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Girgizar kasa da tsunami ta Tekun Indiya ta 2004

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Map
 3°17′42″N 95°58′55″E / 3.295°N 95.982°E / 3.295; 95.982
Irigirgizar ƙasa
Tsunami
Natural disaster
masifa
Kwanan watan26 Disamba 2004
ƘasaIndonesiya, Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladash, Indiya, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Kenya, Tanzaniya, Komoros, Afirka ta kudu, Faransa, French Southern and Antarctic Lands (en) Fassara, Chagos Archipelago (en) Fassara, Seychelles, Maleziya, Somaliya, Madagaska, Moris da Yemen
Earthquake magnitude on the Richter magnitude scale (en) Fassara9.3
Modified Mercalli intensity scale (en) FassaraMercalli scale IX (en) Fassara
Vertical depth (en) Fassara30 km (hypocenter (en) Fassara)
Adadin waɗanda suka rasu227,898
Adadin waɗanda suka samu raunuka125,000
Hanyar isar da saƙo

A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004, a karfe 07:58:53 na lokacin gida girgizar kasa ta 9.2-9.3 ta auku tare da cibiyar a yammacin bakin tekun Aceh, a arewacin Sumatra, Indonesia. Girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi, wanda aka sani a cikin masana kimiyya a matsayin girgizar ƙasa ta Sumatra-Andaman, [1] [2] ya haifar da fashewa tare da iyakar kuskuren tsakanin Farantin Burma da Farantin Indiya, kuma ya kai matsakaicin Ƙarfin Mercalli na IX a wasu yankuna.

Girgizar kasar ta haifar da mummunar tsunami, inda raƙuman ruwa suka kai har zuwa 30 m (98 ft) mai tsayi, wanda kafofin watsa labarai na Burtaniya da Commonwealth suka kira da tsunami na Ranar Dambe, bayan hutun Ranar Dambe, ko kuma tsunami na Asiya, [3] wanda ya lalata al'ummomi a gefen tekun da ke kewaye da Tekun Indiya, inda ya kashe kimanin mutane 227,898 a ƙasashe 14, musamman a Aceh a Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu a Indiya, da Khao Lak a Thailand . Sakamakon kai tsaye ya kasance mummunan cikas ga yanayin rayuwa da kasuwanci a lardunan bakin teku na waɗannan ƙasashe da sauran ƙasashe masu kewaye. Ita ce guguwar tsunami mafi muni a tarihi, kuma ita ce bala'in halitta mafi muni a ƙarni na 21, kuma ɗaya daga cikin bala'o'in halitta mafi muni a tarihin da aka rubuta. [4] Haka kuma ita ce mafi munin bala'i a tarihin Indonesia, Maldives, Sri Lanka, da Thailand. [5]

Girgizar ƙasa da kanta ita ce girgizar ƙasa mafi ƙarfi da aka taɓa gani a Asiya, mafi ƙarfi a ƙarni na 21, kuma ta biyu ko ta uku mafi ƙarfi a duniya tun lokacin da aka fara nazarin girgizar ƙasa ta zamani a shekarar 1900. [6] [lower-alpha 1] Tana da mafi tsawon fashewar lahani da aka taɓa gani, tsakanin 1,200 to 1,300 kilometres (746 to 808 mi), kuma yana da tsawon lokaci mafi tsawo na ɓarna da aka taɓa gani, wanda ya ɗauki akalla mintuna goma. [10] Raƙuman ruwan girgizar ƙasa da ke cikinta sun haifar da girgizar ƙasa mai yawa a ko'ina cikin duniya, tare da matsi har zuwa 10 mm (0.4 in), [11] kuma hakan ya haifar da girgizar ƙasa daga nesa har zuwa Alaska . [12] Cibiyar da ke tsakiyar birnin tana tsakanin Simeulue da babban yankin Sumatra. [13] Halin da mutanen da abin ya shafa da ƙasashen da abin ya shafa suka shiga ya haifar da agajin jin kai a duk duniya, inda gudummawar da aka bayar ta kai sama da dala biliyan 14 (daidai da dala biliyan 24 da aka samu a shekarar 2025 ).

Tasirin tattalin arziki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tekun Marina na Chennai bayan tsunami

Matsayin lalacewar tattalin arziki sakamakon tsunamin ya dogara ne akan girman da aka bincika. Duk da cewa tasirin da tattalin arzikin ƙasa ya yi bai yi yawa ba, tattalin arzikin yankin ya lalace. Manyan sana'o'i biyu da tsunami ya fi shafa sune kamun kifi da yawon bude ido. [14] Wasu masana tattalin arziki sun yi imanin cewa lalacewar tattalin arzikin ƙasa da abin ya shafa ba za ta yi yawa ba saboda asarar da aka samu a fannin yawon buɗe ido da kamun kifi ƙaramin kaso ne na GDP. Duk da haka, wasu suna gargadin cewa lalacewar kayayyakin more rayuwa babban abin da ke haifar da hakan shi ne. A wasu yankuna, ruwan sha da gonakin noma na iya gurɓata tsawon shekaru da ruwan gishiri daga teku.

Tasirin da ya yi wa al'ummomin kamun kifi na bakin teku da kuma mutanen da ke zaune a wurin, waɗanda suka fi talauci a yankin, ya yi muni sosai, inda aka yi asarar masu samun kuɗi da kuma kwale-kwale da kayan kamun kifi. [15] [16] A Sri Lanka, kamun kifi na hannu, inda ake amfani da kwandunan kifi, tarkunan kamun kifi, da mashi, muhimmin tushen kifi ne ga kasuwannin gida; kamun kifi na masana'antu shine babban aikin tattalin arziki, yana samar da aikin yi kai tsaye ga kimanin mutane 250,000. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana'antar kamun kifi ta bullo a matsayin wani fanni mai saurin mayar da hankali kan fitar da kayayyaki zuwa ƙasashen waje, wanda ke samar da riba mai yawa ga ƙasashen waje. Kiyasin farko ya nuna cewa kashi 66% na jiragen kamun kifi da kayayyakin more rayuwa na masana'antu a yankunan bakin teku sun lalace sakamakon guguwar raƙuman ruwa. [17]

Duk da cewa tsunamin ya lalata yawancin jiragen ruwa masu mahimmanci ga masana'antar kamun kifi ta Sri Lanka, ya kuma haifar da buƙatar jiragen ruwa masu ƙarfi da aka ƙara musu fiberglass a cikin kwale-kwalen Tamil Nadu . Ganin cewa jiragen ruwa sama da 51,000 sun rasa sakamakon tsunami, masana'antar ta bunƙasa. Duk da haka, babban buƙatar ya haifar da ƙarancin inganci a cikin wannan tsari, kuma an sadaukar da wasu muhimman kayayyaki don rage farashi ga waɗanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa. [18]

Duk da cewa yankunan bakin teku ne kawai ruwan tsunamin ya shafa kai tsaye, illolin da ba a kaikaice suka haifar sun bazu zuwa lardunan cikin gida suma. Tunda kafofin watsa labarai suka yi ta yayata labarin taron, yawancin masu yawon bude ido sun soke hutu da tafiye-tafiye zuwa wannan yanki na duniya, duk da cewa wuraren da suke zuwa ba su shafi hakan ba. Wannan tasirin girgizar ƙasa musamman ana iya jin sa a lardunan cikin gida na Thailand, kamar Krabi, wanda ya zama wurin farawa ga sauran wuraren yawon buɗe ido da yawa a Thailand. [19]

Kasashen yankin sun yi kira ga masu yawon bude ido da su dawo, suna masu nuni da cewa yawancin kayayyakin more rayuwa na yawon bude ido ba su lalace ba. Duk da haka, masu yawon bude ido ba su yi hakan ba saboda dalilai na tunani. Hatta wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku a sassan Thailand waɗanda tsunamin bai taɓa shafa ba sun fuskanci sokewa.

Girgizar ƙasa da tsunamin sun shafi jigilar jiragen ruwa a mashigin Malacca, wanda ya raba Malaysia da tsibirin Sumatra na Indonesiya, ta hanyar canza zurfin ƙasan teku da kuma ta hanyar tayar da hankalin jiragen ruwa na ruwa da kuma tsoffin jiragen ruwa. A wani yanki na mashigin teku, zurfin ruwa a da ya kai 4,000 ft (1,200 m), kuma yanzu suna da 100 ft (30 m) kacal a wasu yankuna, wanda hakan ke sa jigilar kaya ba zai yiwu ba kuma yana da haɗari. Waɗannan matsalolin sun kuma sa isar da kayan agaji ya zama ƙalubale. Tattara sabbin jadawalin hanyoyin tafiya na iya ɗaukar watanni ko shekaru. Jami'ai sun kuma yi fatan cewa fashin teku a yankin zai ragu, tunda tsunami ya kashe 'yan fashin teku kuma ya lalata jiragen ruwansu. Saboda dalilai da dama, an samu raguwar adadin fashin teku da kashi 71.6% tsakanin 2004 da 2005, daga 60 zuwa 17. Matakan sun kasance ƙasa kaɗan tsawon wasu shekaru. Duk da haka, tsakanin 2013 da 2014, abubuwan da suka faru a fashin teku sun karu sosai da kashi 73.2% har suka zarce matakan kafin tsunami. [20]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Lay, T.; Kanamori, H.; Ammon, C.; Nettles, M.; Ward, S.; Aster, R.; Beck, S.; Bilek, S.; Brudzinski, M.; Butler, R.; DeShon, H.; Ekström, G.; Satake, K.; Sipkin, S. (20 May 2005). "The Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake of 26 December 2004" (PDF). Science. 308 (5725): 1127–1133. Bibcode:2005Sci...308.1127L. doi:10.1126/science.1112250. PMID 15905392. S2CID 43739943. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  2. ↑ "Tsunamis and Earthquakes: Tsunami Generation from the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake – USGS Western Coastal and Marine Geology". Walrus.wr.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  3. ↑ "A decade after the 2004 Asian Tsunami: recalling the turning point for disaster management". World Health Organization. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  4. ↑ Satake, Kenji (13 November 2014). "Advances in earthquake and tsunami sciences and disaster risk reduction since the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami". Geoscience Letters. 1 (1). Bibcode:2014GSL.....1...15S. doi:10.1186/s40562-014-0015-7. ISSN 2196-4092.
  5. ↑ Athukorala, Prema-chandra (2012). "Indian Ocean Tsunami: Disaster, Generosity and Recovery". Asian Economic Journal. 26 (3): 211–231. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8381.2012.02083.x. ISSN 1351-3958.
  6. ↑ Gross, Richard S.; Chao, Benjamin F. (1 November 2006). "The rotational and gravitational signature of the December 26, 2004 Sumatran earthquake". Surveys in Geophysics. 27 (6): 615–632. Bibcode:2006SGeo...27..615G. doi:10.1007/s10712-006-9008-1. ISSN 1573-0956.
  7. ↑ Samfuri:Cite anss
  8. ↑ Samfuri:Cite anss
  9. ↑ "What are the biggest historical earthquakes?". Earth Observatory of Singapore. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  10. ↑ "Analysis of the Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake Reveals Longest Fault Rupture Ever". National Science Foundation. 19 May 2005. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  11. ↑ Walton, Marsha (20 May 2005). "Scientists: Sumatra quake longest ever recorded". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  12. ↑ West, Michael; Sanches, John J.; McNutt, Stephen R. (20 May 2005). "Periodically Triggered Seismicity at Mount Wrangell, Alaska, After the Sumatra Earthquake". Science. 308 (5725): 1144–1146. Bibcode:2005Sci...308.1144W. doi:10.1126/science.1112462. PMID 15905395. S2CID 27869948.
  13. ↑ Nalbant, Suleyman S.; Steacy, Sandy; Sieh, Kerry; Natawidjaja, Danny; McCloskey, John (9 June 2005). "Seismology: Earthquake risk on the Sunda trench" (PDF). Nature. 435 (7043): 756–757. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..756N. doi:10.1038/nature435756a. PMID 15944691. S2CID 4321796. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
  14. ↑ Gunatillake, Daya (2007). "The 2004 Tsunami in Sri Lanka: Destruction and recovery". Geography. 92 (3): 285–293. doi:10.1080/00167487.2007.12094208. JSTOR 40574342.
  15. ↑ "Tsunamis Devastate Fisherfolk of Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea". ukabc.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  16. ↑ "Impacts of the Tsunami on Fisheries, Aquaculture and Coastal Livelihoods" (PDF). ReliefWeb. 7 January 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  17. ↑ "Food supply and food security situation in countries affected by the Asia tsunami – Indonesia". ReliefWeb. 18 February 2005. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  18. ↑ "Demand for FRP boats rise after tsunami" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  19. ↑ Rigg, Johnathan; Lisa Lawt; May Tan-Mullins; Carl Grundy-Warr (December 2005). "The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Socio-Economic Impacts in Thailand" (PDF). The Geographical Journal. 171 (4): 374–379. Bibcode:2005GeogJ.171..374R. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00175_3.x. JSTOR 3451210. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  20. ↑ Birchard, Emma Louise (2020). "Piracy in the Strait of Malacca: The geopolitical background behind piracy and its impacts on Global Financial Centres" (PDF). Radboud University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  1. ↑ Estimates of this earthquake are on par or smaller than the 1964 Alaska earthquake (Samfuri:M 9.2–9.3).[7] Depending on estimates, it could place both earthquakes just behind the 1960 Valdivia earthquake (Samfuri:M 9.5–9.6)[8] (i.e. both rank second largest) or one of them as the second or third largest (i.e. 1964 event ranks second followed by 2004 event and vice versa).[9]
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