Groyne

Groyne
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	hydraulic structure (en)

Groyne (a cikin US groin) wani tsari ne na ruwa wanda aka gina a tsaye daga bakin teku (a cikin aikin injiniya na bakin teku) ko bakin kogi, yana katse ruwa da kuma iyakance motsi na laka. Yawancin lokaci ana yin sa ne da itace, kankare, ko dutse. A cikin teku, groynes suna haifar da rairayin bakin teku, hana rushewar rairayin kan teku wanda ya haifar da yaduwar teku inda wannan shine tsarin da ya fi dacewa kuma yana sauƙaƙa abinci mai gina jiki na rairayin rairayin teku. Har ila yau, sau da yawa akwai motsi na ƙetare wanda idan ya fi tsayi fiye da groyne zai iyakance tasirinsa. A cikin kogi, groynes ya rage tsarin rushewa kuma ya hana ƙanƙara, wanda hakan ke taimakawa kewayawa.

Dukkanin groyne na iya kasancewa a ƙarƙashin ruwa, a wannan yanayin yana da zurfi. Sau da yawa ana amfani da su tare da bangon teku da sauran fasali na injiniya na bakin teku. Groynes, duk da haka, na iya haifar da bakin teku da za a ɗauka a matsayin wanda ba na halitta ba. Groynes gabaɗaya madaidaiciya ne amma yana iya kasancewa na siffofi daban-daban na ra'ayi, mai shiga ko mai hanawa, wanda aka gina daga kayan aiki daban-daban kamar itace, yashi, rushewar dutse, ko gabion, da dai sauransu.

Tarihi

Magana

Kalmar groyne ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Faransanci groign, daga Late Latin grunium, "hanci".^[1]

Tarihi

Misira ta Dā da Nubia

An sami adadi mai yawa na groynes tare da kilomita 1,000 na Kogin Nilu, tsakanin cataract na farko da na huɗu. Wadanda suka fi farko da aka rubuta sun kasance sama da shekaru 3,000, amma masu bincike suna tunanin cewa ana iya fahimtar dabarar a cikin karni na huɗu KZ.^[2] Sabbin groynes da aka gano suna cikin abin da ke yanzu Misira (Aswan), amma galibi a Sudan, a yankunan tsohuwar Nubia, wasu daga cikinsu waɗanda sarakunan Masar suka gina kuma wasu yiwuwar aikin Nubians na gida.^[2]

Ingila ta ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19

Ɗaya daga cikin farkon ambaton groynes yana da alaƙa da ingantaccen da aka tsara ga Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Dover, ta hanyar Fernando Poyntz a cikin 1582. ^[3]

A cikin 1713 an gina katako na farko don kare bakin teku da bakin tekun Brighton, wanda ya lalace sosai a cikin Babban guguwa na 1703, kuma a cikin 1705. A cikin 1867, an gina ginin farko na kankare a kusa da titin Gabas, Brighton a matsayin mai tsayi 195 feet (59 m) .^[4]

Injiniya

See also: Beach evolution and longshore drift

Juyin halitta na bakin teku da ƙaruwa

A hankali groyne ya halicci kuma yana kula da wani yanki mai faɗi na rairayin bakin teku a gefen sa ta hanyar kama datti da aka dakatar a cikin teku. Wannan tsari ana kiransa karuwar yashi da dutse ko juyin halitta na rairayin bakin teku. Yana rage lalacewa a kan ɗayan, watau sauka, gefe ta hanyar rage saurin da ƙarfin raƙuman ruwa da ke buga bakin teku. Yana da shingen jiki don dakatar da jigilar turɓaya a cikin hanyar da ke cikin teku (wanda ake kira jigilar longshore). Idan an tsara groyne daidai, to adadin kayan da zai iya riƙewa zai kasance iyakance, kuma yawan sediment zai kasance kyauta don ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin. Koyaya, idan groyne ya yi yawa zai iya kama turɓaya mai yawa, wanda zai iya haifar da mummunar lalacewar rairayin bakin teku a gefen da ke ƙasa.

Filin Groyne

See also: Coastal morphodynamics

Ana sanya Groynes gabaɗaya a cikin jerin, gabaɗaya duk suna tsaye zuwa bakin teku. Yankunan da ke tsakanin kungiyoyin groynes sune filayen groyne.

Ciwon ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa

Wani groyne da ba a tsara shi ba (ya yi tsawo sosai kuma bai dace da siffofi na musamman na bakin teku ba) na iya hanzarta lalacewar rairayin bakin teku, wanda ke karɓar kadan ko babu yashi daga tsalle-tsalle. Wannan tsari an san shi da ciwon groyne na ƙarshe, saboda a cikin jerin groynes yana faruwa bayan groyne na ƙarshen (groyne na ƙarshe a gefen rairayin bakin teku ko bakin teku).

Headland groyne / Headland breakwater

Rashin ruwa wani tsari ne na wucin gadi wanda aka gina a layi daya da bakin teku - kama da tsibirai masu shinge na halitta - wanda yawanci ya kasance ba a haɗa shi da bakin teku ba. Lokacin da aka gina groyne don haɗa ruwa mai raguwa zuwa gabar, ana kiransa "headland groyne", wanda aka fi sani da "bulkhead groyne", "headland breakwater", "T-head groyne", ko "T-shaped groyne".

Amfani da shi

Gudanar da bakin teku

Tsawon groyne da tsawo, kuma sarari tsakanin groynes an ƙayyade shi bisa ga ƙarfin raƙuman ruwa na gida da gangaren rairayin bakin teku. Groynes da suka yi tsayi ko kuma sun yi tsayi sosai suna hanzarta lalacewar ƙasa, kuma ba su da tasiri saboda suna kama turɓaya mai yawa. Groynes da suka yi gajeren lokaci, da ƙasa, ko kuma da yawa ba su da tasiri saboda suna kama ƙananan laka. Idan groyne bai kai nesa zuwa ƙasa ba, ruwa (alal misali a babban ruwa tare da guguwar guguwa) na iya wucewa ta ƙarshen ƙasa kuma ya lalata tashar da ke wucewa ta hanyar groyne, tsarin da aka sani da flanking.

Gudanar da kogi

Hoton sama na madatsar ruwa Lumberville a kan Kogin Delaware. Wasu ruwa suna zubowa a kan madatsar ruwa ko ƙuƙwalwa; akwai hanyar kewayawa tsakanin su.

Kogin kogin (Dakin ruwa, dakin fuka-fuki, ko madatsar ruwa) galibi ana gina su kusan a gefen kogin, farawa a bakin kogi tare da tushe kuma ya ƙare a layin tsari tare da kai. Suna kula da tashar don hana toshe kankara, kuma gabaɗaya suna inganta kewayawa da sarrafawa akan rushewar gefe, wanda zai samo asali daga meanders. Groynes suna da babban tasiri a kan yanayin kogin: suna haifar da lalacewar kogin.

Ana kuma amfani da su a kusa da gadoji don hana gurɓata gada.

Nau'o'in

Fayil:Groin.jpg

Rashin ciki (ƙaddamar da Amurka), tsibirin farauta, South Carolina

Alamar "Ka bar groynes" a Brighton, Ingila, tare da groyne da ke nunawa a bango.

Ana iya rarrabe Groynes ta hanyar yadda aka gina su, ko an nutse su, tasirin su akan kwararar rafi ko kuma ta hanyar siffar.

Ta hanyar siffar su

Ana iya gina Groynes tare da siffofi daban-daban. Wasu misalai sun haɗa da madaidaiciya groynes, sandar hockey ko lankwasawa, inverted hockey stick groynes, wutsi ko alamar alamar alama, L kai, madaidaiciyagroynes tare da shugaban tashar jiragen ruwa (ƙayyadadden teku da aka ɗaga a kan stilts, tunda an ɗaga kan tashar jiragen sama ba ta aiki a matsayin mai karya ruwa), T-headland groyne, mai karya ruwa da aka haɗe da bakin teku tare da madaidaiciyar groyne, ana iya siffar Y, kibiya ko siffar fuka-fuki).

Ta hanyar sashi bisa ga kayan da aka yi amfani da su

Groynes na katako, groynes na takarda, groynes mai yashi, tudun rushewa ko gabion groynes, da dai sauransu.

Ta hanyar shigarwa

Groynes na iya zama mai shiga, yana ba da izinin ruwa ya gudana ta hanyar raguwa, ko impermeable, toshewa da karkatar da halin yanzu.

Groynes masu iya shiga sune manyan duwatsu, bamboo ko katako
ana gina groynes mai hana ruwa (mai ƙarfi ko groynes na armour rock) ta amfani da dutse, dutse, gabions.

Ta hanyar ko sun nutse

Groynes na iya nutsewa ko a'a a ƙarƙashin yanayi na al'ada. Yawancin lokaci groynes impermeable ba su da ruwa, tunda kwarara a saman groynes mai ƙarfi na iya haifar da mummunar lalacewa tare da shanks. A gefe guda, groynes da ke cikin ruwa, na iya zama mai shiga dangane da matakin rikice-rikice da ake buƙata.

Ta hanyar tasirin su akan kwararar rafi

Groynes na iya jan hankali, karkatarwa ko karkatarwa.

jawo hankalin groynes yana nunawa a ƙasa, yana aiki don jawo hankalin rafin zuwa ga kansu kuma ba ya hana rafin zuwa wancan bankin. Suna kula da zurfin halin yanzu kusa da bankin.
Deflecting groynes canza hanyar gudana ba tare da hana shi ba. Gabaɗaya gajere ne kuma ana amfani da su don iyakantaccen kariya ta gida.
Kaddamar da groynes suna nunawa sama; suna tilasta kwarara daga kansu. Wani nau'i guda ɗaya na iya samun sashi ɗaya, alal misali, jan hankali, da kuma wani sashi mai karkatarwa.

Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Groynes on the Rhine, Germany
Groynes in the Waal, part of the Rhine in the Netherlands

Groynes in the Waal, part of the Rhine in the Netherlands
Groyne on the east coast of England
Groyne in Crescent Beach, British Columbia, Canada
Groynes off the Ennore Expressway near Chennai, India
Groynes on the Vistula, Warsaw, Poland
Groynes on the Arabian Sea at Pozhikara on the Malabar Coast of India
A groyne at Cortez Beach on Anna Maria Island, Florida at sunset
Groyne at Silver Beach, Sydney, Australia
A 1200-metre-long mole at Aramoana (centre left of image), protects the mouth of New Zealand's Otago Harbour

Manazarta

↑ "Groyne | Meaning of Groyne by Lexico". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Reich
↑ Lemon, Robert, ed. (1865). Calendar of State Papers, Domestic series, of the reign of Elizabeth, 1581–1590. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green. pp. 44, 59, 67, 77, 80, 96. There were complaints by 1583 that the haven was in a worse state than in 1575 (p. 96); Poyntz was sidelined and the work was finished by Thomas Digges.
↑ (John K. ed.). doi:Gray Check |doi= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)

[1] "Groyne | Meaning of Groyne by Lexico". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020.

[Reich-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Reich

[3] Lemon, Robert, ed. (1865). Calendar of State Papers, Domestic series, of the reign of Elizabeth, 1581–1590. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green. pp. 44, 59, 67, 77, 80, 96. There were complaints by 1583 that the haven was in a worse state than in 1575 (p. 96); Poyntz was sidelined and the work was finished by Thomas Digges.

[4] (John K. ed.). doi:Gray Check |doi= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)

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