiwon lafiya.

Shirye-shiryen gidaje na gwamnati

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  1. ↑ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "3. – Housing – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". teara.govt.nz (in Turanci). Retrieved 9 December 2018.[dead link]
  2. ↑ "Early Housing in New Zealand — With particular reference to Nelson and Cook Strait Area | NZETC". nzetc.victoria.ac.nz. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  3. ↑ "Swings in National Housing Policy" (PDF). Auckland Regional Public Health Service. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
  4. ↑ "New Zealand Population 2021". World Population Review. 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. A substantial 86.1% of people living in New Zealand live either in or around a major city.
  5. ↑ "'Unliveable': Five townhouses less than 1m away". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  6. ↑ "Comparing the densities of Australian, European, Canadian, and New Zealand cities". Charting Transport. March 2016.
  7. ↑ "Is it a crib or a bach?". Otago Daily Times (in Turanci). 28 December 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  8. ↑ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "5. – Beach culture – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand (in Turanci). Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  9. ↑ "Tiny houses". New Zealand Geographic (in Turanci). Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  10. ↑ "Huts". Department of Conservation (in Turanci). Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  11. ↑ "Government announces $100m plan to fight homelessness". Stuff (in Turanci). 3 May 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  12. ↑ "New homes around 20 percent smaller | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  13. ↑ McLintock, Alexander Hare; James Garrett, A. N. Z. I. A.; Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Characteristic House Types – Seven Basic Styles". An encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, 1966. (in Turanci). Retrieved 9 December 2018.[dead link]
  14. 1 2 3 Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "3. – Housing – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand (in Turanci). Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  15. ↑ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "2. – Domestic architecture – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand (in Turanci). Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  16. ↑ McLintock, Alexander Hare; James Garrett, A. N. Z. I. A.; Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Characteristic House Types – Seven Basic Styles". An encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, 1966. (in Turanci). Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  17. 1 2 Ltd, BRANZ (7 August 2010). "History | BRANZ Renovate". History (in Turanci). Retrieved 11 December 2018.[permanent dead link]
  18. ↑ McSaveney, Eileen (1 August 2017). "Building for earthquake resistance". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  19. ↑ Ltd, BRANZ (16 July 2010). "1940-60s | BRANZ Renovate". 1940-60s (in Turanci). Retrieved 11 December 2018.[permanent dead link]
  20. ↑ "History | 1970s". BRANZ Renovate (in Turanci). 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2021-07-23.[permanent dead link]
  21. ↑ "Waitakere Ranges heritage area bush design guide" (PDF). www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-05-19. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  22. ↑ "Passive Design" (in Turanci). BRANZ. 12 December 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  23. ↑ "Natural Building Techniques". Earth Building Association of New Zealand (in Turanci). 2 August 2015. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  24. ↑ "Earth Building Association of New Zealand". Earth Building Association of New Zealand (in Turanci). Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  25. ↑ "Thermal insulation required in NZ homes | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  26. 1 2 "Paying for home insulation". New Zealand Government (in Turanci). Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  27. ↑ "2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights (updated) | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  28. ↑ "Timaru resident's firewood spend doubles with new burner". Radio New Zealand (in Turanci). 11 June 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  29. ↑ "Annual Report on Drinking-water Quality 2016–2017". Ministry of Health NZ (in Turanci). Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  30. ↑ "Onsite sewage systems – Smarter Homes Practical advice on smarter home essentials". Smarter Homes (in Turanci). Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. 14 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  31. ↑ "Reusing greywater – Smarter Homes Practical advice on smarter home essentials". Smarter Homes (in Turanci). Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. 14 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  32. ↑ "Building Act 2004". Building Performance (in Turanci). Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  33. ↑ "Building Code compliance". Building Performance (in Turanci). Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  34. ↑ "Failings of the Building Act 1991 – Were these a cause of the leaky building crisis? Breaking down the Building Act 2004: What does it really mean? « Legal Vision – Leaky Building Lawyers" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  35. ↑ "How the Building Code works". Building Performance (in Turanci). Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  36. ↑ "Different ways to comply". Building Performance (in Turanci). Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. Retrieved 2021-07-10.
  37. ↑ "Using NZS 3604". Building Performance (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  38. ↑ "Warnings and bans on building products". Building Performance (in Turanci). Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  39. ↑ "House Foundations – The Pros & Cons of 3 Different Types". Home Ownership Tips, Guides, Tricks and Tradespeople (in Turanci). 4 March 2015. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  40. ↑ "Understanding New Zealand building climate and environmental zones". BRANZ.
  41. ↑ "Earthquake risk zones » Seismic Resilience". www.seismicresilience.org.nz. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  42. ↑ "Major changes to earthquake strengthening rules". Stuff (in Turanci). 10 May 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  43. ↑ Bull, William B. (1996). "Prehistorical earthquakes on the Alpine fault, New Zealand". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (in Turanci). 101 (B3): 6037–6050. Bibcode:1996JGR...101.6037B. doi:10.1029/95JB03062. ISSN 2156-2202.
  44. ↑ Andrew Coleman (15 May 2017). "Why does New Zealand keep building such massive houses?". The Spinoff. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  45. ↑ "Median Multiples". interest.co.nz. 11 September 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
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