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Gidan Tsaro na Kasa na Holkham

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Gidan Tsaro na Kasa na Holkham
nature reserve (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙasa Birtaniya
Wuri
Map
 52°58′08″N 0°48′47″E / 52.969°N 0.813°E / 52.969; 0.813

Holkham National Nature Reserve shine zaki girman ajiyar yanayi na Ingila (NNR). Yana kan iyakar Norfolk tsakanin Burnham Overy Staithe da Blakeney, kuma Natural England ce ke sarrafa shi tare da hadin gwiwar Holkham Estate. Hectare 3,900 (9,600 acres) sun ƙunshi wurare masu yawa, gami da wuraren kiwo, gandun daji, gishiri, yashi dunes da bakin teku. Wannan ajiyar wani bangare ne na Arewacin Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest, kuma an kare yankin mafi girma ta hanyar Natura 2000, Special Protection Area (SPA) da Ramsar listings, kuma yana daga cikin duka Yankin Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar Kyakkyawa (AONB) da kuma Duniya Biosphere Reserve. Holkham NNR yana da mahimmanci ga tsuntsayen daji na hunturu, musamman geese mai ƙafafun rawaya, Eurasian wigeon da brant geese, amma kuma yana da waders masu kiwo, kuma yana jan hankalin tsuntsaye masu ƙaura da yawa a cikin kaka. Ana iya samun ƙananan invertebrates da tsire-tsire a cikin dunes, kuma ajiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin shafuka biyu kawai a Burtaniya don samun mazaunin antlion.

Wannan shimfiɗa na bakin tekun da farko ya kunshi tafkunan gishiri da aka kare daga teku ta hanyar tuddai na shingle da yashi, kuma sansanin ƙarfe na Holkham ya tsaya a ƙarshen yashi mai yashi wanda ke kewaye da raƙuman ruwa. Vikings sun yi tafiya a cikin koguna don kafa ƙauyen Holkham, amma an dakatar da samun damar zuwa tsohuwar tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar zubar da ruwa da sake farfado da marshes tsakanin bakin tekun da shingle wanda ya fara a karni na 17, kuma an kammala shi a 1859. Gidan Holkham mallakar dangin Coke ne, daga baya Earls na Leicester tun 1609, kuma wurin zama a Holkham Hall yana gaban ƙofar Lady Anne's Drive. Earl na 3 ya dasa bishiyoyi a kan dunes don kare makiyaya da magabata suka karɓa daga yashi da iska ke hurawa. An kirkiro wurin ajiyar yanayi na kasa a shekarar 1967 daga kadada 1,700 (acre 4,200) na Holkham Estate da kadada 2,200 (acre 5,400) na bakin teku na Crown.

Ajiyar tana da baƙi sama da 100,000 a kowace shekara, gami da Masu kallon tsuntsaye da mahayan dawakai, sabili da haka yana da mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin yankin. NNR ta dauki matakai don sarrafa shigarwa zuwa dunes masu rauni da sauran yankuna masu mahimmanci ga dabbobinsu ko tsire-tsire saboda lalacewar wuraren zama masu mahimmanci wanda zai iya haifar da samun dama ba tare da iyaka ba. Dunes wani muhimmin kariya ne na halitta game da tsayin daka a matakin teku tare da wannan bakin tekun da ke da rauni.

Bayyanawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sashe na jama'a na NNR: Makiyaya da dunes Pines Tidal foreshore da gishiri marsh Hanyoyi da wuraren ajiye motoci Bird hidesSHI: Scolt Head Island NNRHB: Holkham BayWS: Wells gishiri mars (wani ɓangare na Holkham NNR)  

Ajiyar ta kasance a arewacin Hanyar bakin teku ta A149, tana farawa a yammacin Burnham Overy Staithe kuma tana fadada yammacin Holkham zuwa Beach Road, Wells-next-the-Sea. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da tafkin gishiri wanda ke ci gaba da gabas zuwa Blakeney . Jimlar yankinta na kimanin hekta 3,900 (9,600 acres) ya sa ya zama mafi girma NNR a Ingila. Za'a iya samun damar ajiyar ta hanyar hanyoyin tafiya daga Wells da ƙauyuka na cikin gida ciki har da hanyar Peddars Way / Norfolk Coast mai nisa wanda ke ratsa babban ɓangaren ajiyar, da kuma Hanyar Cycle ta Kasa 1 ta hanyar NNR tsakanin Holkham da Wells. [1][2] Akwai wurin ajiye motoci kusa da ƙauyen Holkham a arewacin ƙarshen Lady Anne's Drive wanda ke ba da damar zuwa fatar tsuntsaye biyu, da kuma wani wurin ajiye motocin a ƙarshen Beach Road a Wells. A gabashin Wells Channel, ajiyar galibi marshes ne na gishiri da filayen laka, kuma yana da wahala kuma yana da haɗari don samun dama, kodayake hanyar tafiya ta jama'a tana gudana a gefen kudancin waɗannan yankunan ruwa.[3]

An bayyana Yankunan gishiri a wannan gabar a cikin Shafin Shafin Nazarin Kimiyya na Musamman (SSSI) don kasancewa "daga cikin mafi kyawun Turai ... tsire-tsire suna da bambanci sosai". Holkham kuma yana da misalai masu kyau na dunes, kuma bishiyoyin da aka dasa a kan dunes sun ba da mafaka ga wasu bishiyoyi da shrubs don kafawa, suna mai da wannan yanki ne kawai na gandun daji a Arewacin Norfolk Coast SSSI.[4] Abubuwan da ke cikin Holkham Bay sun halicci dunes kuma sun canza su, kuma tsibirin yashi a Holkham bay sun samo asali ne kawai a cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata. Yankin da ke cikin ƙasa daga dunes shine tafkin gishiri wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman makiyaya har zuwa shekarun 1940, amma an canza shi zuwa ƙasar noma a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Darajar filayen ga namun daji ta ragu ta hanyar ƙananan teburin ruwa, amma matakan gudanarwa na Natural England sun ɗaga matakan ruwa, suna jan hankalin kiwo da tsuntsaye masu hunturu.[5] Hakanan ana iya amfani da gudanar da ruwa don tabbatar da teburin ruwa mai yawa a lokacin rani, don amfana da waders na kiwo, da yanayin bushewa a cikin hunturu, wanda geese ya fi so.[6] Gudanar da matakan ruwa da ciyawa sun kara yawan tsuntsayen da ke kiwo daga nau'i 120 na nau'i goma a 1986 zuwa nau'i 795 na nau'in 26 a 1994, kuma yawan tsuntsaye masu hunturu na nau'ikan tsuntsayen daji guda hudu ya tashi daga 1,215 zuwa 17,305 a cikin shekaru goma daga 1983/84 . [7]  

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
field with raised grass track leading to distant mound
Dutsen Holkham fort yana bayyane a ƙarshen hanyar da aka ɗaga, a baya kawai hanyar shiga.

Norfolk tana da dogon tarihin aikin ɗan adam. Dukkanin mutanen zamani da Neanderthal sun kasance a yankin tsakanin shekaru 100,000 da 10,000 da suka gabata, kafin glaciation na ƙarshe, kuma mutane sun dawo yayin da ƙanƙara ta koma arewa. Rubuce-rubucen archaeological ba su da kyau har zuwa kimanin shekaru 20,000 da suka gabata, wani bangare saboda yanayin sanyi da ke faruwa a lokacin, amma kuma saboda bakin tekun ya fi arewa fiye da yanzu. Yayin da kankara ta koma baya a lokacin Mesolithic (10,000-5,000 KZ), matakin teku ya tashi, ya cika abin da ke yanzu Tekun Arewa. Wannan ya kawo bakin tekun Norfolk kusa da layinsa na yanzu, don haka yawancin wuraren tarihi yanzu suna ƙarƙashin teku a yankin da yanzu ake kira Doggerland . [8]  

Yankin bakin teku a Holkham da farko ya kunshi tafkunan gishiri da aka kare daga teku ta hanyar tuddai na shingle da yashi.[9] Wani babban sansanin ƙarfe (Holkham Camp) a ƙarshen yashi a cikin marshes za a iya kusantar shi ne kawai tare da yashi; ya kewaye hekta 2.5 (6.2 acres) kuma ya kasance ana amfani dashi har zuwa cin nasarar Iceni a cikin 47 AD. Vikings sun yi tafiya a cikin koguna don kafa Holkham, sunan da ya samo asali ne daga Danish don "birni na jirgin ruwa".[9] 

Gidan Holkham mallakar dangin Coke ne tun 1609, kuma Holkham Hall, wanda Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester ya gina tsakanin 1734 da 1764, yana gaban ƙofar NNR.[10] Har zuwa karni na 17, jirgin ruwa na iya kewayawa a cikin koguna don isa ga staithe (teku) a ƙauyen Holkham, amma masu mallakar ƙasa na gida sun fara dawo da marshes daga 1639, kuma Earl na biyu ya gina tashar ƙarshe a Wells a 1859, ya kammala jujjuyawar kimanin hekta 800 (2,000 acres) zuwa gonar gona. Earl na 3 ya dasa bishiyoyin Corsican, na teku da na Scots a kan dunes a ƙarshen karni na 19 don kare ƙasar noma daga yashi mai iska, wanda ake ɗauka a cikin ƙasa lokacin da saurin iska ya wuce mita uku a kowace dakika (9.8 ft / s) kuma yana hurawa daga hanyoyi tsakanin arewa maso yamma zuwa arewa maso gabas.[9][11]

An kirkiro wurin ajiyar yanayi na Holkham a cikin 1967 daga kadada 1,700 (acre 4,200) na Holkhan Estate da kadada 2,200 (acre 5,400) na yashi da laka na Crown Estate. A shekara ta 1986 an haɗa NNR a cikin sabuwar kadada 7,700 (19,000 acres) North Norfolk Coast SSSI. Yankin da ya fi girma yanzu an kare shi ta hanyar Natura 2000, Yankin Karewa na Musamman (SPA) da jerin sunayen Ramsar, kuma yana daga cikin Yankin Norfolk Coast na Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar Halitta.[4] Yankin bakin teku daga Holkham NNR zuwa Salthouse, tare da Tsibirin Scolt Head, ajiyar halittu ce.

Tsire-tsire da dabbobi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsuntsaye

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
flock of geese rising from fields
Geese mai ƙafafun rawaya suna barin wuraren kiwo da asuba

Kimanin geese masu ƙafafun rawaya 50,000, wigeon Eurasian 13,000 da kuma geese Brent 7,000 a Holkham, suna mai da shi muhimmancin duniya ga waɗannan nau'ikan. Har zuwa 400 fararen geese da wasu tundra bean geese na iya shiga cikin garken tsuntsaye, kuma baƙon falcon, gajeren kunne, merlin, marsh harrier ko hen harrier na iya farauta a kan filayen. Bankunan shingle da bakin teku suna riƙe da garken hunturu na larks na bakin teku, buntings na dusar ƙanƙara da twite, [5] da waders kamar knots, curlews, dunlins da binciken launin toka don invertebrates a cikin laka.[4]

Gudun bazara yana da kwanciyar hankali, kodayake ganin zoben ouzel da firecrest yana yiwuwa a tsakanin masu wuta na yau da kullun. Tsuntsaye masu kiwo sun haɗa da lapwings, Snipe na yau da kullun, pied avocets, Redshanks na yau da kullun da marsh harriers a kan marshes masu kiwo, ringed plovers da little terns a kan rairayin bakin teku, da kuma baki-kai, herring da ƙananan baki-backed gulls a kan gishiri marsh. Ƙananan mazaunin gray heron sun haɗu da ƙananan egrets, kuma, daga 2010, ta Eurasian spoonbills. [12] A cikin 2020, wasu shanu biyu sun sami nasarar haifuwa a shafin, karo na farko da jinsin ya samu nasarar haifutawa a Norfolk.[13] Pine na iya samun ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ko ƙuƙwasawa na yau da kullun, da ƙuƙwanƙwasawa a cikin 1984 da 1985.[14]

Yanayin bakin teku na arewacin Holkham na iya jan hankalin tsuntsaye masu ƙaura a cikin kaka idan yanayin yanayi ya yi daidai, musamman tare da arewa zuwa arewa maso gabas. Nau'in na yau da kullun na iya kasancewa tare da wryneck, ja-backed shrike ko greenish warbler a watan Agusta, tare da goldcrests, thrushes da finches daga baya a cikin kakar, kuma watakila jan-breasted flycatchers da yellow-browed warblers. Rashin daidaituwa irin Na Pallas, Radde's ko dusky warblers na iya faruwa; wani jan-breasted nuthatch a cikin 1989 shine na farko, kuma, tun daga 2019, mutum ɗaya ne kawai na jinsinsa da za a rubuta a Burtaniya. [14][15]

Sauran dabbobi da tsire-tsire

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana samun Brown hares da Otters na Turai a duk faɗin arewacin Norfolk, amma jan squirrels sun ɓace daga Holkham pines a shekara ta 1981.[4] Tsuntsu mai ban sha'awa na natterjack a Holkham, [4] ɗaya daga cikin shafuka biyu kawai a wannan bakin tekun, kodayake kwari na yau da kullun, kwari na kowa da kwari na gama gari suna da yawa a wuraren da suka dace.

marsh with pine trees in the background
Pine da gishiri marsh suna karewa da kuma daidaita dunes.

Green hairstreak, purple hairstreak), comma, hummingbird hawk-moth, broad-bordered bee hawk-maoth da ghost moth ana ganin su a wasu lokuta a cikin dazuzzuka tare da nau'in malam buɗe ido da asu na yau da kullun, kuma launin rawaya ko kyawawan Camberwell na iya faruwa a wasu shekaru.[16] Grayling, karamin heath da blue butterflies na yau da kullun ana iya samun su a cikin dunes, inda kuma akwai babban mazaunin antlion, yana mai da Holkham ɗaya daga cikin wurare biyu kawai don wannan kwari mai cin nama a Burtaniya. [17][18] Dragonflies sun hada da mahaukaci hawker, kudancin hawker da ruddy darter.[16]

A kan sassan da aka fallasa na bakin tekun, laka da yashi suna wankewa ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa, kuma ba su da ciyayi sai dai mai yiwuwa algae ko eelgrass, amma inda aka fi kare bakin tekun da aka fi karewa, mahimman wuraren gishiri na duniya na iya samarwa, tare da nau'o'in da ba a saba gani ba. Yankin gishiri ya ƙunshi gilashi da seablite na shekara-shekara a cikin yankunan da aka fi fallasawa, tare da jerin tsire-tsire masu zuwa yayin da marsh ya zama mafi kafuwa: na farko aster na teku, sannan galibi lavender na teku, tare da purslane na teku a cikin koguna da ƙananan yankuna na plantain na teku da sauran tsire-shuke na yau da kullun. [4] Scrubby sea-blite da matted sea lavender sune tsire-tsire na tsire-shuke na tsire na tsirrai na tsire'i na tsire (mai bushewa a nan, kodayake ba a saba da su ba a Burtaniya daga bakin tekun Norfolk.[5]

Ciyawa irin su ciyawa mai shimfiɗar teku da ciyawar poa na teku suna da mahimmanci a cikin busassun wurare na marshes, kuma a kan dunes na bakin teku, inda ciyawa marram, yashi couch-grass, lyme-grass da ja fescue suna taimakawa wajen ɗaure yashi. Tekun holly da yashi wasu ƙwararru ne na wannan ƙazamar wurin zama, kuma petalwort wani nau'in bryophyte ne na ƙasa wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa akan dunes ɗin damper ba. [19] Tsuntsayen ƙafar Tsuntsaye, pyramidal orchid, [4] kudan zuma Orchid, ƙaramin centaury da furen sarƙaƙƙiya na carline a kan dunes mafi barga, [20] inda ake samun cudweed na Jersey da ciyawar gashi mai launin toka . [4] Ɗauka 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) bel na ginshiƙan mafaka masu rarrafe mata da gidan tsuntsu mai rawaya .

Wasanni

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
horse and rider on a sandy beach
Ajiyar tana da baƙi da yawa a kowace shekara, gami da mahayan dawakai a bakin rairayin bakin teku.

Binciken da aka yi a 2005 a Holkham da wasu wuraren bakin teku guda biyar na Arewacin Norfolk sun gano cewa kashi 39 cikin dari na baƙi sun ba da kallon tsuntsaye a matsayin babban manufar ziyarar su. Baƙi na rana miliyan 7.7 da miliyan 5.5 waɗanda suka zauna a yankin a cikin 1999 an kiyasta sun kashe fam miliyan 122, kuma sun kirkiro daidai da ayyuka 2,325 na cikakken lokaci. Holkham NNR yana ɗaya daga cikin shafuka uku a cikin SSSI waɗanda ke jan hankalin baƙi 100,000 ko fiye a kowace shekara, sauran su ne Titchwell Marsh da Cley Marshes . Yawan baƙi a wuraren da ke bakin teku wani lokacin yana da mummunan sakamako. Ana iya damuwa da namun daji, matsala ce mai yawa ga nau'in da ke haifuwa a wuraren da aka fallasa kamar Ringed Plovers da Little Terns, da kuma geese na hunturu. Za'a iya tattake shuke-shuke, wanda shine matsala ta musamman a wuraren zama masu mahimmanci kamar dunes da shingles masu tsire-tsire. Binciken ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙasa a Holkham ya jagoranci masu gano shi su bayyana cewa "Rayuwa da wannan nau'in a Burtaniya tabbas zai amfana daga gina hanyar jirgin ruwa a fadin wannan wuri mai rauni da kuma ziyarta akai-akai".[21]    

Ƙasar Little Tern a Holkham, tana riƙe da kashi bakwai cikin dari na yawan mutanen Burtaniya, an kulle ta a lokacin kiwo, tare da alamun da ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa aka cire mutane daga yankin. Tsire-tsire na dune na iya lalacewa ta hanyar mutane da yawa da ke tafiya a kan shi, wanda ke haifar da fashewa, da saurin iska na yashi. Jirgin ruwa da matakai suna bawa baƙi damar isa bakin rairayin bakin teku da ƙafa ba tare da cutar da dunes ba, kuma ana tambayar mahayan dawakai da masu tsattsauran rairayin kan teku su zauna a kan rairayin rairayin da kuma hana dunes. [22] [23][24] Yayin da yanayin ya zama mai dumi a nan gaba, akwai yiwuwar ƙarin matsin yawon bude ido a bakin tekun, amma tasirin wannan na iya ragewa ta hanyar motsawa zuwa ayyukan da ba su da tasiri kamar wanka.[25]

Norfolk Coast Partnership, ƙungiyar kiyayewa da ƙungiyoyin muhalli, sun raba bakin teku da yankunanta zuwa yankuna uku don dalilai na ci gaban yawon shakatawa. Holkham Dunes, tare da Holme Dunes da Blakeney Point, an dauke su wuraren zama masu hankali da suka riga sun sha wahala daga matsin baƙi, kuma an sanya su a matsayin yankunan ja ba tare da ci gaba ko inganta filin ajiye motoci da za a ba da shawarar ba. Sauran NNR an sanya su a cikin yankin orange, don wuraren da ke da wuraren zama masu rauni amma ƙananan matsin yawon bude ido.

Barazanar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
sand dunes with coarse grass
Yankin da ke gefen tekun yana kare ajiyar daga ambaliyar ruwa.

Ilimin ilimin ƙasa na bakin tekun Arewacin Norfolk shine Cretaceous chalk, wanda aka fallasa a tsaunuka na Hunstanton kawai a yammacin SSSI, amma an binne shi da tarkace mai laushi na Quaternary don duk tsawon bakin tekun SSSI. Ba kamar tsaunuka masu laushi ba, da sauri da ke rushewa zuwa gabas, bakin tekun SSSI ya nuna tsarin da ba shi da daidaituwa, tare da haɓaka kayan rairayin bakin teku tsakanin 1880 da 1950. [26] Koyaya, wannan bakin tekun yana fuskantar barazanar Canjin yanayi, tare da matakin teku yana tashi da kimanin 1-2 mm a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata, yana ƙara haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa da rushewar bakin teku. 

Rabin yankin gishiri da aka kafa a cikin tsibirin Scolt Head an sake dawo da shi a cikin shekaru 300 da suka gabata, yana haifar da muhimmancin muhalli, amma mai rauni sosai, maras kyau. Kodayake Holkham yana da ƙasa kuma yana iya ambaliyar ruwa a cikin yanayin yanayi mai tsanani, ana kare shi ta hanyar tsinkaye wanda ya bunkasa a Holkham Gap a cikin 1990s da dunes tare da bakin tekun, waɗanda ke ƙara daidaitawa da ciyayi. Shirin gudanarwa na Hukumar Muhalli har zuwa 2105 shine ya dogara da kariya ta halitta na dunes, yana shiga tsakani ne kawai idan aikin ya zama dole don kula da tasirin su a fuskar yiwuwar hauhawar matakin teku na mita 1.1 (3.6 feet) a wannan ranar.[27] Gilashin da ya zama tsibirin Scolt Head yana motsawa zuwa yamma da kudu har zuwa mita 3.5 (11 feet) a kowace shekara. Wannan na iya shafar motsi na laka, kuma ya haifar da lalacewar dunes da rairayin bakin teku a Holkham, amma bai kamata ya lalata tasirin su a matsayin tsaron teku ba sai dai idan tsibirin ya sake haɗuwa da ƙasar a wani lokaci a nan gaba.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Exploring the National Nature Reserve". Holkham Estate. Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  2. ↑ "Route 1". National Cycle Routes. Sustrans. Archived from the original on 2012-09-20. Retrieved 2012-09-03. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  3. ↑ "Reaching Holkham". Holkham Estate. Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 "North Norfolk Coast" (PDF). SSSI citations. Natural England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named holkham
  6. ↑ Vickery, J A; Sutherland, W J; O'Brien, M; Watkinson, A R; Yallop A (1997). "Managing coastal grazing marshes for breeding waders and overwintering geese: Is there a conflict?". Biological Conservation. 79 (1): 23–24. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00111-5.
  7. ↑ Harold, Ron (1994). "Holkham grazing marshes N.N.R". Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists Society Transactions. 30 (2 Supplement: Norfolk Bird & Mammal Report 1993): 123–130.
  8. ↑ Coles, Bryony. "The Doggerland project". Research projects. University of Exeter. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Welcome to Holkham". Holkham Estate. Archived from the original on 2007-08-04. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  10. ↑ "History". Visitor information. Holkham Estate. Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  11. ↑ Oronsaye, W I (1990). "Wind action and sand movement near Holkham Bay, North Norfolk Coast, England". Environmental Geology and Water Sciences. 15 (2): 77–82. Bibcode:1990EnGeo..15...77O. doi:10.1007/bf01705094. S2CID 129031049.
  12. ↑ Natural England. "Breeding spoonbills return to Holkham". BirdGuides. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  13. ↑ "Western Cattle Egret breeds in Norfolk for first time". Birdguides. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named harrup
  15. ↑ Aley, Jean; Aley, Roy (1995). "Red-breasted Nuthatch in Norfolk: new to Britain and Ireland". British Birds. 88 (3): 150–153.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Pinewoods and scrub". Holkham National Nature Reserve. Holkham Estate. Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  17. ↑ "Dunes". Holkham National Nature Reserve. Holkham Estate. Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  18. ↑ "Thriving colonies of antlions discovered in Norfolk nature reserve". News. Natural England. 17 October 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  19. ↑ "Coastal Sand Dunes – Habitat Action Plan". Norfolk Biodiversity Partnership. Archived from the original on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2012-09-05. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  20. ↑ "Dunes". Holkham National Nature Reserve. Holkham Estate. Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  21. ↑ Telfer, Mark G; Lambdon, Philip W; Gurney, Mark (2000). "Recent discoveries among the gasteroid fungi of Norfolk". Field Mycology. 1 (1): 30–32. doi:10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60011-4.
  22. ↑ "Holkham Bay – Norfolk". Naturist UK Fact File. Archived from the original on 2012-07-30. Retrieved 2025-07-28. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  23. ↑ "Holkham Beach in Norfolk". Visit England. Archived from the original on 2012-08-22. Retrieved 2025-07-28. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  24. ↑ "Horse riders" (PDF). Natural England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  25. ↑ Coombes, Emma G; Jones, Andy P (2010). "Assessing the impact of climate change on visitor behaviour and habitat use at the coast: A UK case study". Global Environmental Change. 20 (2): 303–313. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.12.004.
  26. ↑ "Coastal Erosion". Coastal Management. North Norfolk District Council. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named smp15
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