Gidan kare Indiya na Pine Ridge

Gidan kare Indiya na Pine Ridge
Indian reservation of the United States (en)
Bayanai
Farawa	1889
Sunan hukuma	Wazí Aháŋhaŋ Oyáŋke
Ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci	Mountain Time Zone (en)
Located in protected area (en)	Badlands National Park (en)
Wuri a ina ko kusa da wace teku	White River (en)
Sun raba iyaka da	Rosebud Indian Reservation (en)
Foundational text (en)	Sioux Act of 1889 (en)
Shafin yanar gizo	oglala.gov
Wuri
43°21′12″N 102°05′21″W
Ƴantacciyar ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Jihar Tarayyar Amurika	South Dakota
County of South Dakota (en)	Bennett County (en)

The Pine Ridge Reservation Indian ( Lakota ), wanda kuma ake kira Pine Ridge Agency, ajiyar Oglala Lakota ce ta Indiya da ke cikin jihar South Dakota ta Amurka, tare da wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki da ya shimfiɗa zuwa Nebraska . An haɗa asali a cikin yankin Babban Sioux Reservation, Pine Ridge an ƙirƙira shi ta Dokar Maris 2, 1889, 25 Stat. 888. a yankin kudu maso yamma na South Dakota akan iyakar Nebraska. Ya ƙunshi 3,468.85 square miles (8,984 km²) na yanki kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiya a Amurka.

Ajiyar ta ƙunshi dukan Oglala Lakota County da Bennett County, rabin kudancin Jackson County, da kuma karamin ɓangaren Sheridan County da aka kara ta hanyar Dokar Zartarwa No. na Fabrairu 20, 1904. Daga cikin yankuna 3,142 a Amurka, waɗannan suna daga cikin mafi talauci. Yankin kadada 84,000 kawai (340 ) ya dace da aikin gona. Yawan jama'a na 2000 na ajiyar ya kasance 15,521. Wani binciken da Jami'ar Jihar Colorado ta yi a shekarar 2009 kuma Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane ta Amurka ta karɓa ya kiyasta yawan mazauna ya kai 28,787.

Pine Ridge shine shafin da dama da suka faru wanda ke nuna muhimman abubuwa a tarihin tsakanin Sioux na yankin da Gwamnatin Amurka. tebur mai ƙarfi, wani tebur a cikin abin da ke cikin yankin Oglala na Badlands National Park a yau, shine wurin karshe na Ghost Dances. Hukumomin Amurka sun danne wannan motsi, wanda ya haifar da kisan kiyashi na Wounded Knee a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 1890. Wani rukuni na Miniconjou Lakota da Hunkpapa Sioux, karkashin jagorancin Cif Spotted Elk, sun nemi mafaka a Pine Ridge bayan sun tsere daga Kamfanin Standing Rock, inda aka kashe Sitting Bull yayin kokarin kama shi. Wata runduna mai dauke da makamai ta bakwai ta tsayar da iyalai kuma ta kai musu hari, wanda ya kashe mata da yara da yawa da kuma mayaƙa. Wannan shi ne karo na karshe da aka yi tsakanin sojojin Amurka da 'yan asalin Amurka kuma ya nuna ƙarshen iyakar yamma.

Canje-canje da aka tara a cikin kwata na karshe na karni na 20: a cikin 1971 kabilar Oglala Sioux (OST) ta fara Kwalejin Oglala Lakota, kwalejin kabilanci, wanda ke ba da digiri na shekaru 4. A cikin shekarun 1973 na rashin jin daɗi a Pine Ridge Reservation ya haifar da zanga-zangar da ta karu zuwa cikin Raunin Knee, ta sami kulawa ta ƙasa. Mambobin Oglala Lakota, Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka da magoya bayansu sun mamaye garin don nuna rashin amincewa da tilasta bin doka ta tarayya da ta jihar a cikin zanga-zangar da ta zama rikici na makamai na kwanaki 71. Wannan taron ya yi wa 'yan Indiyawan Amurka wahayi zuwa ga kasar kuma a hankali ya haifar da canje-canje a ajiyar. Ya farfado da wasu al'adun al'adu kuma ya karfafa horar da harshe. A cikin 1981 Tim Giago (Lakota) ya fara Lakota Times a Pine Ridge .

Da yake a kudancin ƙarshen Badlands, ajiyar wani bangare ne na tsararren ciyawa, wani yanki na sauyawa tsakanin gajeren ciyawa da tsararren ciyayi; duk suna cikin Great Plains. Yawancin tsire-tsire da dabbobi suna bunƙasa a kan kuma kusa da ajiyar, gami da ferret mai baƙar fata mai haɗari. Yankin kuma yana da mahimmanci a fagen paleontology; ya ƙunshi ajiyar Pierre Shale da aka kafa a kan teku na Yammacin Yammacin Tekun, shaidar iyakar Cretaceous-Paleogene, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan ajiyar burbushin dabbobi masu shayarwa daga zamanin Oligocene.

Tarihi

Karni na 19

Babban Yankin Sioux

Babban Sioux Reservation, 1888, wanda aka kafa ta Yarjejeniyar Fort Laramie (1868)

Taswirar da ke nuna Babban Ma'aikatar Sioux, asarar ƙasa ga gwamnatin tarayya, da kuma mallakar yanzu na Ma'aunin Sioux daban-daban

Kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar Fort Laramie (1868), gwamnatin Amurka ta gina hukumomin Indiya don Lakota daban-daban da sauran kabilun Plains. Waɗannan su ne magabatan zuwa wuraren ajiyar Indiya na zamani. An kafa Hukumar Red Cloud don Oglala Lakota a cikin 1871 akan Kogin Platte ta Arewa a Yankin Wyoming . Wurin ya kasance mil ɗaya (1.6 km) yamma da garin Henry na yanzu, Nebraska . An ƙaura wurin da Red Cloud Agency zuwa wasu wurare guda biyu kafin a zaunar da su a wurin Pine Ridge na yanzu. Rikicin Pine Ridge asalin wani yanki ne na Babban Sioux Reservation wanda aka kafa ta 1868 Yarjejeniyar Fort Laramie. Ya ƙunshi kusan kadada miliyan 60 masu haɗuwa ( 60 million acres (240,000 km²) ) na yammacin South Dakota (duk abin da ake kira West River a yanzu), arewacin Nebraska da gabashin Wyoming .

Rashin Black Hills

A cikin 1874, George Armstrong Custer ya jagoranci Sojojin Amurka Black Hills Expedition, wanda ya tashi a ranar 2 ga Yuli daga Fort Abraham Lincoln a Yankin Dakota, tare da umarni don tafiya zuwa Black Hills na Dakota ta Kudu da ba a bayyana ba a baya. Manufarta ita ce neman wuraren da suka dace don sansani, neman hanyar zuwa kudu maso yamma, da kuma bincika yiwuwar hakar zinariya. Bayan da aka gano zinariya, masu hakar ma'adinai sun fara mamaye yankin Sioux.

"Bayanan da Custer ya yi game da ma'adanai da albarkatun katako na Black Hills, da kuma yadda ƙasar ta dace don kiwo da noma ... sun sami yaduwa mai yawa, kuma suna da tasirin ƙirƙirar buƙata mai yawa ga ƙarin mazauna su mamaye Black Hills. " Da farko sojojin Amurka sun yi ƙoƙarin kawar da masu hakar ma'adinai da mazauna. A ƙarshe Shugaba Grant, Sakataren Cikin Gida, da Sakataren Yakin, "sun yanke shawarar cewa sojoji kada su ci gaba da yin tsayayya da mamaye Black Hills da masu hakar ma'adinai. " Wadannan umarni za a tilasta su "da hankali", kuma shawarar Shugaban kasa ita ce ta kasance "asirin".  

Wani talla na 1911 wanda ke ba da tsohuwar ƙasar ajiya don sayarwa. Yawancin "ƙasar Indiya da aka raba" da aka sayar a shekarar da ta gabata (1910) ƙasar Sioux ce.

Yayin da karin mazauna da masu hakar zinariya suka mamaye Black Hills, Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar cewa dole ne ta sami ƙasar daga Sioux, kuma ta nada kwamiti don tattauna sayen. Tattaunawar ta gaza, yayin da Sioux suka yi tsayayya da barin abin da suka dauka a matsayin ƙasa mai tsarki. Amurka ta koma ga rundunar soja. Sun ayyana Indiyawa Sioux "mai adawa" saboda rashin bin umarnin dawowa daga balaguron farauta ta takamaiman ranar. A cikin mutuwar hunturu, Sioux sun sami tafiyar ƙasa ba zai yiwu ba.

Sakamakon tafiyar soja don cire Sioux daga Black Hills ya haɗa da hari a kan babban sansanin ƙungiyoyi da yawa a kan Kogin Little Bighorn. A karkashin jagorancin Janar Custer, harin ya ƙare a cikin cin nasararsa. Ya kasance babbar nasara ga shugabannin Sitting Bull da Crazy Horse a kan 7th Cavalry Regiment, rikici da ake kira Custer's Last Stand . Sojojin Amurka sun fi yawa.

A shekara ta 1876 Majalisa ta Amurka ta yanke shawarar buɗe Black Hills don ci gaba da rushe Babban Sioux Reservation. A shekara ta 1877, ta zartar da wata doka don yin kadada miliyan 7.7 (31,000 km²) na Black Hills don sayarwa ga masu gidaje da masu zaman kansu. A cikin 1889 Majalisa ta raba sauran yankin Babban Sioux Reservation zuwa ajiya biyar daban-daban, suna bayyana iyakokin kowannensu a cikin Dokar Maris 2, 1889, 25 Stat. 888. An kafa Pine Ridge a wannan lokacin. 

Kisan kiyashi na gwiwa

 

Wadanda suka tsira daga Wounded Knee Massacre, 1891 (Title: What's left of Big Foot's band). John C. Grabill.

Kisan kiyashi na Wounded Knee ya faru ne a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 1890, kusa da Wounded knee Creek (Lakota: Cankpe Opi Wakpala). A ranar da ta gabata, wani sashi na rundunar sojan doki ta Amurka 7th wanda Manjo Samuel M. Whitside ya umarce shi ya tsayar da ƙungiyar Spotted Elk (Big Foot) na Miniconjou Lakota da 38 Hunkpapa Lakota kusa da Porcupine Butte ya raka su kilomita 5 (8.0) zuwa yamma zuwa Wounded Knee Creek inda suka kafa sansani. Sauran rundunar sojan doki ta 7, karkashin jagorancin Colonel James Forsyth, sun kewaye sansanin, tare da taimakon bindigogi hudu na Hotchkiss.

A safiyar ranar 29 ga watan Disamba, 1890, sojojin sun shiga sansanin don kawar da makamai ga Lakota. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru ya yi iƙirarin cewa a lokacin aikin, wani kurma mai suna Black Coyote ya ƙi barin bindigarsa, yana cewa ya biya kuɗi mai yawa. Wani rikici a kan bindigar Black Coyote ya karu kuma an harbe harbi, wanda ya haifar da 7th Cavalry bude harbi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba daga kowane bangare, kashe maza, mata, da yara, da kuma wasu daga cikin 'yan uwan su. Wadanda 'yan jaruman Lakota da har yanzu suna da makamai sun fara harbi sojojin, wadanda suka hanzarta murkushe wutar Lakota. Lakota da suka tsira sun gudu, amma sojojin Amurka sun bi kuma sun kashe mutane da yawa wadanda ba su da makamai.

A ƙarshe, sojojin Amurka sun kashe akalla maza, mata, da yara 150 na Lakota Sioux kuma sun ji rauni 51 (maza huɗu, da mata da yara 47, wasu daga cikinsu sun mutu daga baya); wasu kimantawa sun sanya adadin wadanda suka mutu a 300. Sojoji ashirin da biyar ma sun mutu, kuma talatin da tara sun ji rauni (shida daga cikin wadanda suka ji rauni za su mutu). An yi imanin mutuwar Sojoji da yawa ta hanyar wuta mai abokantaka, yayin da harbi ya faru a kusa da yanayin rikici.

An sanya shafin a matsayin Tarihin Tarihi na Kasa kuma Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa ce ke gudanar da shi.

Tattalin Arziki

Kevin Pourier, mai zane-zane na Oglala na zamani, yana kula da ɗakin karatu a cikin Gundumar Medicine Root ta Pine Ridge .

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, ajiyar ba ta da ci gaban tattalin arziki ko masana'antu. Babu shagunan ragi a wurin ajiyar. Kodayake mutanenta suna karɓar dala miliyan 80 a kowace shekara a cikin kuɗin tarayya, kamar Tsaron Jama'a da fa'idodin tsofaffi, yawancin wannan kuɗin ana kashe shi ne a cikin shagunan da ke kusa da ajiyar a garuruwan iyakar Nebraska, ba tare da samar da fa'ida ga kabilar ba. Kamar yadda 'yar jarida Stephanie Woodward ta lura, ƙananan kuɗi sun canza hannunsu a cikin ajiyar.

A matsayin misali na kuɗin da ke fita waje da ajiyar zuwa garuruwan kan iyaka, mai mallakar kantin sayar da kayan masarufi na Whiteclay, Arrowhead Foods, ya ce "ya yi fiye da dala miliyan ɗaya a kasuwanci a shekarar da ta gabata, tare da abokan ciniki na 'yan asalin Amurka gaba ɗaya. " Hakazalika, Sanata na Jihar Nebraska LeRoy J. Louden, wanda gundumar ta haɗa da Whiteclay. Ya ce, "An gina wannan shagon ne saboda ajiyar".

Ƙabilar ta haramta sayar da shan barasa a wurin ajiya. Duk da haka, mazaunan Pine Ridge suna tallafawa shagunan giya guda huɗu a fadin iyakokin ajiya a garin Whiteclay, Nebraska. A cikin shekara ta 2010, waɗannan kasuwancin sun biya $ 413,932 a cikin harajin haraji na tarayya da na jihar akan sayar da barasa, a cewar Hukumar Liquor ta Jihar Nebraska. Wasu mazauna sun yi jayayya cewa hauhawar maye a wurin ajiyar ya nuna gazawar manufofin haramtacciyar doka. Sun yi jayayya cewa idan kabilar ta halatta sayar da barasa, zai iya hana yawancin dukiyar mutanensu daga gudana zuwa Nebraska, yana ba da damar irin waɗannan kudaden da za a tura su zuwa ga tattalin arzikin ajiyar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da sabbin ayyukan kamar gina wurin kashe guba da asibitin farfadowa.

Duk da rashin damar yin aiki a Pine Ridge, samar da aikin gona mai yawa yana faruwa a wurin ajiya. Ƙananan kashi ne kawai na kabilar ke amfana kai tsaye daga aikin gona, yayin da aka ba da hayar ƙasa ga masu samar da aikin gona. A cewar USDA, a shekara ta 2002 akwai kusan dala miliyan 33 a cikin rasit daga samar da aikin gona a Pine Ridge. Kasa da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wannan kuɗin shiga ya tafi ga membobin ƙabilar.