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Girman da ya ragu

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Girman da ya ragu
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na failure to thrive (en) Fassara
Has cause (en) Fassara malnutrition in children (en) Fassara

Samfuri:OwidsliderGirman da aka fi sani da raguwa, yana nufin raguwar ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin yara, wanda ke haifar da ƙasa da matsakaicin tsawo ga shekarun yaro.[1] Ci gaban da ba a kula da shi ba na iya bunkasa saboda dalilai masu yawa na kai tsaye da na kai tsaye, sau da yawa a cikin yanayin rayuwa cikin talauci da Rashin tsaro na abinci. Dalilan sun haɗa da rashin girma a cikin mahaifa (ƙuntataccen girma), tsabtace jiki mara kyau, ruwan sha mara inganci, cututtukan yara da zawo, Rashin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin uwa ko yaro.[2][3]

Stunting ba za a iya juyawa ba idan ya faru a ciki kwanaki 1000 na farko daga ciki zuwa shekaru biyu.[1] Rashin ƙarfi yana ƙara haɗarin mutuwa a lokacin ƙuruciya. Yaran da abin ya shafa ba sa dawo da tsayi da ya ɓace, kuma da zarar raguwa ya faru, tasirinsa sau da yawa yana da tsawo. Yara masu fama da rashin lafiya na iya fuskantar ci gaban fahimta mafi muni da rashin lafiya a lokacin da suka girma.[2]

Daga cikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar, yaduwar duniya ta ragu daga 26.3% a 2012 zuwa 22.3% a 2022 da 23.2 cikin dari a 2024. An yi hasashen cewa kashi 19.5% na dukkan yara 'yan kasa da biyar za su ragu a cikin 2030.[4] Fiye da kashi 85% na yara masu fama da rauni a duniya suna zaune a Asiya da Afirka.[5]

Alamomi da alamomi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yaduwar raguwa a cikin yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 5 ta yanki

Ci gaban da aka rage a cikin yara yana da tasirin lafiyar jama'a masu zuwa:

  • Babban haɗari ga rashin lafiya da mutuwa ba tare da daɗewa ba [6]
  • Rashin ci gaban fahimta, da rashin aikin makaranta [6]
  • Rage ƙimar hankaliƙididdigar hankali
  • Hadarin kiba a nan gaba [7]
  • Mata masu gajeren tsayi suna da haɗari mafi girma ga rikitarwa yayin haihuwa saboda karamin ƙashin su kuma suna cikin haɗarin haihuwar jariri mai ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa [6]
  • Za'a iya ba da ci gaban da ba a kula da shi ba ga ƙarni na gaba, wanda aka sani da "tsarin rashin abinci mai gina jiki" [6]

Rashin rayuwa na farko na iya haifar da ƙalubalen ci gaba na dogon lokaci.[8] Idan yaro ya yi rauni a lokacin da yake da shekaru 2, suna da haɗarin haɗari na rashin fahimta da nasarorin ilimi a rayuwa, tare da sakamakon zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da na tsara. [8][9] Rashin aiki na iya haifar da raguwa a makaranta, raguwar yawan tattalin arziki, da talauci.[10] Yara masu fama da rashin lafiya suna nuna haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa kamar ciwon sukari da kiba yayin manya.[9][10] Idan yaro mai rauni ya sami karuwar nauyi bayan shekaru 2, wannan na iya haifar da kiba. An yi imanin cewa wannan ya samo asali ne daga canje-canje na metabolism wanda ya haifar da Rashin abinci mai gina jiki wanda zai iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na metabolism idan mutum ya fallasa ga abinci mai yawa ko mara inganci a matsayin babba.[9][10] Ci gaban kiba na iya haifar da haɗarin haɓaka wasu cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa kamar hawan jini, cututtukani na zuciya, ciwon metabolism, da bugun jini.[9][10]


Stunting ya zama ruwan dare a Kudancin Duniya kuma yana da mummunar sakamako, gami da karuwar haɗarin kamuwa da cuta da mutuwa.[11] Kashi na duniya na raguwar ci gaba ya ragu daga 33% zuwa 22.3% tsakanin 2000 da 2022.[12] Mafi girma raguwa ya faru ne a Asiya, daga 37.1% a cikin 2000 zuwa 28.2% a cikin 2012 da 22.3% a cikin 2022.[13] Duk da ci gaban duniya, yaduwar raguwar yara ya fi 30% a cikin ƙasashe 28 a cikin 2022 (mafi yawansu suna cikin yankin Sahara na Afirka). [13]

Dalilan da suka haifar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yara da ke zaune a cikin yanayin da ba shi da tsabta a cikin birane a Indiya suna cikin haɗarin zawo da raguwar girma.
Yaro kusa da wani rami a cikin wani kauye a Kampala, Uganda.

Kusan duk raguwa yana faruwa a cikin kwanaki 1,000 wanda ya fara daga ciki zuwa ranar haihuwar yaro ta biyu, [14] [15] wanda ya zama taga na dama don ci gaba.[16] Sanar da abubuwan da suka faru kafin haihuwa yana jaddada bangarorin ci gaba tsakanin tsararraki, da kuma buƙatar shiga tsakani da wuri.[17] Babban dalilai guda uku na raguwa a Kudancin Asiya, kuma mai yiwuwa a mafi yawan ƙasashe masu tasowa, ayyukan ciyarwa marasa kyau, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da rashin tsabta. Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari don raguwa sune ƙuntataccen ci gaban jariri (nauyin haihuwa a ƙasa da kashi 10th) wanda ya biyo bayan tsabtace jiki da zawo. 22% na shari'o'in jinkiri za a iya danganta su da abubuwan muhalli, yayin da 14% ga abinci mai gina jiki na yara.[18] Bugu da kari, ilimin mata, daidaito tsakanin jinsi, yawan da ingancin abincin da ake samu suma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin raguwa.[19]

Ayyukan ciyarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rashin isasshen abinci na yara da kuma rashin abinci mai gina jiki ban da cin abinci mai tsabta wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da raguwar girma. Yara suna buƙatar ciyar da abinci wanda ya cika mafi ƙarancin buƙatu dangane da mitar da bambancin don hana rashin abinci mai gina jiki.[20] Ana ba da shawarar shayarwa ta musamman ga watanni shida na farko na rayuwa da abinci mai gina jiki tare da shayarwa ga yara masu shekaru shida zuwa shekaru biyu. Tsawon shayarwa na musamman yana da alaƙa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki saboda madarar nono kadai ba ta da isasshen abinci mai ginaɗi ga yara sama da watanni shida.[21][22] Yin shayarwa na dogon lokaci tare da rashin isasshen abinci yana haifar da gazawar girma saboda rashin isassu abubuwan gina jiki, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga ci gaban yara. Dangantaka tsakanin rashin abinci mai gina jiki da tsawon lokacin shayarwa galibi ana kiyaye shi tsakanin yara daga gidaje matalauta tare da iyaye marasa ilimi, saboda suna iya ci gaba da shayarwa ba tare da biyan mafi ƙarancin buƙatun bambancin abinci ba.

Abinci na uwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

rashin abinci mai gina jiki na uwa a lokacin daukar ciki da shayarwa na iya haifar da raguwar ci gaban yara. Kyakkyawan abinci mai gina jiki ga uwaye a lokacin haihuwa da kuma bayan haihuwa yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da nauyin haihuwa mai kyau da ci gaban yara mai kyau. Abubuwan da ke haifar da raguwar yara suna da alaƙa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki na uwa. Rashin BMI na uwa yana sa tayin ya ci gaba mara kyau wanda ke haifar da jinkirin ci gaban intrauterine, wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙananan nauyin haihuwa da girman.[23] Mata da ba su da nauyi ko kuma suna da ƙarancin jini a lokacin daukar ciki suna iya samun yara masu raguwa, wanda ke ci gaba da yaduwar cututtukan tsararraki. Yaran da aka haifa tare da ƙananan nauyin haihuwa sun fi fuskantar haɗarin raguwa.[20] Koyaya, ana iya magance tasirin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a lokacin bayan haihuwa ta hanyar ayyukan ciyar da yara masu kyau.[23]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Malnutrition". www.who.int (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-02-15.
  2. ↑ Danaei, Goodarz; Andrews, Kathryn G.; Sudfeld, Christopher R.; Fink, Günther; McCoy, Dana Charles; Peet, Evan; Sania, Ayesha; Smith Fawzi, Mary C.; Ezzati, Majid; Fawzi, Wafaie W. (2016-11-01). Tumwine, James K. (ed.). "Risk Factors for Childhood Stunting in 137 Developing Countries: A Comparative Risk Assessment Analysis at Global, Regional, and Country Levels". PLOS Medicine (in Turanci). 13 (11). doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002164. ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 5089547. PMID 27802277.
  3. ↑ Li, Zhihui; Kim, Rockli; Vollmer, Sebastian; Subramanian, S. V. (2020-04-22). "Factors Associated With Child Stunting, Wasting, and Underweight in 35 Low- and Middle-Income Countries". JAMA Network Open (in Turanci). 3 (4): e203386. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3386. ISSN 2574-3805. PMC 7177203. PMID 32320037.
  4. ↑ nina (2022-07-06). "The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022". UNICEF DATA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-02-15.
  5. ↑ Local Burden of Disease Child Growth Failure Collaborators (January 2020). "Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries". Nature. 577 (7789): 231–234. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..231L. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1878-8. PMC 7015855. PMID 31915393.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Nutrition Landscape Information System (NLiS)". WHO. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  7. ↑ De Sanctis V, Soliman A, Alaaraj N, Ahmed S, Alyafei F, Hamed N (February 2021). "Early and Long-term Consequences of Nutritional Stunting: From Childhood to Adulthood". Acta Bio-Medica. 92 (1): e2021168. doi:10.23750/abm.v92i1.11346. PMC 7975963. PMID 33682846 Check |pmid= value (help).
  8. 1 2 "World Health Assembly Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Stunting Policy Brief, World Health Organization 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 9, 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Maternal and child nutrition". Series from the Lancet journals. June 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Maternal and child undernutrition". Series from the Lancet journals. January 2008.
  11. ↑ McDonald CM, Olofin I, Flaxman S, Fawzi WW, Spiegelman D, Caulfield LE, et al. (April 2013). "The effect of multiple anthropometric deficits on child mortality: meta-analysis of individual data in 10 prospective studies from developing countries". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 97 (4): 896–901. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.047639. PMID 23426036.
  12. ↑ "Levels and trends in child malnutrition" (PDF). United Nations Children's Fund; World Health Organization; World Bank Group. 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  13. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":1".
  14. ↑ Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, de Onis M, et al. (August 2013). "Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries". Lancet. 382 (9890): 427–451. Bibcode:2013Lanc..382..427B. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X. PMID 23746772. S2CID 12237910.
  15. ↑ Allen LH (2012). "Global dietary patterns and diets in childhood: implications for health outcomes". Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 61 (Suppl 1): 29–37. doi:10.1159/000346185. PMID 23343945. S2CID 8299631.
  16. ↑ Victora CG, de Onis M, Hallal PC, Blössner M, Shrimpton R (March 2010). "Worldwide timing of growth faltering: revisiting implications for interventions". Pediatrics. 125 (3): e473–80. Bibcode:2010Pedia.125.e473V. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1519. PMID 20156903. S2CID 21204674.
  17. ↑ Martorell R, Zongrone A (July 2012). "Intergenerational influences on child growth and undernutrition". Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 26 (Suppl 1): 302–14. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01298.x. PMID 22742617. S2CID 28533635.
  18. ↑ Danaei G, Andrews KG, Sudfeld CR, Fink G, McCoy DC, Peet E, et al. (November 2016). "Risk Factors for Childhood Stunting in 137 Developing Countries: A Comparative Risk Assessment Analysis at Global, Regional, and Country Levels". PLOS Medicine. 13 (11). doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002164. PMC 5089547. PMID 27802277.
  19. ↑ Smith LC, Haddad L (April 2015). "Reducing Child Undernutrition: Past Drivers and Priorities for the Post-MDG Era". World Development. 68: 180–204. Bibcode:2015WoDev..68..180S. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.11.014.
  20. 1 2 A Balalian A, Simonyan H, Hekimian K, Deckelbaum RJ, Sargsyan A (December 2017). "Prevalence and determinants of stunting in a conflict-ridden border region in Armenia - a cross-sectional study". BMC Nutrition. 3. doi:10.1186/s40795-017-0204-9. PMC 7050870. PMID 32153861.
  21. ↑ Caulfield LE, Huffman SL, Piwoz EG (January 1999). "Interventions to Improve Intake of Complementary Foods by Infants 6 to 12 Months of Age in Developing Countries: Impact on Growth and on the Prevalence of Malnutrition and Potential Contribution to Child Survival". Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 20 (2): 183–200. doi:10.1177/156482659902000203. ISSN 0379-5721.
  22. ↑ Issaka AI, Agho KE, Page AN, Burns PL, Stevens GJ, Dibley MJ (October 2015). "Determinants of suboptimal complementary feeding practices among children aged 6-23 months in four anglophone West African countries". Maternal & Child Nutrition. 11 (Suppl 1): 14–30. doi:10.1111/mcn.12194. PMC 6860259. PMID 26364789.
  23. 1 2 Akhtar S (October 2016). "Malnutrition in South Asia-A Critical Reappraisal". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 56 (14): 2320–2330. doi:10.1080/10408398.2013.832143. PMID 25830938. S2CID 205691877.
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