Giuseppe Zangara

Giuseppe Zangara (7 ga Satumba, 1900 - 20 ga Maris, 1933) ɗan ƙasar Italiya ne kuma ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe zababben Shugaban Amurka, Franklin D. Roosevelt, a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1933, kwanaki 17 kafin rantsar da Roosevelt. A lokacin jawabin dare da Roosevelt ya yi a Miami, Florida, Zangara ya harbe harbe-harbe biyar tare da bindiga da ya saya kwanaki biyu da suka gabata. Ya rasa burinsa kuma a maimakon haka ya kashe Anton Cermak, Magajin garin Chicago, kuma ya ji wa masu kallo hudu rauni. 

Zangara, wanda ya yarda da laifi kuma ya ki daukaka kara, an kashe shi a kujerar lantarki ta Florida dan kadan fiye da wata daya daga baya.

Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Zangara a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1900, a Ferruzzano, Calabria, Italiya. Bayan ya yi aiki tare da Sojojin Italiya na Royal a cikin Tyrolean Alps a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na I, ya yi ayyuka da yawa a ƙauyensa kafin ya yi hijira tare da kawunsa zuwa Amurka a 1923. Ya zauna a Paterson, New Jersey, kuma ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a 1929.

Matsalar kiwon lafiya

Zangara ba shi da ilimi sosai kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai yin tubali. Ya sha wahala mai tsanani a ciki ciki, wanda likitoci suka gaya masa cewa yana da tsanani kuma ba zai iya warkarwa ba. A shekara ta 1926 an yi masa aikin gyare-gyare, amma ba shi da taimako; idan akwai wani abu, zai iya sa ciwonsa ya kara muni. Likitocin da suka yi binciken jikinsa sun danganta ciwon ciki da abubuwan da suka samu a cikin hanji. A cikin tarihin kurkuku, Zangara da kansa ya danganta ciwo da aka tilasta masa yin aiki mai wahala a gonar mahaifinsa tun yana ƙarami. Ya rubuta cewa ciwon ya fara ne lokacin da yake dan shekara shida.

Masu kallo a lokacin da kuma bayan kisan da aka kashe shi sun tattauna yanayin tunaninsa. An yi jayayya cewa Zangara ba shi da hankali, ba zai iya rarrabe gaskiya daga kuskure ba, kuma ya kamata ya gabatar da kariya ta hauka a madadinsa yayin da wasu suka yi jayayya da cewa yana da hankali.

Yunkurin kisan kai

Zangara bayan kama shi a hannun Dade County Sheriff Dan Hardie (hagu) da Jami'in 'yan sanda na Miami Lestron G. "Red" Crews (dama) yana riƙe da bindigar da Zangara ya yi amfani da ita

A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1933, Roosevelt yana ba da jawabi ba zato ba tsammani da dare daga bayan mota mai budewa a yankin Bayfront Park na Miami, Florida, inda Zangara ke aiki a wasu lokuta kuma yana rayuwa daga ajiyarsa. Zangara, dauke da bindiga .32 caliber US Revolver Company wanda ya sayi don $ 8 (daidai da $ 190 a 2024) a wani shagon jinginar gida, ya shiga cikin taron masu kallo, amma saboda yana da mita 5 kawai (1.5 tsawo, bai iya ganin wasu mutane ba kuma dole ne ya tsaya a kan benci mai juyawa, inda Mrs. Lillian Cross ta riga ta tsaya don kyakkyawan ra'ayi. Zangara ya hau kan benci don samun kyakkyawar manufa a burinsa daga 25 feet.

Roosevelt ya kwantar da Cermak da ya ji rauni sosai a hannunsa yayin da motar ta gaggauta zuwa asibiti; bayan ya isa can, Cermak ya yi magana da Roosevelt kuma, kafin ya mutu bayan kwana 19, an yi zargin ya furta layin da aka zana a kabarinsa: "Ina farin ciki cewa ni ne, ba ku ba. " Tribune ya ba da rahoton wannan magana ba tare da ya danganta shi ga mai shaida ba, kuma yawancin malamai suna shakkar cewa an taɓa faɗi hakan.

Sakamakon haka

Zangara ya furta a kurkukun Kotun Dade County, yana mai cewa: "Ina da bindiga a hannuna. Na kashe sarakuna da shugabanni da farko kuma na gaba duk masu jari-hujja. "Ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka hudu na yunkurin kisan kai kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 80 a kurkuku. Yayin da aka fitar da shi daga kotun, Zangara ya gaya wa alƙalin: " Sau huɗu 20 shine 80. Oh, alƙali, kada ka kasance mai ƙyama. Ka ba ni shekara ɗari. "

Cermak ya mutu daga peritonitis kwanaki 19 bayan haka, a ranar 6 ga Maris, 1933, kwana biyu bayan rantsar da Roosevelt. An gurfanar da Zangara nan da nan saboda kisan kai na farko a mutuwar Cermak. Saboda Zangara ya yi niyyar aikata kisan kai, gaskiyar cewa wanda ya nufa ba shine mutumin da ya kashe ba shi da mahimmanci saboda har yanzu yana da laifi na kisan kai na farko a ƙarƙashin koyarwar canja wurin niyya. Akwai damuwa cewa kare Zangara zai yi jayayya cewa mutuwar Cermak ba sakamakon raunin harsashi ba ne. Wata ka'ida, wadda ta taso shekaru da yawa bayan haka, ta yi tambaya ko mutuwar Cermak ta haifar da rashin aikin likita daga bangaren likitocin da ke kula da shi. Ya yi zargin cewa sun kasa fahimtar cewa harsashi ya haifar da lalacewa kai tsaye ga hanji kuma ya haifar da furewa. Rashin ya haifar da sepsis da mutuwarsa amma Cermak bazai mutu ba "amma saboda kuskuren likitoci".[the] Wannan ka'idar ta karyata ta hanyar binciken likita na baya game da taron.

Zangara ya yi ikirarin aikata laifin kisan kai kuma Alkalin Kotun da'ira Uly Thompson ya yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Zangara ya ce bayan ya ji hukuncinsa: "Kun ba ni kujerar lantarki. Ba na jin tsoron wannan kujerar! Kai ɗaya daga cikin masu jari-hujja. Ku ma ɗan fashi ne. Ka sanya ni a kujerar wutan lantarki. Ba ni da damuwa!" A karkashin dokar Florida, wani mai kisan gilla da aka yanke masa hukunci ba zai iya raba sararin salula tare da wani fursuna ba kafin a kashe shi, amma wani mai kariya da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa ya riga ya jiran kisa a Raiford. Hukuncin Zangara ya buƙaci jami'an kurkuku su faɗaɗa wurin jiran su ga fursunonin da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa kuma "kayan mutuwa" ya zama "Death Row".

Kashewa

Bayan ya kwashe kwanaki 10 kawai a kan layin mutuwa, an kashe Zangara a ranar 20 ga Maris, 1933, a Old Sparky, kujerar lantarki a gidan yarin Jihar Florida a Raiford. Zangara ya yi fushi lokacin da ya san cewa babu kyamarori na labarai da za su yi fim dinsa na ƙarshe. Sanarwarsa ta ƙarshe ita ce "Viva l'Italia! Farewell to all poles! ... danna maɓallin! Ku ci gaba, danna maɓallan!" 

Ka'idar makirci

Duk da yake asusun suna mai da hankali kan Cermak da sauran wadanda abin ya shafa sun kasance wadanda suka mutu ba zato ba tsammani na yunkurin kashe Roosevelt, ka'idar makirci ta fito ne wani lokaci kafin 1999, wanda ya samo asali ne a Birnin Chicago, yana tabbatar da cewa Zangara mai kisan gilla ne da ke aiki ga Frank Nitti, wanda shine shugaban kungiyar masu aikata laifuka ta Chicago. John William Tuohy, marubucin littattafai da yawa game da aikata laifuka a Birnin Chicago, bayan ya sake nazarin bayanan Asirin, ya bayyana dalla-dalla a cikin wani labarin 2002 fassararsa game da yadda kuma dalilin da ya sa Cermak ya kasance ainihin manufa da alaƙar harbi da tashin hankali na ƙungiya a Birnin. Masu bincike da yawa sun inganta ka'idar, suna ambaton bincikensu na shaidar kotu, suna tabbatar da cewa Cermak ya ba da umarnin yunkurin kisan kai a kan Nitti kasa da watanni uku da suka gabata.

Masu ra'ayin makirci sun ba da shawarar cewa Zangara ya kasance ƙwararren mai harbi a cikin Sojojin Italiya shekaru 16 da suka gabata, wanda zai iya kai hari ga burinsa, duk da cewa ya kauce wa duk wata matsala game da matsalolin kiwon lafiya na Zangara tun lokacin da yake cikin yaƙi, gajeren tsayinsa yana buƙatar ya tsaya a kan kujera mai tsayi, kwarewarsa yana da bindiga maimakon bindiga daga nesa, da nasa maganganu game da burinsa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Raymond Moley, wanda ya yi hira da Zangara, ya yi imanin cewa bai kasance wani ɓangare na wani babban makirci ba, kuma ya yi niyyar kashe Roosevelt. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

A cikin al'adun gargajiya

Zangara tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a bayan fage da aka bayar don littafin Philip K. Dick na 1962 The Man in the High Castle (kazalika da Jerin asali na Amazon na gaba). Wannan labari na tarihi, wanda aka kafa bayan nasarar Axis a yakin duniya na biyu, ya kafa ma'anar bambanci a kan batun cewa Zangara ya yi nasarar kashe zababben Shugaba Roosevelt a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1933, a Miami. Littafin tarihin Eric Norden na 1973 mai suna The Ultimate Solution kuma yana amfani da wannan batu na bambanci. Ana amfani da irin wannan Zangara-mai nasara a cikin GURPS Alternate Earths rawar da ake takawa a cikin "Reich 5" na sararin samaniya.

Littafin Max Allan Collins na 1983 True Detective, na farko a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki na Nathan Heller, ya nuna yunkurin Zangara na kisan Roosevelt, yana mai da shi a matsayin ainihin yunkurin da aka yi wa Magajin garin Chicago Anton Cermak. Littafin ya lashe lambar yabo ta Shamus ta 1984 don Mafi kyawun P.I. Hardcover daga Marubutan Private Eye na Amurka.

A cikin fim din HBO na 1998 Winchell, 'yan mintoci kaɗan bayan yunkurin kisan kai, Walter Winchell ya tsallake kan Kwamitin gudu na motar Shugaban' yan sanda na Miami, yana neman hira da Zangara, don haka ya sami labarin musamman ga New York Daily Mirror.

Littafin fantasy noir na 2011 Spellbound na Larry Correia ya nuna yunkurin Zangara na kisan Roosevelt. Zangara an inganta shi da sihiri a cikin wani makirci don tayar da tsattsauran ra'ayi da kuma rage haƙƙin farar hula na masu baiwar sihiri na Grimnoir Society. Maimakon yin amfani da ƙaramin bindiga, an sanya Zangara a cikin canon mai rai ko bam kuma ya kashe kusan masu kallo 200, gami da Cermak, kuma ya gurgunta Roosevelt.

Charlaine Harris' fantasy Western Gunnie Rose Series an saita shi a cikin duniyar da Zangara ya yi nasarar kashe Roosevelt, kuma Amurka ta rabu zuwa jihohi daban-daban.

Dubi kuma

• Jerin mutanen da aka kashe
• Jerin mutanen da aka kashe a Florida (kafin 1972)