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Girgizar girgizar girgije

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Girgizar girgizar girgije
Girgije na Cirrus yana haɗuwa da girgije na cirrocumulus

Cirrus cloud thinning (CCT) wata hanya ce da aka tsara ta Injiniyan yanayi. Cirrus girgije ne mai sanyi sosai wanda, kamar sauran girgije, dukansu suna nuna Hasken rana kuma suna shan zafi infrared radiation[1][2]. Koyaya, sun bambanta da wasu nau'ikan girgije a cikin cewa, a matsakaici, ƙwaƙwalwar infrared ya fi ƙarfin hasken rana, wanda ke haifar da tasirin dumama a kan yanayi.[3] Sabili da haka, taƙaitawa ko cire waɗannan girgije zai rage ƙarfin kama zafi, wanda zai haifar da tasirin sanyaya a yanayin Duniya. Wannan na iya zama kayan aiki don rage dumamar duniya.[4] Cirrus cloud thinning wani nau'i ne na aikin injiniya na yanayi, ban da kula da hasken rana.[5]

A cikin 2021 IPCC ta bayyana CCT a matsayin tayin "don rage yawan girgije na cirrus ta hanyar yin allurar abubuwa masu ƙwayoyin kankara a cikin saman troposphere. " Koyaya ta ba da rahoton ƙarancin amincewa da tasirin sanyaya na CCT, saboda iyakantaccen fahimtar cirrus microphysics, hulɗarta tare da aerosols, da rikitarwa na dabarun shuka. CCT na iya kara yawan ruwan sama a duniya.[6][7]

Ka'idoji na asali

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Guguwa na cirrus na yau da kullun na iya zama mai saukin canzawa don rage rayuwarsu da kauri na gani, sabili da haka tilasta musu na radiative (ba kamar yadda ake amfani da girgije mai laushi ba, mai dumi). Ana iya isar da kayan shuka irin wannan gyare-gyare ta hanyar jirage marasa matuka ko jirgin sama. Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa girgije na cirrus a cikin babban latitude na sama da troposphere an kafa shi ne ta hanyar daskarewa, wanda ke haifar da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan lu'ulu'u na kankara. Idan an gabatar da ƙwayoyin kankara masu tasiri a cikin wannan yanayi, cirrus na iya zama ta hanyar daskarewa. Idan an shuka maida hankali ga ƙwayoyin kankara ta yadda sakamakon ƙwayoyin girgije ya fi ƙasa da na yanayin halitta, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ya kamata su girma saboda ƙarancin gasa na tururi na ruwa kuma su sami saurin daidaitawa mafi girma. Ta hanyar shuka tare da aerosols, lu'ulu'u na kankara na iya girma da sauri kuma ya rage tururi na ruwa, ya hana nucleation da duk wani ci gaban lu'ulu-lu'u na ƙanƙara ta hanyar homogeneous nucleation. Sakamakon cibiyar zai zama raguwar kauri na gani da raguwar rayuwar girgije, yana ba da damar fitar da karin radiation na infrared a saman yanayi, yayin da ƙwayoyin kankara suka fita.[8] Ƙananan tururin ruwa na tropospheric da radiation na infrared a cikin yanayi zai sanyaya yanayi.

An gabatar da Bismuth tri-iodide (BiI3) a matsayin kayan shuka, saboda yana da tasiri a matsayin ƙwayoyin kankara don yanayin sanyi fiye da -10 ° C, [4] wanda ba mai guba ba kuma ba shi da tsada idan aka kwatanta da misali iodide na azurfa. Za a buƙaci ƙara aerosols na shuka a kai a kai, saboda zai zama mai laushi tare da manyan lu'ulu'u na kankara. 

Binciken yanzu

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Ya bambanta da dabarun sarrafa radiation na rana, wanda zai kasance mafi tasiri a lokacin rana a ƙananan latitudes, narkewar girgije zai kasance mafi inganci a manyan latitudes da kusurwoyi masu tsawo na hasken rana, inda maida hankali na aerosol ba su da yawa.[9]

Ba a fahimci hulɗar girgije-aerosol-yanayin yanayi da ke da muhimmanci ga ƙarancin girgije ba. Abubuwan da suka danganci tsarin daskarewa daban-daban ba su da tabbas, saboda ba a rubuta abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban kankara ba. Saurin tsaye yana da mahimmanci don kunna ƙwayoyin kankara, amma ya kasance ba shi da tabbas saboda rashin lura. Yanayin sanyi na iya zama ruwan dare a cikin cirrus, [10] wanda zai iya iyakance yiwuwar sanyaya fasahar. Akwai mahimman rashin tabbas da ke da alaƙa da ba kawai hanyoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin kankara a cikin girgije na cirrus da kuma ɓangaren ƙwayoyin da ke faruwa ta hanyar daskarewa mai banbanci da daidaituwa ba, har ma da wakilcinsa a cikin samfuran yanayi. "A kan shuka" na iya haifar da dumi, sabanin sanyaya da ake so.[11] Nazarin da yawa suna tantance yiwuwar da yiwuwar narkewar girgije da tasirin dabarar ya kasance batun muhawara.[12][13][14]

Saboda rashin wakilci na ainihi na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin kankara a cikin tsarin tsarin Duniya, wasu binciken sun yi amfani da wakilci mai sauƙi na ƙarancin girgije ta hanyar ƙara saurin ƙarshe na ƙwayoyanƙarar kankara a ƙasa da ƙofar daskarewa na kimanin -38 ° C.[15][16][17][18][19] 

Tsarin girgije na Cirrus na iya haifar da aerosols na biyu, watau barbashi da aka samar ta hanyar rayuwar shuka ta halitta.[20][21]

Some modelling of cirrus cloud seeding indicates significant reductions in climate damage due to CO2 increase.[22]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/cz74kjr1dqrt
  2. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/cz74kjr1dqrt
  3. ↑ Lee, Joonsuk; Yang, Ping; Dessler, Andrew E.; Gao, Bo-Cai; Platnick, Steven (December 2009). "Distribution and Radiative Forcing of Tropical Thin Cirrus Clouds". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 66 (12): 3721–3731. Bibcode:2009JAtS...66.3721L. doi:10.1175/2009JAS3183.1. S2CID 120050286.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mitchell, David L.; Finnegan, William (2009). "Modification of cirrus clouds to reduce global warming". Environmental Research Letters. 4 (4): 045102. Bibcode:2009ERL.....4d5102M. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045102.
  5. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/cz74kjr1dqrt
  6. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/cz74kjr1dqrt
  7. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/cz74kjr1dqrt
  8. ↑ Storelvmo, Trude; Kristjánsson, Jón Egill; Muri, Helene; Pfeffer, Melissa; Barahona, Donifan; Nenes, Athanasios (15 January 2013). "Cirrus cloud seeding has potential to cool climate". Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (1): 178–182. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40..178S. doi:10.1029/2012GL054201. S2CID 34128047. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  9. ↑ Storelvmo, T.; Herger, N. (16 March 2014). "Cirrus cloud susceptibility to the injection of ice nuclei in the upper troposphere". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 119 (5): 2375–2389. Bibcode:2014JGRD..119.2375S. doi:10.1002/2013JD020816.
  10. ↑ Cziczo, D. J.; Froyd, K. D.; Hoose, C.; Jensen, E. J.; Diao, M.; Zondlo, M. A.; Smith, J. B.; Twohy, C. H.; Murphy, D. M. (9 May 2013). "Clarifying the Dominant Sources and Mechanisms of Cirrus Cloud Formation". Science. 340 (6138): 1320–1324. Bibcode:2013Sci...340.1320C. doi:10.1126/science.1234145. PMID 23661645. S2CID 46224904. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  11. ↑ Storelvmo, T.; Kristjansson, J. E.; Muri, H.; Pfeffer, M.; Barahona, D.; Nenes, A. (16 January 2013). "Cirrus cloud seeding has potential to cool climate" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (1): 178–182. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40..178S. doi:10.1029/2012GL054201. S2CID 34128047. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2019. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  12. ↑ Penner, Joyce E.; Zhou, Cheng; Liu, Xiaohong (28 October 2015). "Can cirrus cloud seeding be used for geoengineering?". Geophysical Research Letters. 42 (20): 8775–8782. Bibcode:2015GeoRL..42.8775P. doi:10.1002/2015GL065992.
  13. ↑ Gasparini, Blaž; Lohmann, Ulrike (16 May 2016). "Why cirrus cloud seeding cannot substantially cool the planet". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 121 (9): 4877–4893. Bibcode:2016JGRD..121.4877G. doi:10.1002/2015JD024666.
  14. ↑ Storelvmo, T.; Boos, W. R.; Herger, N. (17 November 2014). "Cirrus cloud seeding: a climate engineering mechanism with reduced side effects?". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 372 (2031): 20140116. Bibcode:2014RSPTA.37240116S. doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0116. PMID 25404685.
  15. ↑ Muri, H.; Kristjánsson, J. E.; Storelvmo, T.; Pfeffer, M. A. (16 April 2014). "The climatic effects of modifying cirrus clouds in a climate engineering framework" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 119 (7): 4174–4191. Bibcode:2014JGRD..119.4174M. doi:10.1002/2013JD021063. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  16. ↑ Kristjánsson, Jón Egill; Muri, Helene; Schmidt, Hauke (28 December 2015). "The hydrological cycle response to cirrus cloud thinning". Geophysical Research Letters. 42 (24): 10, 807–10, 815. Bibcode:2015GeoRL..4210807K. doi:10.1002/2015GL066795. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  17. ↑ Kravitz, B.; Robock, A.; Tilmes, S.; Boucher, O.; English, J. M.; Irvine, P. J.; Jones, A.; Lawrence, M. G.; MacCracken, M.; Muri, H.; Moore, J. C.; Niemeier, U.; Phipps, S. J.; Sillmann, J.; Storelvmo, T. (27 October 2015). "The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (GeoMIP6): simulation design and preliminary results". Geoscientific Model Development. 8 (10): 3379–3392. Bibcode:2015GMD.....8.3379K. doi:10.5194/gmd-8-3379-2015. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  18. ↑ Jackson, L. S.; Crook, J. A.; Forster, P. M. (27 June 2016). "An intensified hydrological cycle in the simulation of geoengineering by cirrus cloud thinning using ice crystal fall speed changes". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 121 (12): 6822–6840. Bibcode:2016JGRD..121.6822J. doi:10.1002/2015JD024304.
  19. ↑ Crook, J. A.; Jackson, L. S.; Osprey, S. M.; Forster, P. M. (27 September 2015). "A comparison of temperature and precipitation responses to different Earth radiation management geoengineering schemes". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 120 (18): 9352–9373. Bibcode:2015JGRD..120.9352C. doi:10.1002/2015JD023269.
  20. ↑ Wolf, Martin J.; Zhang, Yue; Zawadowicz, Maria A.; Goodell, Megan; Froyd, Karl; Freney, Evelyn; Sellegri, Karine; Rösch, Michael; Cui, Tianqu; Winter, Margaux; Lacher, Larissa; Axisa, Duncan; Demott, Paul J.; Levin, Ezra J. T.; Gute, Ellen (2020). "A biogenic secondary organic aerosol source of cirrus ice nucleating particles". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 4834. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.4834W. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18424-6. PMC 7529764. PMID 33004794.
  21. ↑ "Understanding how cirrus clouds form can improve climate change modeling". sph.unc.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-08-10. Retrieved 2021-08-10.
  22. ↑ Gasparini, Blaž; McGraw, Zachary; Storelvmo, Trude; Lohmann, Ulrike (2020). "To what extent can cirrus cloud seeding counteract global warming?". Environmental Research Letters. 15 (5): 054002. Bibcode:2020ERL....15e4002G. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab71a3. S2CID 213795047. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
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