Giorgio Napolitano
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Giorgio Napolitano ( ; 29 ga Yuni 1925 - 22 ga Satumba 2023) ɗan siyasa ne na Italiya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Italiya na sha ɗaya daga 2006 zuwa 2015. A lokacin shugaban da ya fi kowa dadewa a kan karagar mulki a tarihin Italiya kuma na farko da ya sake samun nasara a zaɓe, [1] ya taka rawa mai ƙarfi a siyasar Italiya, wanda hakan ya sa wasu masu suka suka kira shi da Re Giorgio ("Sarki Giorgio").
Napolitano ya daɗe yana cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Italiya, wadda ya shiga a shekarar 1945 bayan ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar adawa ta Italiya, da kuma waɗanda suka gaje shi bayan gurguzu da kuma waɗanda suka gaje shi bayan gurguzu, daga Jam'iyyar Democrat ta hagu zuwa Jam'iyyar Democrat ta hagu . Ya kasance babban memba na migliorismo, ƙungiya mai ra'ayin gyara, matsakaici, da kuma zamani a ɓangaren dama na PCI, [2] [3] [4] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga dabi'un gurguzu na dimokuraɗiyya, [5] ya yi wa dimokuraɗiyya ta zamantakewa kyau, kuma yana da sha'awar ra'ayin Marx mai gyara . [6] An fara zaɓensa a Majalisar Wakilai a shekarar 1953, ya nuna sha'awarsa ga rayuwar majalisar dokoki kuma ya kasance shugaban Majalisar Wakilai daga 1992 zuwa 1994. Ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida daga 1996 zuwa 1998 a lokacin gwamnatin Prodi ta farko . Abokin Henry Kissinger na kud da kud, shi ne kuma shugaban jam'iyyar kwaminis na farko da ya ziyarci Amurka, wanda ya yi a shekarar 1978. [7]
A shekara ta 2005, shugaban ƙasar Italiya na wancan lokacin Carlo Azeglio Ciampi ya naɗa Napolitano sanata har tsawon rayuwarsa. [8] A zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Italiya na watan Mayun 2006, Majalisar Dokokin Italiya ta zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Italiya. Napolitano, wanda ke goyon bayan Turawa, shi ne tsohon ɗan gurguzu na farko da ya riƙe wannan muƙamin. [9] [8] lokacin wa'adinsa na farko a kan mulki, ya jagoranci gwamnatocin haɗin gwiwar hagu-da-tsakiya, kamar gwamnatin Prodi ta biyu, da kuma haɗin gwiwar dama-dama, kamar gwamnatin Berlusconi ta huɗu . [10] A watan Nuwamban 2011, Silvio Berlusconi ya yi murabus a matsayin firaministan Italiya a sakamakon matsalolin kuɗi da tattalin arziki. Dangane da rawar da ya taka a kundin tsarin mulki, Napolitano ya nemi tsohon kwamishinan Turai Mario Monti ya kafa majalisar ministoci, [11] wanda masu suka suka kira "gwamnatin shugaban ƙasa". [12]
Napolitano ya yi niyyar yin ritaya daga siyasa bayan wa'adin shugabancinsa na shekaru bakwai ya ƙare, amma da rashin son rai ya amince ya sake tsayawa takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2013 don kare ci gaban cibiyoyin ƙasar a lokacin rikicin majalisar dokoki da ya biyo bayan zaɓen Italiya na watan Fabrairun 2013. Shi ne shugaban ƙasa na farko da ke kan mulki da ya tsaya takara a wa'adi na biyu. Bayan sake zaɓensa a matsayin shugaban ƙasa tare da goyon bayan jam'iyyu daban-daban a Majalisar Dokoki, ya shawo kan rikicin ta hanyar gayyatar Enrico Letta ya gabatar da gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa . Lokacin da Letta ya miƙa takardar murabus ɗinsa a watan Fabrairun 2014, Napolitano ya umarci Matteo Renzi (mai ƙalubalantar Letta) da ya kafa sabuwar gwamnati. [13] Bayan shekaru takwas da rabi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, yana mai ambaton shekaru, Napolitano mai shekaru 89 ya yi murabus a watan Janairun 2015. Ya riga ya bayyana cewa ba ya da niyyar yin cikakken wa'adi na biyu. [14] Daga nan ya ci gaba da zama dan majalisar dattawan Italiya, [15] [16] wanda ya riƙe har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2023. [17]
Napolitano was often accused by his critics of having transformed a largely ceremonial role into a political and executive one, acting as kingmaker during his political tenure.[18][19] Supporters instead credited him with saving Italy from the brink of default during the European debt crisis and subsequent political stalemates, which helped to stabilize the country. At the time of his death in 2023, he was the longest-serving Italian President as well as the longest-lived Italian President on record.[20] He was also the oldest head of state in Europe and the third oldest in the world, behind the Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe and Abdullah of Saudi Arabia.[21] A state funeral in secular form was held for Napolitano on 22 September 2023. In office for 8 years and 244 days, he was the longest-serving president, until the record was surpassed by Sergio Mattarella in 2023. He also was the longest-lived president in the history of the Italian Republic,[20] which has been in existence since 1946. Although he was a prominent figure of the First Italian Republic, he did not take part in the Constituent Assembly of Italy that drafted the Italian constitution;[20] he is considered one of the symbols of the Second Italian Republic, which came about after the Tangentopoli scandal of the 1990s.[20]
Rayuwar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Napolitano a Naples, Campania, a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1925. [1] Mahaifinsa, Giovanni, lauya ne kuma mawaƙi mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Mahaifiyarsa, Carolina (Bobbio), ta fito daga dangin Piedmontese masu daraja. Napolitano ya yi karatu a Classical Lyceum Umberto I, ya kammala karatunsa a 1941. A wannan shekarar, iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa Padua kuma ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar lyceum Titus Livius . A 1942, ya yi karatun digiri a Jami'ar Naples Federico II, yana karatun lauya. A wannan lokacin, Napolitano ya bi ƙungiyoyin Jami'ar Fascist na gida ( Gruppi Universitari Fascist ), inda ya haɗu da manyan abokansa, waɗanda suka yi adawa da mulkin kama-karya na Italiya . [2] [3] Kamar yadda zai faɗa daga baya, ƙungiyar "a zahiri wuri ne na haɓɓaka ƙarfin tunani na adawa da mulkin kama-karya, an ɓoye shi kuma an yarda da shi har zuwa wani lokaci".
Tun yana makarantar sakandare, yana da sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma a lokacin da yake jami'a, ya ba da gudummawar bita na wasan kwaikwayo ga mujallar mako-mako ta IX Maggio kuma yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin wasannin kwaikwayo da Gioventù Universitaria Fascista da kanta ta shirya. Ya buga wani barkwanci na Salvatore Di Giacomo a Teatro Mercadante da ke Naples. Napolitano ya yi mafarkin zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko yana yin wasanni da dama a Teatro Mercadante. [22] [23] [24] Ya kuma ji daɗin karanta waƙoƙin Giuseppe Ungaretti, Eugenio Montale, da Salvatore Quasimodo . [25]
MANAZARTA
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Addio a Giorgio Napolitano, fu il primo comunista a diventare Capo dello Stato e il primo a essere rieletto". La Stampa (in Italiyanci). 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Addio a Giorgio Napolitano, fu il primo comunista a diventare Capo dello Stato e il primo a essere rieletto". La Stampa (in Italiyanci). 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Addio a Giorgio Napolitano, fu il primo comunista a diventare Capo dello Stato e il primo a essere rieletto". La Stampa (in Italiyanci). 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ↑ Mauro, Ezio (14 November 2011). "Il governo del presidente". La Repubblica. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedScherer 2023 - 1 2 "Giorgio Napolitano, former Italian president and first ex-Communist in that post, has died at 98". AP News. 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ↑ Vecchio, Concetto (2023-09-22). "Giorgio Napolitano è morto: se ne va il primo presidente della Repubblica eletto due volte". la Repubblica (in Italiyanci). Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Addio a Giorgio Napolitano, fu il primo comunista a diventare Capo dello Stato e il primo a essere rieletto". La Stampa (in Italiyanci). 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ↑ Mauro, Ezio (14 November 2011). "Il governo del presidente". La Repubblica. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ↑ "Addio a Giorgio Napolitano, fu il primo comunista a diventare Capo dello Stato e il primo a essere rieletto". La Stampa (in Italiyanci). 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Addio a Giorgio Napolitano, fu il primo comunista a diventare Capo dello Stato e il primo a essere rieletto". La Stampa (in Italiyanci). 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ↑ Mauro, Ezio (14 November 2011). "Il governo del presidente". La Repubblica. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ↑ "Morte Giorgio Napolitano, una vita per immagini: dal Pci al Quirinale". la Repubblica (in Italiyanci). 2023-09-21. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Addio a Giorgio Napolitano, fu il primo comunista a diventare Capo dello Stato e il primo a essere rieletto". La Stampa (in Italiyanci). 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- 1 2 3 4 Bincher, Fosca (2023-09-22). "Tutti i numeri da record di Giorgio Napolitano. Ma nel Palazzo più longevi di lui Andreotti e Scalfaro". Open (in Italiyanci). Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ↑ Martelli, Silvia (2023-09-22). "Giorgio Napolitano, former Italian president, dies at age 98". Il Sole 24 Ore. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Addio a Giorgio Napolitano, fu il primo comunista a diventare Capo dello Stato e il primo a essere rieletto". La Stampa (in Italiyanci). 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Addio a Giorgio Napolitano, fu il primo comunista a diventare Capo dello Stato e il primo a essere rieletto". La Stampa (in Italiyanci). 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2023-09-22.