Goffal
Goffal ko Coloured Zimbabwe mutane ne na kabilanci, galibi wadanda ke da'awar zuriyar Turai da Afirka, a Malawi, Zambia, da, musamman Zimbabwe. An san su da Coloureds, kodayake wasu a cikin al'ummar Coloured suna amfani da kalmar Goffal don nuna kansu, kodayake wannan ba ya nufin al'ummar da ke kusa da Afirka ta Kudu. Al'ummar sun hada da mutane daban-daban na Shona, Arewacin Ndebele, Bemba, Fengu, Birtaniya, Afrikaner, Cape Coloured, Cape Malay da kuma wadanda ba su da yawa Portuguese, Girkanci, Goan, da Indiya. Irin waɗannan al'ummomin kabilanci sun wanzu a duk Kudancin Afirka, musamman Cape Coloureds na Afirka ta Kudu.
Ba a bayyana lokacin da kalmar Goffal ta fara amfani da ita ba, amma tsakanin Coloureds da kansu ta fito ne daga tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen 1970s.[1] Da yake da wuyar tantance ainihin lambobin su, saboda wasu suna nuna kansu ne kawai a matsayin mambobi na wasu kabilun.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Zimbabwe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An kafa al'ummomin masu launuka na farko a tsakiyar Afirka a Kudancin Rhodesia (Zimbabwe na yanzu), galibi daga waɗanda suka yi hijira a matsayin bayin Afrikaners da sauran fararen mazauna Afirka ta Kudu daga Cape of Good Hope. Shige da fice mai launi daga Afirka ta Kudu ya karu bayan lalacewar bayan Yaƙin Boer na Biyu kuma ya ci gaba a cikin farkon karni na ashirin. A cikin shekarun 1930 an haifi yawancin 'yan Coloureds a Kudancin Rhodesia a matsayin zuriyar masu gudanarwa da masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da mata na yankin. Yawan mutanen da ke da launi ya karu zuwa kusan 24,000 ta hanyar aure, kuma a shekarar 1969 kimanin kashi 91% an dauke su 'yan ƙasar Rhodesia, ƙaramin adadi shine Zambiyawa, Malawiwa, 'Yan Afirka ta Kudu. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Coloureds ya yi aiki tare da bambanci tare da rukunin Rhodesian na Kudancin a lokacin Yakin Gabashin Afirka.[2] Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun shari'ar auren launin fata a Kudancin Rhodesia wanda ya sami kulawa daga Time Magazine a cikin 1958 shine na Patrick Matimba, mai sayar da kaya baƙar fata wanda ya iya zama tare da matarsa farar fata da 'yarsu ta launin fata ta hanyar samun matsayi a matsayin bawan matarsa.
Kudancin Rhodesia, wanda ya ayyana 'yancin kai a matsayin Rhodesia a shekarar 1965, ya rarraba Coloureds a matsayin mutanen da suka haɗu da kakannin da ba su bi hanyar rayuwa ta gargajiya ta Afirka ba kuma al'adunsu na Turai ne a asali da kuma tsari. An cire masu launin fata da ke zaune tare da iyalan baƙar fata na Afirka, kamar yadda aka cire su ga Turawa da Asiya, bi da bi. Koyaya, duk da kasancewar rarrabe launin fata a Kudancin Rhodesia, ba ta da tsanani kamar yadda take a ƙarƙashin mulkin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu.[3] Mutanen Rhodesia masu launi sun kasance birane sosai, kuma gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ba su izinin zama a cikin unguwanni masu rarrabewa da aka tanada wa Turawa. A cikin 1969 mafi yawan masu aiki masu launi - kusan 30% - sun yi aiki da masana'antar masana'antu ta Rhodesian, sauran su ne 'yan kasuwa ko kuma suna aiki da isar da sabis.[4]
A lokacin barkewar Yakin Bush na Rhodesia, an tilasta wa dukkan maza masu launin fata na shekarun soja, wadanda ake sa ran su ba da gudummawa ga watanni hudu zuwa biyar na hidima ga Sojojin Tsaro na Rhodesia. A cikin 1966, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta ba da sanarwa cewa daga nan gaba za ta ba da izinin shiga ga duk baƙi da ke da matsayin zama, yana mai da Coloureds na Afirka ta Kudu ko wasu ƙasashe a Rhodesia suma suna da alhakin aikin soja.[2] Yawancin ma'aikatan da aka sanya su a cikin Reinforcement Holding Unit (RHU), wanda ya fi damuwa da sufuri da kayan aiki. An kuma ba su aiki tare da samar da tsaro na jigilar kaya da kuma kayan aikin tsaro da aka yi niyya don sabuntawa ta masu tayar da kayar baya. A shekara ta 1978 an sake tsara RHU a cikin rundunar kare Rhodesian . Yayin da yaƙin ya kara tsanantawa, ma'aikatan launi da aka tura zuwa wuraren aiki sun sami nasarar yin kira da su karɓi albashi iri ɗaya da fararen sojoji.[2]
Lokacin da aka sake kafa Rhodesia a matsayin sabuwar Jamhuriyar Zimbabwe a shekarar 1980, tare da nasarar zaben babban dan kasa mai suna Robert Mugabe da kungiyarsa ta Afirka ta Zimbabwe, Coloureds sun kai kimanin 20,000. Mugabe ya lashe babban zaben farko na kasar da aka gudanar a karkashin ikon mallakar duniya, duk da fuskantar adawa mai fafutuka daga kungiyar 'yan Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZAPU) ta Joshua Nkomo da kuma jam'iyyun' yan tsiraru da yawa. Dukkanin masu launi da suka yi rajista a tsarin zaɓe na Rhodesian kafin 31 ga Disamba, 1979 an ba su izinin yin zabe, kuma waɗanda suka yi hakan sun goyi bayan Rhodesian Front.[5] A matsayin alamar sulhu Mugabe daga baya ya zabi wani jagora na al'ummar Coloured, Joseph Culverwell, zuwa Majalisar Dattijai, babban gidan Majalisar dokokin Zimbabwe.[5] Duk da haka, an gaishe da hawan ZANU da taka tsantsan. A lokacin yakin daji, masu kishin kasa baƙi sau da yawa sun yi tir da Coloureds kamar yadda suka amfana ba bisa ka'ida ba daga tsarin mulkin mallaka na launin fata, kuma waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su shiga sojojin 'yan tawaye na ZANU da ZAPU galibi ana tsare su ko kuma ana kashe su a matsayin 'yan leƙen asiri. Ma'aikatan da ba su da ilimi sosai, masu launin shudi sun damu da cewa za su fuskanci canjin aiki daga ma'aikatan baƙar fata da zarar sun rasa fa'idar aikin da aka fi so daga masu kula da fararen fata. Sauran sun gamsu ne kawai baƙi za su amfana da tattalin arziki a ƙarƙashin mulkin Mugabe, a kan kuɗin kansu da sauran kabilun.[6] A bangaren su, masu gwagwarmayar al'umma sun yi takaici cewa ba a gayyace su don shiga cikin tattaunawar Lancaster House a madadin mutanensu ba, kuma sun ji wannan ya nuna cewa fararen Zimbabwe da baƙar fata ba su da sha'awar rayuwar siyasa da zamantakewa ta gaba.[6]
Zambia
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba kamar Kudancin Rhodesia ba, Arewacin Rhodesia (Zambia ta yanzu), mallakar Burtaniya wacce ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Ofishin mulkin mallaka kai tsaye, an dauke ta "Launi" a matsayin bambancin launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ta haifar da kalmar ne kawai lokacin da take magana game da baƙi na launin fata daga Afirka ta Kudu daidai. Wannan ya haifar da babban rikici ga 'yan Coloureds na yankin da aka haifa a Arewacin Rhodesia, wanda jami'an mulkin mallaka suka bayyana tare da alamomi kamar yadda suka bambanta a matsayin "rabi-kabilu", "Anglo-Afirka", "Indo-Afirika", da "Eurafricans". Northern Rhodesian Coloureds sau da yawa suna ɗauke da sunayen sarauta na Burtaniya, bayan sun fito ne daga wasu daga cikin majagaba na farko na mulkin mallaka, masu gudanarwa, da jami'ai.[7] Duk da haka, tun daga farkon shekarun 1920 irin waɗannan mutane sun haifar da wata matsala ta rarraba ga Ofishin mulkin mallaka, wanda ya kasance cikin takaici da gaskiyar cewa zai iya rarraba Coloureds ba a matsayin Turai ko Afirka ba. Iyayen Burtaniya na yara masu gauraye wani lamari ne na musamman, yana ba da damar Coloureds su nemi a amince da su a matsayin 'yan Burtaniya, masu cancanta ga fasfo na Burtaniya. Ofishin mulkin mallaka ya yi watsi da buƙatun su, wanda ya ɗauke su ne kawai a matsayin batutuwa masu kariya, matsayin da aka tanada wa 'yan Afirka baƙi.[7]
Tambayar halattacciyar Coloureds da matsayi ya dogara ne akan halattaccen aure tsakanin iyayensu na Turai da Afirka.[8] A karkashin Dokar Cire-Cire na Laifi ta Arewacin Rhodesia, laifi ne ga mace fari ta yi aure ko zama tare da baƙar fata. Aure tsakanin fararen maza da baƙar baki mata, kodayake ba a haramta shi ba, jihar ba ta amince da shi ba. Kamar yadda ba a amince da auren irin wannan a matsayin aure a karkashin doka ba, an ba da ikon Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiya don kama duk wani yara na farko da suka samo asali daga irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi kamar "marayu".
Tun daga farkonta, mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Nyasaland (Malawi na yau) ya haɗa da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mutanen Asiya, maimakon Turai, da Afirka. Fitowar ma'aikatan ƙaura daga yankin Indiya zuwa yankuna daban-daban na Burtaniya a duk faɗin yankin Sahara na Afirka sun zama wani ɓangare na tsarin ƙaura na mulkin mallaka a farkon karni na ashirin; Indiyawa sun zo don samun karamin kuɗi wanda hakan ya tallafa wa iyalansu da yawa a gida. Yawancin masu kasuwancin Indiya sun kasance baƙi ko maza masu aure waɗanda suka yi ƙaura ba tare da matansu ba; da yawa sun zauna tare da matan Afirka daidai.[9] Yara daga waɗannan dangantakar galibi mahaifiyar ce ke tasowa, kuma suna rungumar al'adun Afirka da salon rayuwa a matsayin nasu. An dauke su da ƙyama daga mutane kalilan na asalin Turai da Afirka, waɗanda suka ƙi amfani da lakabin "Launi" don kauce wa haɗuwa da zuriyar Asiya.[9] Suna kiran kansu "Anglo-African", sun kafa kungiyar Nyasland Anglo-Africian Association don yin kira ga amincewa da ita. Wannan halin ya haifar da rikici da rikici na ainihi game da ma'anar doka na Coloured, batun da ya shafi kotunan Nyasaland.[10]
Masu launin fata na zuriyar Burtaniya daga Zambia da Malawi suna riƙe da dangantaka mai karfi da Ingila. Lokacin da yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya ya fara samun ƙarfi a ƙarshen shekarun 1940, makarantun masu launi a tsakiyar Afirka sun ƙi malamai na Indiya, suna jaddada cewa "ƙauna da kishin ƙasa ga al'ummar Burtaniya" wani bangare ne na tsarin karatun su. Tun lokacin da aka kawar da mulkin mallaka na nahiyar Afirka, ya kasance al'ada ce mai tsawo ga iyaye masu launi su aika yaransu zuwa Ingila don makaranta.[10] Ana tura wasu don yin aiki a can bayan kammala karatunsu a cikin gida.
Mutanen Zimbabwe masu launi sun kasance Roman Katolika ne a al'ada, kodayake yawancin 'yan tsiraru ma suna cikin Cocin Anglican.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Zimbabwe Population Census 2012" (PDF). Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT). October 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- 1 2 3 White, Luise (1999). ""Other People's Sons:" Conscription, Citizenship, and Families 1970-80" (PDF). Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ "Southern Rhodesia: Case of the White Goose". August 4, 1958. Archived from the original on June 5, 2024. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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