Gidaje na Farko
 Gidaje na Farko | |
|---|---|
social policy (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Farawa | 1994 |
| Has goal (en) |
social integration (en) da housing (en) |
| Intended public (en) |
homeless person (en) |
Gidaje na Farko manufa ce da ke ba da gidaje na dindindin ba tare da wani sharadi ba, da sauri ga mutanen da ba su da gida, da sauran ayyukan tallafi daga baya. An fara tattauna shi a cikin shekarun 1990, kuma a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya ya zama manufofin gwamnati a wasu wurare a cikin Yammacin duniya.[1] Akwai tabbacin shaida da ke nuna cewa Gidaje na Farko yana da tasiri ga rashin gida da kuma wani nau'i na tanadi farashi, kamar yadda yake rage amfani da ayyukan jama'a kamar asibitoci, kurkuku, da mafaka na gaggawa.[2] Birane kamar Helsinki da Vienna a Turai sun ga raguwa mai yawa a cikin rashin gida saboda daidaita manufofin gidaje na farko, [3] kamar yadda biranen Arewacin Amurka Columbus, Ohio, Salt Lake City, Utah, da Medicine Hat, Alberta. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8][9][10]
Gidaje na farko wani madadin ne ga tsarin mafaka na gaggawa / ci gaban gidaje na canji wanda ke nuna Ci gaba da Kulawa da kuma tsarin gidaje na matakala.[11] Maimakon motsa mutane marasa gida ta hanyar "matakan" daban-daban na gidaje, inda kowane matakin ke motsa su kusa da "gidaje masu zaman kansu" (misali: daga tituna zuwa mafaka ta jama'a, kuma daga mafaka ta gwamnati zuwa shirin gidaje na wucin gadi, kuma daga can zuwa nasu gida ko gida a cikin al'umma), Gidaje na farko yana motsa mutumin da ba shi da gida ko gida nan da nan daga tituna ko mafaka marasa gida zuwa nasu masauki.
Hanyar farko ta gidaje ta dogara ne akan ra'ayin cewa mutum marar gida ko ainihin bukatar iyali shine samun gidaje masu ɗorewa, kuma wasu batutuwan da zasu iya shafar iyali za a iya kuma ya kamata a magance su da zarar an sami gidaje. Sabanin haka, wasu shirye-shirye da yawa suna aiki daga samfurin "shiryen gidaje" - wato, cewa mutum ko iyali dole ne ya magance wasu batutuwa waɗanda zasu iya haifar da rashin gida kafin shiga gidaje.
Shirye-shiryen Gidaje na Farko cikakkiyar mafita ce da ke haɗa tallafi ga marasa gida a duk fannoni na rayuwarsu da zamantakewa. Ba ta da niyyar samar da gidaje ga mutanen da ke cikin bukata kuma ta manta da su.[12][13] Falsafar Gidaje ta Farko canji ne, inda saurin samar da masauki mai ɗorewa shine wajibi ga duk wani magani don rage rashin gida. A halin yanzu, wannan tsarin ya dogara da yadudduka na cibiyoyin tallafi na hadin gwiwa waɗanda ke inganta kwanciyar hankali da kawar da abubuwan da ke haifar ko tsawaita rashin gida. Tsarin tallafi yana magance batutuwan zamantakewa da tsarin kamar kiwon lafiya, ilimi, iyali, yara, aiki, da jin dadin jama'a.[14][15]
Ka'idoji na gaba ɗaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gidaje na farko wata hanya ce da ke ba da gidaje na dindindin, masu araha da sauri ga mutane da iyalai da ke fama da rashin gida, sannan kuma suna ba da sabis na tallafi da haɗin kai ga tallafin al'umma da mutane ke buƙatar kiyaye gidajensu kuma su guji komawa ga rashin gida.[16]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A ƙarshen karni na 19, Don Bosco ya yi gaba ga dukan ra'ayi wanda daga baya za a san shi da Housing First a Italiya, haka kuma ya fara fara tunanin cewa za ta samar da Dorothy Day ginshiƙi na Gidan Baƙi na Katolika da aka kafa a 1933. Bosco da kansa ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi kuma ya haifar da wata bukata ta al'umma bisa koyarwar St. Francis de Sales, wanda ya kasance farkon karni na 17 kuma ya kasance farkon karni na 16. ƙungiyoyin da suka dage kan cewa a fara biyan buƙatun jama'a ba tare da dokoki da ƙa'idodi daban-daban ba.
Tsarin Gidaje na Farko na asali ya samo asali ne daga "Gidaje masu tallafi" da aka aiwatar a Arewacin Amurka a cikin shekarun 1990. Shekaru da yawa, matakin da aka dauka na al'ada game da mutanen da ke fama da rashin gida shine na asibiti, inda likitoci suka yi la'akari da mutanen da aka gano suna da mummunar rashin lafiya na hankali wanda ba zai iya aiki a duk fannoni na rayuwa ba kuma suna buƙatar kulawa da tallafi a kusa da rana. Wannan kuma ya nuna ra'ayin da ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin cewa duk ko mafi yawan mutanen da ke fama da rashin gida suna fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa. Koyaya, a cikin shekarun 1980s, masana sun fara tayar da tambayoyi game da ainihin zato na wannan tsarin.
A mayar da martani, an fara amfani da hanyar "matakala". Hanyar matakala ga mutanen da ke fama da rashin gida suna da manufofi uku: horar da mutane su zauna a gidajensu bayan sun kasance a kan tituna ko a ciki da waje daga asibitoci; tabbatar da cewa wani yana karɓar magani da magani don duk wata matsala ta lafiyar kwakwalwa; da kuma tabbatar da cewa mutum bai shiga cikin halayyar da za ta iya sanya lafiyarsu, jin daɗi, da kwanciyar hankali a cikin haɗari, musamman cewa ba su yi amfani da kwayoyi ko barasa ba. An ga gidaje na dindindin a matsayin ƙarshen shirin.[17] Wannan samfurin yayi kama da Ci gaba na Kulawa don rigakafin rashin gida, samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi sosai a Amurka.[18]
Ma'anar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gidaje na farko ga marasa gida na yau da kullun an kafa shi ne a kan ra'ayin cewa gidaje haƙƙin ɗan adam ne na asali, don haka bai kamata a hana kowa ba, koda kuwa suna shan barasa ko wasu abubuwa. Misali na farko na gidaje, saboda haka, ya bambanta da samfuran da ke buƙatar marasa gida su yi watsi da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma su nemi magani don musayar gidaje.[19]
Gidaje na farko, lokacin da Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane ta Amurka ke tallafawa, ba wai kawai samar da gidaje ba. Misali, wanda hukumomin da ba na riba ba suka yi amfani da shi a duk faɗin Amurka, yana ba da sabis na kula da shari'a ga masu haya. Wannan gudanar da shari'ar tana ba da kwanciyar hankali ga marasa gida, wanda ke kara nasarar su. Yana ba da damar lissafi kuma yana inganta wadatar kai. Gidajen da aka bayar ta hanyar shirye-shiryen Gidajen farko da gwamnati ke tallafawa na dindindin ne kuma "mai araha", ma'ana masu haya suna biyan kashi 30% na kudin shiga don haya. Gidaje na farko, kamar yadda Pathways to Housing ya fara, yana da niyya ga mutanen da ke da nakasa.[20] Ana tallafawa wannan gidaje ta hanyar shirye-shiryen HUD guda biyu. Su ne Shirin Gidaje na Taimako da Shirin Kulawa na Gidaje.[21] Har ila yau, hukumomin gidaje sun tsara tsarin gidaje na farko don biyan bukatun waɗanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na gida waɗanda ke fuskantar rashin gida.[22]
Kashewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana aiwatar da Tsarin Gidaje na Farko ta hanyar ko dai shafin yanar gizo ko aiwatar da aikin. Shirin Gidaje na farko na warwatse shine samfurin da ake ba mazauna damar zama a cikin gidaje guda ɗaya a cikin al'umma.[23][24] Wannan samfurin ya haɗa mahalarta a cikin al'umma ba tare da tara masu yawa ko duk mahalarta ba a cikin aikin ɗaya ko wuri.[25] A cikin aiwatar da gidaje na farko, ana ba mazauna raka'a a cikin aikin gidaje guda ɗaya ko shafin. Wannan samfurin yana tara masu yawa ko duk mahalarta a cikin yanki ɗaya.[26] A cikin shirye-shiryen gidaje na farko da suka warwatse da kuma shirye-shirye na farko na gidaje, ana ba mazauna damar samun dama ga sabis na kiwon lafiya da gyare-gyare iri-iri waɗanda suke da zaɓi, kodayake ba tilas ba ne, don shiga da karɓar magani.[20]
Ziyarar ma'aikatan mako-mako da yarjejeniyar haya ta yau da kullun suma wani ɓangare ne na shirin. Masu amfani dole ne su biya kashi 30 cikin 100 na kudin shiga kowane wata a matsayin haya. Maimakon samun mutumin da ba shi da gida ya kasance a cikin mafaka ta gaggawa, an yi tunanin ya fi kyau a hanzarta samun mutum gidaje na dindindin na wani nau'i da kuma ayyukan tallafi da suka dace don ci gaba da sabon gida. Amma akwai matsaloli da yawa da dole ne a magance su don yin irin wannan shirin ya yi nasara a matsakaici zuwa dogon lokaci.
Shaida da sakamakon
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ostiraliya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An nuna wasu ayyukan gidaje don samar da irin wannan sakamako ga samfurin gidaje na farko na Amurka dangane da sakamako mai karfi na gidaje da raguwa a cikin tsananin da kuma yawan amfani da sabis dangane da matakan kafin shiga tsakani.[27]
A cikin 2024, Brazil ta aiwatar da shirin da ake kira "Gidajen Jama'a" wanda ya dogara da Ka'idodin Gidaje na Farko.[28] Dokta Deborah K. Padgett na daga cikin masana da suka ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta kasar a wani taron koli a ƙarshen 2023 wanda ya kaddamar da shirin gwamnati na shekaru da yawa don shiga cikin Gidaje na Farko a cikin ƙasa. [29][30]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Rashin gida a Amurka
- Dokar Taimako ta McKinney-Vento
- Hakkin mallakar
- A Gida, shirin Kanada wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar Housing First
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "1.2. The History of Housing First". Housing First Europe Hub (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
- ↑ "Housing First". National Alliance to End Homelessness (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-17.
- ↑ "'It's a miracle': Helsinki's radical solution to homelessness". the Guardian (in Turanci). 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2022-07-17.
- ↑ Nickelsburg, Monica (2018-07-19). "The cities making a dent in homelessness — and what Seattle can learn from them". GeekWire (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-17.
- ↑ Shuler, Samantha. "'Vicious cycle' of mental illness, homelessness can be stopped with help of empathy |Opinion". The Columbus Dispatch (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-17.
- ↑ Walker, Micah. "Franklin County homeless shelter population up, challenged by lack of affordable housing". The Columbus Dispatch (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-17.
- ↑ Garrott, Luke (2022-03-28). "SLC to extend moratorium on homeless shelters for another year while city council signals discontent with current strategy". Building Salt Lake (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-17.
- ↑ Gregersen, Leif. "How A Small Canadian City Took On Chronic Homelessness". Next City. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
- ↑ Copeland, Joe. "The city that solved homelessness | Crosscut". crosscut.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-07-17. Retrieved 2022-07-17.
- ↑ https://www.bbc.com/hausa/multimedia/2012/10/121002_gasar_zanengidaje_naduniya
- ↑ "Housing First: A Review of the Evidence | HUDU SER". archives.huduser.gov. Archived from the original on 2025-06-02. Retrieved 2025-05-08.
- ↑ Quirouette, M. (2016). "Managing Multiple Disadvantages: The Regulation of Complex Needs in Emergency Shelters for the Homeless". Journal of Poverty. 20 (3): 316–339. doi:10.1080/10875549.2015.1094774. S2CID 155529754.
- ↑ Katz, A.; Zerger, S.; Hwang, S. W. (2017). "Housing First the conversation: discourse, policy and the limits of the possible". Critical Public Health. 27 (1): 139–147. doi:10.1080/09581596.2016.1167838. S2CID 147118255.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ Laird, G. (2007). "SHELTER - Homelessness in a growth economy: Canada's 21st century paradox". Sheldon Chumir Foundation for Ethics in Leadership.
- ↑ Fowler, P. J.; Hovmand, P. S.; Marcal, K. E.; Das, S. (2019). "Solving Homelessness from a Complex Systems Perspective: Insights for Prevention Responses". Annual Review of Public Health. 40: 465–486. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013553. PMC 6445694. PMID 30601718.
- ↑ "Housing First | Explore the Solutions Database". usich.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-12-10. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
- ↑ Carling, P.J. (1990). "Major Mental Illness, Housing, and Supports: The promise of community integration". American Psychologist. 45 (8): 969–975. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.45.8.969. PMID 2221568.
- ↑ Wong, Yin-Ling Irene; and Nemon, Howard (2006-03-09). "Homeless Service Delivery in the Context of Continuum of Care". Administration in Social Work. 30 (1): 67–94. doi:10.1300/J147v30n01_05. ISSN 0364-3107.
|first2=missing|last2=(help) - ↑ Larimer, Mary E; Malone, D. K; Garner, M. D; Atkins, D. C; Burlingham, B; Lonczak, H. S; Tanzer, K; Ginzler, J; Clifasefi, S. L; Hobson, W. G; Marlatt, G. A (2009). "Health Care and Public Service Use and Costs Before and After Provision of Housing for Chronically Homeless Persons with Severe Alcohol Problems". JAMA. 301 (13): 1349–57. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.414. PMID 19336710.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 "The Applicability of Housing First Models to Homeless Persons with Serious Mental Illness" (PDF). HUD. July 2007.
- ↑ "HUD Homeless Assistance Programs". HUD. December 21, 2007. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008.
- ↑ Thomas, Kristie A.; and Messing, Jill T. (2021-03-04). ""It Actually Isn't Just about Housing": Supporting Survivor Success in a Domestic Violence Housing First Program". Journal of Social Service Research. 47 (2): 232–244. doi:10.1080/01488376.2020.1745349. ISSN 0148-8376.
|first2=missing|last2=(help);|first3=missing|last3=(help) - ↑ Stanhope, Victoria; Dunn, Kerry (2011). "The curious case of Housing First: The limits of evidence based policy" (PDF). International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 34 (4): 275–82. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.07.006. PMID 21807412.
- ↑ Collins, S. E; Malone, D. K; Clifasefi, S. L (2013). "Housing Retention in Single-Site Housing First for Chronically Homeless Individuals with Severe Alcohol Problems". American Journal of Public Health. 103 (Suppl 2): S269–S274. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301312. PMC 3969126. PMID 24148063.
- ↑ Stergiopoulos, V; Hwang, S. W; Gozdzik, A; Nisenbaum, R; Latimer, E; Rabouin, D; Adair, C. E; Bourque, J; Connelly, J; Frankish, J; Katz, L. Y; Mason, K; Misir, V; O'Brien, K; Sareen, J (2015). "Effect of scattered-site housing using rent supplements and intensive case management on housing stability among homeless adults with mental illness: A randomized trial". JAMA. 313 (9): 905–15. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.1163. PMID 25734732.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ Collins, S. E; Malone, D. K; Clifasefi, S. L; Ginzler, J. A; Garner, M. D; Burlingham, B; Lonczak, H. S; Dana, E. A; Kirouac, M; Tanzer, K; Hobson, W. G; Marlatt, G. A; Larimer, M. E (2012). "Project-Based Housing First for Chronically Homeless Individuals with Alcohol Problems: Within-Subjects Analyses of 2-Year Alcohol Trajectories". American Journal of Public Health. 102 (3): 511–519. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300403. PMC 3487630. PMID 22390516.
- ↑ Kertesz, Stefan G.; Johnson, Guy (June 2017). "Housing First: Lessons from the United States and Challenges for Australia". Australian Economic Review. 50 (2): 220–228. doi:10.1111/1467-8462.12217. S2CID 157784979.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ "Brazil invests in housing-first program". revistapesquisa.fapesp.br (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-09-16.
- ↑ "Dr. Deborah Padgett Advises Brazil on Housing First Homelessness Policy". socialwork.nyu.edu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-09-16.
- ↑ "Housing First Initiative to Kick Off In Brazil". Latin American News Digest (in Turanci). 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2024-09-16.