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Greenwashing

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Greenwashing
economic activity (en) Fassara, spin (en) Fassara da advertising (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na speculation (en) Fassara, deception (en) Fassara, propaganda (en) Fassara, Kasuwanci na muhalli da Kwaikwayo
Fuskar environmentalism (en) Fassara da eco-communication (en) Fassara
Suna saboda whitewashing (en) Fassara
Mai ganowa ko mai ƙirƙira Jay Westerveld (en) Fassara
Model item (en) Fassara Keep America Beautiful (en) Fassara da Responsible Care (en) Fassara
Hannun riga da greenhushing (en) Fassara
Tashar man fetur mai amfani da Hasken rana a Budapest, Hungary

Greenwashing (kalma mai faɗi da aka tsara akan "whitewash"), wanda kuma ake kira green sheen, [1] [2] wani nau'i ne na talla ko tallace-tallace wanda ke amfani da PR mai kore PR tallace-tafiye mai kore don shawo kan jama'a cewa samfuran, manufofi, ko manufofi na kungiya suna da abokantaka da muhalli. [3] [4][5] Kamfanoni da suka yi amfani da dabarun sadarwa na greenwashing sau da yawa suna yin hakan don nisanta kansu daga kuskuren muhalli ko na masu samar da su.[6] Kamfanoni suna shiga cikin greenwashing saboda dalilai biyu na farko: don bayyana halattacce da kuma tsara hoton alhakin muhalli ga jama'a.[7] Saboda "babu ma'anar jituwa na greenwashing", ƙuduri cewa wannan yana faruwa a cikin wani misali na iya zama na ra'ayi.[8]

Abubuwan da suka faru

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Greenwashing yana faruwa ne lokacin da wata kungiya ta kashe karin albarkatu a kan tallace-tallace na "kore" fiye da ayyukan muhalli masu kyau.[9] Kamfanoni da yawa suna amfani da greenwashing don inganta ra'ayin jama'a game da alamun su. Tsarin kamfanoni masu rikitarwa na iya ƙara rufe hoto mafi girma.[10] Kamfanoni suna ƙoƙari su yi amfani da laifin muhalli na masu amfani.[11] Masu sukar aikin sun ba da shawarar cewa haɓakar greenwashing, tare da ƙa'idodi marasa inganci, yana ba da gudummawa ga shakku na mabukaci game da duk da'awar kore kuma yana rage ikon mabukaci don fitar da kamfanoni zuwa ga hanyoyin masana'antu da ayyukan kasuwanci.[12] Greenwashing yana rufe ajanda da manufofi na kamfanoni marasa dorewa.[13] Babban zarge-zargen jama'a na greenwashing sun ba da gudummawa ga karuwar amfani da kalmar.[14]

Halaye

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Ayyukan da aka ɗauka a matsayin halayyar greenwashing na iya bambanta ta lokaci da wuri, samfurin, da ra'ayoyi ko tsammanin mutumin da ke yin ƙuduri.[8]

A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, greenwashing na iya gabatar da kansa ta hanyoyi da yawa:

  1. Da'awar cewa kamfanin zai cimma burin muhalli na gaba yayin da ba ya sanya isasshen tsare-tsare don yin hakan.
  2. Kasancewa da gangan game da ayyukan ko amfani da da'awar da ba za a iya tabbatar da ita ba (kamar faɗar cewa suna da "amfani da muhalli" ko "kore").
  3. Cewa cewa samfurin ba ya dauke da kayan cutarwa ko amfani da ayyukan cutarwa waɗanda ba za su yi amfani da su ba.
  4. Bayyana abu daya kamfanin yana da kyau game da muhalli yayin da ba ya yin wani abu.
  5. Inganta samfuran da suka hadu da mafi ƙarancin tsari kamar dai samfuran tsara ba su yi ba.[15]

Tarihi

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Asalin greenwashing za a iya gano shi zuwa lokuta daban-daban. Misali, Keep America Beautiful kamfen ne wanda masana'antun abin sha da sauransu suka kafa a 1953. [16] Kamfen ɗin ya mayar da hankali kan sake amfani da datti, yana karkatar da hankali daga alhakin kamfanoni don kare muhalli. Manufar ita ce ta hana ka'idojin kwantena masu zubar da kaya kamar wanda Vermont ta kafa.[17]

A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, yunkurin muhalli ya sami ƙarfi, musamman bayan da aka buga alamar Silent Spring ta Rachel Carson. Littafin ya nuna canji game da muhalli kuma ya yi wahayi zuwa ga aikin ɗan ƙasa. Ya sa kamfanoni da yawa su nemi sabon mai tsabta ko hoto mai kyau ta hanyar talla, kodayake wasu kamar E. Bruce Harrison, wanda aka fi sani da mahaifin greenwashing na zamani, sun nemi ɓata sunan Carson kuma su raina saƙon littafinta.[18][19] Jerry Mander, tsohon mai kula da talla na Madison Avenue, ya kira wannan sabon nau'in talla "ecopornography".

Masana'antar abinci

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  • A shekara ta 2009, McDonald's ta canza launi na alamun Turai daga rawaya da ja zuwa rawaya da kore; wani mai magana da yawun ya bayyana cewa canjin shine "don bayyana alhakin na adana albarkatun kasa. " [20] A watan Oktoba 2021 an zargi McDonald's da greenwashing bayan ya sanar da alkawarinsa na isa ga fitar da iska ta hanyar 2050. [21]
  • A cikin 2018, don mayar da martani ga karuwar kira don hana filastik, Starbucks ya gabatar da murfin tare da ciyawar sha da aka gina a ciki wanda ya ƙunshi filastik da nauyi fiye da tsohuwar ciyawar da murfin gaba ɗaya (ko da yake ana iya sake amfani da shi, ba kamar wanda ya riga shi ba). [22]
  • A cikin 2020, an gano Coca-Cola a matsayin mai gurɓata filastik na farko a duniya ta hanyar Break Free From Plastic . Koyaya, kamfanin ya ci gaba da cewa yana samun ci gaba wajen rage sharar filastik. Sun ce suna da alƙawarin "sake dawo da kowane kwalba a shekara ta 2030" duk da kasancewa mafi girman mai gurɓata filastik na shekaru da yawa a jere. Cibiyar Tsibirin Duniya ta gurfanar da su a cikin 2021 saboda ikirarin karya.[23]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Season 5: It's Not Easy Being Green: Green Marketing". CBC Radio. 8 January 2011. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  2. ↑ "LP: 'The biggest environmental crime in history'". libertypost.org. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
  3. ↑ Williams, Joe (2024). "Greenwashing: Appearance, illusion and the future of 'green' capitalism". Geography Compass. 18 (1). Bibcode:2024GComp..18E2736W. doi:10.1111/gec3.12736.
  4. ↑ Zioło, Magdalena; Bąk, Iwona; Spoz, Anna (2024). "Literature review of greenwashing research: State of the art". Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management. 31 (6): 5343–5356. Bibcode:2024CSREM..31.5343Z. doi:10.1002/csr.2842.
  5. ↑ de Freitas Netto, Sebastião Vieira; Sobral, Marcos Felipe Falcão; Ribeiro, Ana Regina Bezerra; Soares, Gleibson Robert da Luz (2020). "Concepts and forms of greenwashing: a systematic review". Environmental Sciences Europe. 32. doi:10.1186/s12302-020-0300-3.
  6. ↑ Pizzetti, Marta; Gatti, Lucia; Seele, Peter (April 2021). "Firms Talk, Suppliers Walk: Analyzing the Locus of Greenwashing in the Blame Game and Introducing 'Vicarious Greenwashing'" (PDF). Journal of Business Ethics. 170 (1): 21–38. doi:10.1007/s10551-019-04406-2. S2CID 214383794.
  7. ↑ Walker, Kent; Wan, Fang (2012-08-01). "The Harm of Symbolic Actions and Green-Washing: Corporate Actions and Communications on Environmental Performance and Their Financial Implications". Journal of Business Ethics (in Turanci). 109 (2): 227–242. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1122-4. ISSN 1573-0697.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Pears, Peter; Baines, Tim; Williams, Oliver (July 24, 2023). "Greenwashing: Navigating the Risk". Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Harvard" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ "Greenpeace | Greenwashing". stopgreenwash.org. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  10. ↑ Condon, Madison. "Climate Change's New Ally: Big Finance". Boston Review. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  11. ↑ Sheehan, Kim Bartel; Lee, Joonghwa (2014-10-01). "What's Cruel About Cruelty Free: An Exploration of Consumers, Moral Heuristics, and Public Policy". Journal of Animal Ethics (in Turanci). 4 (2): 1–15. doi:10.5406/janimalethics.4.2.0001. ISSN 2156-5414.
  12. ↑ Dahl, Richard (1 June 2010). "Greenwashing: Do You Know What You're Buying?". Environmental Health Perspectives. 118 (6): a246–a252. doi:10.1289/ehp.118-a246. PMC 2898878. PMID 20515714.
  13. ↑ Karliner, Joshua (22 March 2001). "A Brief History of Greenwash". corpwatch.org. Archived from the original on 2016-11-09. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  14. ↑ Seele, Peter; Gatti, Lucia (2015). "Greenwashing Revisited: In Search of a Typology and Accusation-Based Definition Incorporating Legitimacy Strategies". Business Strategy and the Environment. 26 (2): 239–252. Bibcode:2017BSEnv..26..239S. doi:10.1002/bse.1912.
  15. ↑ Nations, United. "Greenwashing – the deceptive tactics behind environmental claims". United Nations (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  16. ↑ "Business-Managed Environment – Front Groups – Keep America Beautiful". herinst.org. 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  17. ↑ Abdelfatah, Rund (5 September 2019). "The Litter Myth: Throughline". NPR.org. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  18. ↑ "E. Bruce Harrison: The godfather of greenwashing". www.drilled.media. Drilled. 6 July 2021.
  19. ↑ "There can be no compromise on a burning planet". www.thenation.com. The Nation. 27 October 2021.
  20. ↑ "McDonald's rolling out green logo in Europe". NBC News. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  21. ↑ "McDonald's Rebuked for Greenwashing Climate Pledge". EcoWatch. 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  22. ↑ "Starbucks is banning straws – but is it really a big win for the environment?". the Guardian. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  23. ↑ Robinson, Deena (2022-07-17). "10 Companies Called Out For Greenwashing". Earth.Org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-11-18.
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