Gidan Gishiri
 Gidan Gishiri | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
architectural structure (en)  , agricultural structure (en) , vivarium (en) da garden feature (en) |
| Bangare na |
building-integrated agriculture (en) |
| Amfani wajen |
greenhouse agriculture (en) |
Gidan shakatawa tsari ne wanda aka tsara don daidaita zafin jiki da danshi na muhalli a ciki. Akwai nau'ikan greenhouse daban-daban, amma dukansu suna da manyan wuraren da aka rufe da kayan bayyane waɗanda ke barin hasken rana ya wuce kuma ya toshe shi azaman zafi. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a cikin ɗakunan zamani don ganuwa da rufin su ne filastik mai tsayi da aka yi da polycarbonate, fim din filastik da aka yi na polyethylene, ko bangarorin gilashi.[1] Lokacin da aka fallasa ciki na greenhouse ga hasken rana, zafin jiki yana ƙaruwa, yana ba da mahalli mai kariya ga tsire-tsire su girma har ma a yanayin sanyi.
Ana amfani da kalmomin greenhouse, gilashin gilashi, da hothouse sau da yawa don komawa ga gine-ginen da aka yi amfani da su don noma shuke-shuke. Takamaiman kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita ta dogara da kayan aiki da tsarin dumama da aka yi aiki a cikin ginin. A zamanin yau, ana gina ɗakunan ɗakunan ɗakuna tare da kayan aiki iri-iri, kamar itace da filastik na polyethylene.[2] Gidan gilashi, a gefe guda, wani nau'i ne na gargajiya wanda aka yi da bangarorin gilashi ne kawai wanda ke ba da damar haske ya shiga. Kalmar hothouse tana nuna cewa greenhouse yana da zafi na wucin gadi. Koyaya, ana iya rarraba tsarin zafi da wanda ba a ɗora shi ba a matsayin ɗakunan ajiya.
Greenhouses na iya kasancewa a cikin girman daga ƙananan sheds zuwa gine-ginen masana'antu da manyan gidajen gilashi. Mafi ƙanƙanta misali shine ƙaramin greenhouse da aka sani da Tsarin sanyi, yawanci ana amfani dashi a gida, yayin da manyan greenhouses na kasuwanci sune manyan wuraren samar da fasaha don kayan lambu, furanni ko kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa. Gidan gilashi yana cike da kayan aiki ciki har da shigarwar tantancewa, dumama, sanyaya, da hasken wuta, kuma kwamfuta na iya sarrafa shi don inganta yanayin don ci gaban shuka. Ana amfani da dabaru daban-daban don sarrafa yanayin girma, gami da zafin iska, zafi na dangi da rashi na matsin tururi, don samar da yanayi mafi kyau don noma takamaiman amfanin gona.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Daular Romawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kafin ci gaban greenhouses, ayyukan noma sun ƙuntata ga yanayin yanayi. Dangane da yankin yanayi na al'ummomi, mutane sun iyakance ga zaɓaɓɓun nau'o'in jinsuna da lokacin shekara wanda za su iya shuka shuke-shuke. Duk da haka a kusa da 30 AZ, Daular Romawa ta gina yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na yanayin wucin gadi.[3] Saboda rashin lafiya na sarki Tiberius, likitocin sarauta sun ba da shawarar cewa sarki ya ci kumara daya a rana.[3] Cucumbers, duk da haka, tsire-tsire ne masu laushi kuma ba sa girma cikin sauƙi a duk shekara. Sabili da haka, Romawa sun tsara wani yanayi na wucin gadi, kamar greenhouse, don samun cucumbers ga sarki duk shekara. Ana dasa cucumbers a cikin kekuna masu ƙafa waɗanda aka sanya su a cikin rana kowace rana, sannan aka ɗauke su ciki don kiyaye su da dumi da dare. Ana adana cucumbers a ƙarƙashin firam ko a cikin gidajen cucumber da aka rufe da ko dai zane mai da aka sani da specularia ko tare da takalma na selenite (a.k.a. lapis specularis), bisa ga bayanin Pliny the Elder.
Koriya ta ƙarni na 15
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban ci gaba na gaba a cikin ƙirar greenhouse ya fito ne daga Koriya a karni na 15 a lokacin daular Joseon. A cikin 1450s, Soon ui Jeon ya bayyana gidan zafi na farko a cikin rubutun da ake kira Sangayorok . [4] Ba da daɗewa ba ui Jeon ya zama likita ga dangin sarauta, kuma Sangayorok an yi niyyar samar da muhimmiyar ilimin noma da aikin gida.[4] A cikin sashin fasahar noma, nan da nan ui Jeon ya rubuta yadda za a gina greenhouse wanda ya iya noma kayan lambu da sauran tsire-tsire a cikin hunturu.[4] Tsarin Koriya ya kara tsarin ondol ga tsarin.[4] ondol tsarin dumama ne na Koriya da ake amfani da shi a cikin gida, wanda ke gudanar da bututun bututu daga tushen zafi a ƙarƙashin bene.[4] Baya ga ondol, an kuma dumama tukunyar da aka cika da ruwa don ƙirƙirar tururi da ƙara yawan zafin jiki da danshi a cikin greenhouse.[4] Wadannan greenhouses na Koriya sune greenhouses masu aiki na farko da ke sarrafa zafin jiki, maimakon kawai dogaro da makamashi daga rana.[5] Zane har yanzu ya haɗa da hanyoyin dumama, kamar windows na hanji masu haske don kama haske da bangon cob don riƙe zafi, amma murhu ya ba da ƙarin iko akan yanayin wucin gadi.[4] Annals of the Joseon Dynasty sun tabbatar da cewa an gina gine-ginen da suka hada da ondol don samar da zafi ga bishiyoyin Orange na Mandarin a lokacin hunturu na 1438.[6]
Karni na 17
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ma'anar greenhouses kuma ta bayyana a Netherlands sannan Ingila a karni na 17, tare da tsire-tsire. Wasu daga cikin wadannan yunkurin farko sun buƙaci aiki mai yawa don rufewa da dare ko don yin sanyi. Akwai matsaloli masu tsanani tare da samar da isasshen zafi da daidaitattun zafi a cikin waɗannan ɗakunan farko. An kammala gidan 'stove' na farko (mai zafi) a Burtaniya a Chelsea Physic Garden a shekara ta 1681. A yau, Netherlands tana da manyan gidaje masu yawa a duniya, wasu daga cikinsu suna da girma sosai har suna iya samar da miliyoyin kayan lambu a kowace shekara.
Gwaje-gwaje tare da ƙirar greenhouse ya ci gaba a cikin karni na 17 a Turai, yayin da fasaha ta samar da gilashi mafi kyau da dabarun gini suka inganta. Gidan greenhouse a Fadar Versailles misali ne na girman su da cikakkun bayanai; ya fi mita 150 (490 tsawo, mita 13 (43 fadi, da mita 14 (46 tsaunuka.
Karni na 18
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Andrew Faneuil, wani attajiri dan kasuwa na Boston, ya gina gidan greenhouse na farko na Amurka a cikin shekara ta 1737. [7]
Lokacin da ya dawo Dutsen Vernon bayan yakin, George Washington ya koyi game da gidan da aka gina a gidan Carroll na Dutsen Clare (Maryland) . Margaret Tilghman Carroll ce ta tsara shi, mai kula da lambu mai ƙwazo wanda ke noma itatuwan citrus a cikin wannan orange.[8] A shekara ta 1784 Washington ta rubuta ta neman cikakkun bayanai game da ƙirar ɗakinta, kuma ta bi. Washington ta rubuta cewa:
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "How To Choose A Glazing Material For A Year Round Greenhouse". Ceres Greenhouse Solutions. July 3, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ↑ "Way Back When: A History Of The English Glasshouse". Hartley Botanic. September 3, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- 1 2 Crumpacker, Mark (June 27, 2019). "A Look Back At The Amazing History Of Greenhouses". Medium. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Yoon, Sang Jun; Woudstra, Jan (Summer 2007). "Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses". Garden History. 35 (1): 68–84. JSTOR 25472355.
- ↑ "Way Back When: A History Of The English Glasshouse". Hartley Botanic. September 3, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ↑ Yoon, Sang Jun; Woudstra, Jan (Summer 2007). "Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses". Garden History. 35 (1): 68–84. JSTOR 25472355.
- ↑ "Greenhouse Manual" (PDF). US Botanical Garden.
- ↑ "Margaret Tilghman Carroll | TCLF". www.tclf.org.