Gidan shakatawa na Kasa
National Park Service (NPS) hukuma ce ta Gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka, a cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Amurka. Sabis ɗin yana sarrafa duk wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa; yawancin Abubuwan tunawa na kasa; da sauran kayan halitta, tarihi, da kuma nishaɗi, tare da sunayen lakabi daban-daban.[1][2] Majalisa ta Amurka ta kirkiro hukumar a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, 1916, ta hanyar Dokar Kula da Gidajen Kasa.[3] Hedkwatar ta tana cikin Washington, DC, a cikin babban hedkwatar Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida.
NPS tana ɗaukar mutane kusan 20,000 a cikin raka'a 433 waɗanda ke rufe sama da 85 million acres (0.34×106 km2) a duk jihohi 50, Gundumar Columbia, da yankunan Amurka . [4] [2] A cikin 2019, sabis ɗin yana da masu sa kai fiye da 279,000. Ana ɗora wa hukumar alhakin kiyaye mutuncin muhalli da tarihi na wuraren da aka ba da amanar gudanar da su tare da samar da su don amfanin jama'a da jin daɗi.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mai zane George Catlin, a lokacin tafiya ta 1832 zuwa Dakotas, shine watakila na farko da ya ba da shawarar manufar wurin shakatawa na kasa. Ci gaban Indiya, dabbobin daji, da jeji duk suna cikin haɗari, in ji Catlin, sai dai idan za a iya adana su "ta hanyar wasu manyan manufofi na kare gwamnati ... a cikin kyakkyawan wurin shakatawa ... Gidan shakatawa na kasa, wanda ke dauke da mutum da dabba, a cikin dukan daji da kuma sabo na kyawawan dabi'unsu!" [5] An kirkiro Gidan shakatawa na Yellowstone a matsayin wurin shakatawa na farko a Amurka.[6] A shekara ta 1872, babu wata Gwamnatin jihar da za ta gudanar da shi (Wyoming yanki ne na Amurka a wannan lokacin), don haka Gwamnatin tarayya ta gudanar da ita kai tsaye ta hanyar sojoji, gami da sanannun rukunin Sojojin Buffalo na Afirka.[6]
Yunkurin neman wata hukuma mai zaman kanta don kula da waɗannan ƙasashen tarayya ya jagoranci dan kasuwa da mai kiyayewa Stephen Mather . [7] Tare da taimakon ɗan jarida Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ya gudanar da kamfen ɗin talla don Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida. Sun rubuta labarai da yawa waɗanda suka yaba da kyawawan halaye da tarihi na wuraren shakatawa da kuma damar da suke da ita don amfanin ilimi, wahayi, da kuma nishaɗi.[8]
Wannan kamfen ɗin ya haifar da kirkirar NPS. A ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, 1916, Shugaba Woodrow Wilson ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Kula da Gidajen Kasa wacce ta ba da umarnin hukumar "don kiyaye shimfidar wuri da abubuwa na halitta da na tarihi da da namun daji a ciki, da kuma samar da jin daɗin wannan a irin wannan hanyar kuma ta irin wannan hanyar da za ta bar su ba tare da wata matsala ba don jin daɗin tsararraki masu zuwa. " [9][10] Mather ya zama darektan farko na sabuwar kungiyar NPS.[11]
A ranar 3 ga Maris, 1933, Shugaba Herbert Hoover ya sanya hannu kan Dokar sake tsarawa ta 1933. Dokar ta ba shugaban kasa ikon canja wurin abubuwan tunawa na kasa daga wani sashen gwamnati zuwa wani.[12] Daga baya a wannan lokacin rani, sabon shugaban kasar Franklin D. Roosevelt ya yi amfani da wannan iko bayan Mataimakin Darakta na NPS Horace M. Albright ya ba da shawarar cewa NPS, maimakon Ma'aikatar Yakin, ya kamata ya gudanar da wuraren Yaƙin basasar Amurka na tarihi.[12]
Manufofin kula da albarkatun
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]1963: Rahoton Leopold
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wani rahoto na 1963 mai taken "Management of Wildlife in the National Parks" an shirya shi ne ta hanyar kwamitin ba da shawara guda biyar kan Gudanar da namun daji, wanda Sakataren Cikin Gida na Amurka Stewart Udall ya nada.[13] Wannan rahoto ya zo ne a cikin shekaru masu zuwa daga shugabanta kuma babban marubucin, A. Starker Leopold. Rahoton Leopold yana da shafuka goma sha huɗu kawai a tsawon, amma ya gabatar da shawarwarin kula da yanayin halittu waɗanda za su jagorantar manufofin wuraren shakatawa har sai an sake duba shi a cikin 2012.
Rahoton Leopold shine shirin farko na kankare don sarrafa baƙi da yanayin halittu a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin haɗin kai. Batutuwan kula da wurin shakatawa da jayayya da aka magance a cikin wannan rahoton sun haɗa da matsalolin sarrafa yawan elk a cikin Yellowstone National Park da kuma yadda "tsaron da ya fi dacewa daga gobarar ƙasa" a cikin California's Sequoia National Park, Kings Canyon National Park, da Yosemite National Park sun fara barazanar bishiyoyin Giant Sequoia tare da bala'in gobarar daji. Rahoton ya kuma kafa tushen tarihi wanda ya karanta, "Manufar gudanar da wuraren shakatawa da abubuwan tunawa na kasa ya kamata ya zama don adanawa, ko kuma inda ya cancanta don sakewa, yanayin muhalli kamar yadda baƙi na farko na Turai suka kalli. "Wannan tushen zai jagorantar Maido da muhalli a cikin wuraren shakatawa na kasa har sai an kafa manufofin daidaita yanayin yanayi, "Resist-Adapt-Direct", a cikin 2021.
Tsarin Gidan shakatawa na Kasa ya haɗa da duk kadarorin da Hukumar Kula da Gidan shakata ta Kasa ke sarrafawa, waɗanda ke da lakabi ko sunayen sarauta iri-iri. Tsarin gaba ɗaya ana ɗaukarsa Dukiyar ƙasa ce ta Amurka, kuma wasu daga cikin shahararrun wuraren shakatawa da abubuwan tunawa a wasu lokuta ana kiransu "kayan sarauta".
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "America's Public Lands Explained". www.doi.gov (in Turanci). 2016-06-10. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "National Park System". National Park Service. March 18, 2022. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "The National Park Service Organic Act (1916)". National Park Service. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ↑ "What We Do". National Park Service. June 9, 2021. Archived from the original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ↑ "Origin of the National Park Idea". National Park Service. March 10, 2016. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Birth of a National Park". National Park Service. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ↑ "1st National Park Service Director: Stephen T. Mather". National Park Service. February 6, 2018. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ↑ "Biography: Robert Sterling Yard". National Park Service. March 27, 2017. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ↑ "Quick History of the National Park Service". National Park Service. May 14, 2018. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ↑ "NPS Organic Act". Department of Justice. April 13, 2015. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ↑ "Directors of the National Park Service". National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "The NPS in Changing Times". National Park Service. March 11, 2016. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ↑ Leopold, A S; Cain, S A; Cottam, C M; Gabrielson, I N; Kimball, T L (March 4, 1963). "Wildlife Management in the National Parks" (PDF). U.S. National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.