Gidan Yari
 Gidan Yari | |
|---|---|
type of prison facility (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
architectural structure (en) , prison facility (en) da institution (en) |
| Bangare na |
corrections (en) , government building (en) da mazaunin mutane |
| Amfani |
hukuntarwa, ıslahat (mul) , incarceration (en) , prison agency (en) da imprisonment (en) |
| Suna saboda |
Tyr (en) |
| Position held by head of the organization (en) |
prison director (en) |
| Karatun ta |
prison studies (en) |
| Tarihin maudu'i |
history of prisons (en) |
Gidan yari,[a] wanda kuma aka sani da Magarkama,[b] gidan kaso,[c] gidan gyara, cibiyar tsarewa,[d] cibiyar gyaran hali, wurin gyara, ko cibiyar tsarewa, wani wuri ne da ake tsare mutane a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, yawanci a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka daban-daban. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da su don ajiye waɗanda ke jiran shari'a (tsaron kafin shari'a). Gidajen yari suna aiki manyan ayyuka biyu a cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka: riƙe mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifuka yayin da suke jiran shari'a, da kuma tsare waɗanda suka amsa laifinsu ko aka yanke musu hukunci don su cika hukuncin da aka yanke musu.
Haka kuma ana iya amfani da gidajen yari don manufofin siyasa ta hanyar gwamnatocin kama-karya waɗanda ke tsare waɗanda ake ganin abokan hamayyarsu ne saboda laifukan siyasa, sau da yawa ba tare da shari'a na adalci ko tsari mai kyau ba;[1] wannan amfanin baya bisa ƙa'ida a ƙarƙashin yawancin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar gudanar da adalci mai kyau. A lokutan yaƙi, masu faɗa ko ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki na iya tsare fursunonin yaƙi ko fursunoni a gidajen yarin soja ko a sansanonin fursunonin yaƙi. A kowane lokaci, jihohi na iya ɗaure fararen hula - wani lokacin manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula - a sansanonin tsarewa.
Kalmomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana ko bambance tsakanin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren gyara na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna.
Kasar Ostiraliya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙarin bayani: Hukunci a Ostiraliya
A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmomin "gaol", "magarkama" da "kurkuku" akai-akai.[2] Ana amfani da rubutun "gaol" a hukumance a baya, kuma gidajen tarihi da yawa yanzu sun zama wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido, kamar Maitland Gaol. A hukumance, ana amfani da kalmar "cibiyar gyara" ga kusan dukkan gidajen yari a New South Wales da Queensland, yayin da sauran jihohi da yankuna ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban. "Kurkuku" a hukumance ana amfani da shi ga wasu wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria da Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana kiran gidajen yari na matasa a Ostiraliya da "cibiyoyin gyaran matasa" ko "cibiyoyin tsare matasa" da sauran sunaye, ya danganta da ikonsu.[3]
Kanada
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Kanada, yayin da ake amfani da kalmomin "kurkuku" da "kurkuku" akai-akai a cikin magana, wuraren da aka sanya wa suna a hukumance suna amfani da "makaranta", "cibiyar gyara", "kurkuku", ko "cibiyar". Wasu wurare da dama suna riƙe da sunansu na tarihi a matsayin "kurkuku".
New Zealand
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A New Zealand, ana amfani da kalmomin "kurkuku" da "kurkuku" akai-akai, kodayake kalmar "kurkuku" da sauransu suna cikin amfani na hukuma.
Papua New Guinea
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Papua New Guinea, ana amfani da "kurkuku" a hukumance, kodayake an fahimci "kurkuku" sosai kuma an fi amfani da shi.
Birtaniya da Ireland
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmar zamani ta hukuma ita ce "kurkuku" (misali HM Prison Barlinnie). Rubutun "gaol" ya tsufa a cikin maganganun zamani amma har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce, da kuma a cikin mahallin tarihi da shari'a.
Dokar Gaols ta 1823 ta bayyana nau'ikan gidajen yari guda biyu: gaols da gidajen gyara.
An fara kafa gidajen gyara ta Dokar Taimakon Marasa Aiki ta 1601 a Ingila da Wales, a matsayin wurin aika "matalauta marasa aiki" da marasa aiki don aiki mai wahala. Daga baya dokokin sun ƙara ayyukan hukunci ga ƙananan laifuka bayan an yanke hukunci, da kuma tsarewa kafin shari'a. An maye gurbin aikin mu'amala da talakawa da wuraren aiki sannan kuma taimakon jama'a gabaɗaya.
Amurka[4]
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin Turancin Amurka, kalmomin "kurkuku" da "kurkuku" suna da amfani daban-daban, kodayake ba koyaushe ake bin wannan a cikin magana ta yau da kullun ba kuma yadda ake bayyana wuraren gyara a hukumance ya bambanta da jiha.
"Kurkuku" yana riƙe mutane na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, ƙasa da shekara guda) ko don tsarewa kafin shari'a kuma yawanci gwamnatin gida ce ke gudanar da shi, galibi sheriff na gundumar.
"Kurkuku" ko "kurkuku" yana riƙe mutane na tsawon lokaci, kamar shekaru da yawa, kuma gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi. Bayan an yanke hukunci, ana aika wanda aka yanke wa hukunci zuwa kurkuku.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Zamanin-da da kuma ta zamanin baya-baya
Ana iya hakayo tarihin gidan yari tun daga lokacin da aka fara kirkirar jiha/kasa a matsayin wani bangare na zamantakewa.
Ana ɗaukar hukuncin da aka saba yi a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani a matsayin bayin jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a nan ya kasance na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta Louis XIV, kimanin 1694.
Ana iya gano amfani da gidajen yari tun daga lokacin da gwamnati ta fara aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tsarin zamantakewa.
Wasu masana falsafa na Girka na da, kamar Plato, sun fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin amfani da hukunci don gyara masu laifi maimakon ɗaukar fansa. An yi amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin hukunci ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba. Daga ƙarshe, tunda talakawan Athens ba za su iya biyan tarar su ba, wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku marar iyaka, an sanya iyakokin lokaci a maimakon haka.[8] An san gidan yarin da ke Athens ta dā a matsayin rushewa ko "wurin sarƙoƙi".
Romawa suna cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin nau'in hukunci maimakon kawai don tsarewa. An yi amfani da gine-gine iri-iri da ake da su don ɗaukar fursunoni, kamar kejin ƙarfe, ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yarin Romawa mafi shahara shine Gidan Yarin Mamertine, wanda aka kafa a kusan 640 B.C. na Ancus Marcius. Gidan Kurkukun Mamertine yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Roma kuma yana ɗauke da babban hanyar kurkuku inda ake tsare fursunoni a cikin mummunan yanayi da aka gurbata da sharar ɗan adam. Tilasta yin aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a shi ma nau'in hukunci ne da aka saba yi. A lokuta da yawa, ana yanke wa 'yan ƙasa hukuncin bauta, sau da yawa a ergastula (wani nau'in gidan yari na asali inda ake ɗaure bayi marasa biyayya a kan benci kuma suna yin aiki mai wahala). Akwai gidajen yari da yawa ba kawai a babban birnin Rome ba, har ma a duk faɗin Daular Roma. Duk da haka, tsarin gidan yari mai tsari bai fito ba.
A zamanin da, Songhai na Tsakiya, sakamakon hukuncin shari'a zai iya janyo kwace kayayyaki ko ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin nau'in hukunci, tunda gidajen yari daban-daban sun wanzu a daular.
A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a Turai, ana amfani da gidajen yari, katanga, da ginshiƙan gine-ginen jama'a a matsayin gidajen yari na wucin gadi. Ikon ɗaure 'yan ƙasa ya ba jami'ai a kowane matakin gwamnati damar yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alamar wanda ke da iko ko iko akan wasu. Wani hukunci da aka saba yi shi ne yanke wa mutane hukuncin bauta a kan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaure fursunoni a ƙarƙashin jiragen ruwa da tilasta musu yin iyo a kan jiragen ruwa ko na 'yan kasuwa.
Zamanin yau
Masanin Falsafa dan Faransa Michel Foucault, musamman littafinsa Horo da Gurfanarwa: Fara Samuwar Gidan Yari (1975), ya ƙarfafa nazarin tarihi na gidajen yari da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin tsarin hukunta fursunoni na Yamma a lokacin zamanin zamani bisa ga takardu na tarihi daga Faransa. Foucault ya yi jayayya cewa gidan yari bai zama babban nau'in hukunci ba kawai saboda damuwar jin kai na masu kawo sauyi. Ya bi diddigin sauye-sauyen al'adu da suka haifar da rinjayen gidan yari ta hanyar jiki da iko. Gidajen yari suna amfani da "ilimi" - sabbin ikon fasaha da za a iya samu, a cewar Foucault, a cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar makarantu, asibitoci, da barikin soja.
A zamanin yau, an mayar da gine-gine da yawa masu ƙarfi, kamar absets da katanga, don amfani da su azaman gidajen yari. Hoton yana nuna katangar Clairvaux Abbey, wadda aka mayar da ita filin motsa jiki na gidan yari bayan an yi watsi da addini.
Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da kuma a ƙarni na 18, kin amincewa da hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa a bainar jama'a ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da kuma Amurka. Musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jini, tare da ƙarancin madadin hukunci, an dakatar da jigilar mutane zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya hali[20], da kuma sanya hukuncin kisa ga ƙananan laifuka, kamar sata, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin jama'a; da yawa daga cikin alkalai sun ƙi hukunta waɗanda ake tuhuma da ƙananan laifuka lokacin da suka san za a yanke wa waɗanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa, masu mulki suka fara neman hanyar hukunta su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar da ba ta sa mutane su haɗa su da abubuwan tashin hankali na zalunci da mugunta ba. Sun ƙirƙiro tsarin tsare mutane da yawa, galibi tare da aiki tuƙuru, a matsayin mafita. Yunkurin gyaran gidajen yari da ya taso a wannan lokacin ya sami tasiri sosai daga falsafar biyu masu rikitarwa. Na farko ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Wahayi na amfani da hankali da kuma tunani mai kyau kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gidajen yari a matsayin madadin hukunci na jama'a kamar bulala, ratayewa, da sauransu. Ka'idar hana fursunoni ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban manufar gidajen yari shine su kasance masu tsauri da ban tsoro har su hana mutane aikata laifuka saboda tsoron zuwa gidan yari. Ka'idar ta biyu, wacce ta ga gidajen yari a matsayin wani nau'i na gyara ko gyara ɗabi'a, ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda suka daidaita laifi da zunubi kuma suka ga gidajen yari a matsayin wurin koyar da fursunoni a ɗabi'ar Kirista, biyayya da ɗabi'a mai kyau. Waɗannan masu gyara daga baya sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gina gidajen yari a matsayin mutane.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights".
- ↑ Webb, Tiger (22 June 2016). "Jail or gaol: Which spelling is correct?". ABC Radio National. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ↑ Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia.
- ↑ The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1807-1868/69].