Grytviken

Grytviken
Grytvikenser (no)
Wuri
54°16′53″S 36°30′29″W
Territory claimed by (en)	Argentina da Birtaniya
Ƴantacciyar ƙasa	Birtaniya
Designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country (en)	British Overseas Territories (en)
British Overseas Territories (en)	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (en)
Babban birnin	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (en)
Labarin ƙasa
Altitude (en)	4 m

Panorama view of Grytviken

Climate data for {{{location}}}
Watan	Janairu	Fabrairu	Maris	Afrilu	Mayu	Yuni	Yuli	Ogusta	Satumba	Oktoba	Nuwamba	Disamba	Shekara

• 
  Grytviken Harbour, showing the whaling station, church and cemetery with Shackleton's grave
• 
  Whaling and sealing ships at Grytviken
• 
  Thatcher Peninsula with King Edward Cove and Grytviken
• 
  The Norwegian Church in Grytviken (built in 1913)
• 
  Grytviken's abandoned whaling station
• 
  Abandoned buildings at Grytviken

Grytviken (/ ˈɡrɪtviːkən / GRIT-vee-kən ) ƙauye ne a Kudancin Jojiya a Kudancin Tekun Atlantika. A da tashar whaling, ita ce mafi girma mazauna a tsibirin. Grytviken yana a kan King Edward Cove a cikin babban yankin Cumberland East Bay, wanda aka yi la'akari da mafi kyawun tashar jiragen ruwa a tsibirin. Sunan wurin, ma'ana "pot bay", an ƙirƙira shi ne a cikin 1902 ta Balaguron Antarctic na Sweden kuma mai binciken Johan Gunnar Andersson ya rubuta, bayan balaguron ya gano tsoffin tukwane na Ingilishi da ake amfani da su don sanya mai a wurin. An sake kafa matsuguni a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1904 ta mai binciken Antarctic na Norwegian Carl Anton Larsen akan wurin da aka daɗe ana amfani da shi na tsoffin matsugunan kifin kifi..nonono

Grytviken an gina shi ne a kan wani yanki mai yawa na mafaka, ƙasa mai laushi kuma yana da wadataccen ruwa mai kyau. Kodayake ita ce mafi girma a Kudancin Georgia, gwamnatin tsibirin ta kasance a kusa da tashar Binciken Antarctic na Burtaniya a King Edward Point. An rufe tashar kifi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1966 lokacin da raguwar hannun jarin kifi ya sa ba zai iya samun kudi ba.

Grytviken ba shi da mazaunin dindindin amma lokaci-lokaci yana ɗaukar masu bincike da jami'an gudanarwa da na soja na Biritaniya. Hakanan wasu ƴan ma'aikata waɗanda ke kula da Gidan kayan tarihi na Kudancin Georgia suna zaune na ɗan lokaci a cikin watannin bazara. Matsugunin ya zama sanannen abin sha'awa ga layin jirgin ruwa na Antarctic, tare da masu yawon bude ido da yawa suna ziyartar wuraren hutawa na masu binciken polar Sir Ernest Shackleton da Frank Wild a makabartar Grytviken. Grytviken yana da nisan mita 900 (3,000 ft; 0.56 mi) yamma da King Edward Point, babban birnin gudanarwa na Kudancin Jojiya kuma kawai ragowar mazaunanta na ci gaba da zama.

Tarihi

An kafa matsugunin a Grytviken a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1904 da kyaftin din tekun Norway Carl Anton Larsen, a matsayin tashar whaling na Compañía Argentina de Pesca (Kamfanin Kifi na Argentina). An yi nasara, tare da 195 Whales da aka dauka a farkon kakar wasa. Masu kifayen sun yi amfani da kowane sashe na dabbobin - bluber, nama, kasusuwa da viscera an yi su ne don fitar da mai, kuma kashi da nama sun zama taki da abinci. Haka kuma an fara farautar hatimin giwaye don samun bullar su. Kusan mutane 300 ne suka yi aiki a tashar a lokacin farin ciki, suna aiki a lokacin bazara daga Oktoba zuwa Maris. Wasu kaɗan sun rage a lokacin hunturu don kula da jiragen ruwa da masana'anta. A kowane ƴan watanni wani jirgin ruwa na sufuri zai kawo muhimman kayayyaki zuwa tashar kuma ya kwashe mai da sauran amfanin gona. A shekara ta gaba gwamnatin Argentina ta kafa tashar nazarin yanayi..

Carl Anton Larsen, wanda ya kafa Grytviken, ɗan Burtaniya ne wanda aka haife shi a Sandefjord, Norway . A cikin aikace-aikacensa na zama ɗan ƙasa na Burtaniya, wanda aka shigar tare da majistare na Kudancin Georgia kuma aka ba shi a 1910, Kyaftin Larsen ya rubuta: "Na ba da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasar Norway kuma na zauna a nan tun lokacin da na fara fara kamun kifi a wannan mulkin mallaka a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1904 kuma ba ni da wani dalili na zama ɗan ƙasar ban da Burtaniya, kamar yadda nake da shi kuma ina da niyyar zama a nan har yanzu na dogon lokaci. " Iyalinsa a Grytviken sun haɗa da matarsa, 'ya mata uku da' ya' ya'ya maza biyu.

A matsayinsa na manajan Compañía Argentina de Pesca, Larsen ya shirya gina Grytviken, wani aiki mai ban mamaki da ƙungiyar 'yan Norway sittin suka cim ma tsakanin isowarsu a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba da fara samarwa a sabon masana'antar mai na whale a ranar 24 ga Disamba 1904.

Tashar Kifi ta Grytviken a cikin 1989

Larsen ya zaɓi shafin yanar gizon kifi a lokacin ziyararsa ta 1902 yayin da yake kwamandan jirgin Antarctic na Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1901-1903) karkashin jagorancin Otto Nordenskjöld. A wannan lokacin, masanin kimiyyar Sweden da masanin ilimin ƙasa Johan Gunnar Andersson ne ya ba da sunan Grytviken ("The Pot Cove") wanda ya bincika wani ɓangare na Yankin Thatcher kuma ya sami kayan tarihi da siffofi da yawa daga mazaunin masu rufewa da masana'antu, gami da shallop (wani nau'in ƙaramin jirgin ruwa) da tukwane da yawa da aka yi amfani da su don tafasa man fetur. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan tukwane na gwaji, yana da rubutun "Johnson da Sons, Wapping Dock, London" an adana shi a Gidan Tarihin Georgia ta Kudu a Grytviken .

Manajoji da sauran manyan jami'an tashar whaling sukan sami iyalansu suna zaune tare da su. Daga cikinsu akwai Fridthjof Jacobsen, wanda matarsa, Klara Olet Jacobsen, ta haifi 'ya'yansu biyu a Grytviken; 'yar su Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen ita ce ɗan fari da aka taɓa haifa a kudu da Haɗin Antarctic, a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1913, kuma an girma a can. An haifi ƙarin yara da yawa a Kudancin Jojiya, kwanan nan har ma a cikin jiragen ruwa masu zaman kansu.

Yawan whale a cikin tekuna da ke kewaye da tsibirin ya ragu sosai a cikin shekaru sittin masu zuwa har sai an rufe tashar a watan Disamba na 1966, lokacin da aka rufe yawan whale sosai har ci gaba da amfani da su ba zai yiwu ba. Har ma a yanzu, bakin tekun da ke kusa da Grytviken ya cika da ƙasusuwan whale da ragowar tsatsa na masana'antun sarrafa man whale da jiragen ruwa da aka watsar.

Kabarin Shackleton a Grytviken

Grytviken yana da alaƙa da mai binciken Sir Ernest Shackleton. Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition ya tashi daga London a ranar 1 Agusta 1914, don isa Tekun Weddell a ranar 10 Janairu 1915, inda fakitin kankara ya rufe a kan jirginsu, Endurance. Kankara ta karye jirgin a ranar 27 Oktoba 1915. Ma'aikatan jirgin 28 sun yi nasarar tserewa zuwa tsibirin Elephant da ke kusa da Antarctica a cikin kananan jiragen ruwa guda uku. Shackleton da wasu mutane biyar sun yi nasarar isa gabar kudancin Georgia a James Caird. Sun isa Cave Cove kuma suka yada zango a Peggotty Bluff, daga nan suka yi tattaki zuwa Stromness a bakin tekun arewa maso gabas. Daga Grytviken, Shackleton ya shirya aikin ceto don dawo da sauran mutanen gida.    

Ya sake komawa Grytviken a lokacin Shackleton-Rowett Expedition kuma a nan ne ya mutu, yana da shekaru 47, jim kadan bayan Ranar Sabuwar Shekara, kafin balaguron da ke kudu zuwa Antarctica. Gwauruwarsa ta zaɓi Kudancin Georgia a matsayin wurin hutawa na ƙarshe, don haka a nan ne aka binne shi. Kabarinsa yana kudu da Grytviken, tare da na masu kamun kifi da suka mutu a tsibirin.

A ranar 27 Nuwamba 2011, tokar Frank Wild, "mutumin dama," Shackleton ya shiga hannun dama na wurin kabari na Shackleton. Rubutun da ke kan shingen dutsen da aka ƙeƙasa da shi don yin alama yana karanta "Frank Wild 1873-1939, na hannun dama na Shackleton." 'Yan uwan Wild da jikanyar Shackleton tilo, Alexandra Shackleton, sun halarci hidimar da Richard Hines, rector na tsibirin Falkland ya gudanar. Marubuciya Angie Butler ta gano toka a rumbun makabartar Braamfontein, Johannesburg, yayin da take binciken littafinta mai suna The Quest for Frank Wild. Ta ce "Tokarsa yanzu za ta kasance inda ya kamata, sai da suka dauki lokaci mai tsawo suna isa wurin". 

Yaƙin Falklands

A lokacin yakin Falklands, sojojin Argentina sun kama Grytviken a farkon Afrilu 1982 bayan wani ɗan gajeren yaƙi da Royal Marines. Sojojin ruwa na Royal Marines, SAS da SBS sun sake yin sulhu bayan makonni uku ba tare da harbin bindiga ba.

Tare da goyan bayan Corvette ARA Guerrico a ranar 3 Afrilu 1982, ARA Bahía Paraíso ta sami wata ƙungiya ta sojojin ruwa na Argentina waɗanda suka kai hari kan rukunin 22 Royal Marines da aka tura a Grytviken. Yakin na sa'o'i biyu ya yi sanadin lalacewar ARA Guerrico da kuma harbo wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na Puma na Argentine. Sojojin Argentina sun kashe mutane uku tare da raunata wasu makamantansu, yayin da daya ya samu rauni a bangaren Burtaniya. An bai wa babban hafsan kwamandan Birtaniyya Laftanar Keith Mills lambar yabo ta Hidimar Hidima don kare Kudancin Jojiya.

Yayin da aka cire alkalin alkalan Burtaniya da sauran fararen hula da sojoji da ke Grytviken daga Kudancin Jojiya, wasu 'yan Birtaniyya 15 sun rage fiye da isar Argentine. Asarar da aka sha a Grytviken ya hana Argentina mamayar sauran tsibirin, [ana edi hujja] tare da sansanin Bird Island, da sansanonin filayen Schlieper Bay, Lyell Glacier da St. Andrew's Bay da suka rage a karkashin ikon Birtaniyya.

A ranar 25 Afrilu, Sojojin ruwa na Royal sun lalata tare da kama jirgin ruwa na ARA Santa Fe na ƙasar Argentina a Kudancin Jojiya. Sojojin Argentina da ke Grytviken sun mika wuya ba tare da sun dawo da wuta ba. Washegari rundunar sojojin da ke Leith Harbor da Kyaftin Alfredo Astiz ya ba da umarni su ma sun mika wuya. An harbe wani fursuna Felix Artuso a lokacin da masu gadi suka yi kuskuren gaskata cewa yana kokarin yi wa Santa Fe zagon kasa, kuma an binne shi a makabartar Grytviken. HMS Endurance ta cire ma'aikatan Argentine daga tsibirin Sandwich ta Kudu a ranar 20 Yuni. Saboda shaidar ziyarar da ba ta da izini, an lalata tashar Corbeta Uruguay a cikin Janairu 1983.

Yanayin yanzu

Gidan kayan gargajiya na Kudancin Georgia, Grytviken

Tare da yankin da ke kewaye da shi, an ayyana tashar a matsayin Yankin Sha'awa na Musamman (ASTI).

Grytviken sanannen tashar jiragen ruwa ne da ke ziyartar Antarctica, kuma masu yawon bude ido galibi suna sauka don ziyartar kabarin Shackleton. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Kudancin Georgia yana cikin gidan manajan tsohon tashar kifi, kuma yana buɗewa a lokacin lokacin yawon shakatawa na rani.

Cocin tashar shine kawai ginin da ke riƙe da ainihin manufarsa; har yanzu ana amfani dashi lokaci-lokaci don ayyuka. Akwai aure da yawa a Grytviken, na farko da aka yi rajista a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1932, tsakanin AGN Jones da Vera Riches.  

A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007, an gudanar da wani hidima don tunawa da Anders Hansen (wani mai kifi na Norway da aka binne a Kabari na Grytviken a shekara ta 1943) da kuma yin bikin baftismar babban jikansa Axel Wattø Eide da ke faruwa a Oslo a wannan rana. 

Panorama view of Grytviken

Abubuwa da yawa sun rushe Grytviken, da kewayenta. Jiragen ruwa na Petrel, Dias da Albatross sun kasance a bakin teku, kuma sun bar su da tsatsa, bayan shekaru da yawa na hidima.

Yanayin ƙasa

Yanayi

Grytviken da King Edward Point suna da yanayin tundra (Köppen ET) tare da dogon lokaci, hunturu mai sanyi da gajeren lokacin rani mai sanyi. Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a Grytviken / King Edward Point ya kasance 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) ° C (83.8 ° F) a ranar 10 ga Maris 1922.

Climate data for {{{location}}}
Watan	Janairu	Fabrairu	Maris	Afrilu	Mayu	Yuni	Yuli	Ogusta	Satumba	Oktoba	Nuwamba	Disamba	Shekara

Hotuna

• 
  Grytviken Harbour, showing the whaling station, church and cemetery with Shackleton's grave
• 
  Whaling and sealing ships at Grytviken
• 
  Thatcher Peninsula with King Edward Cove and Grytviken
• 
  The Norwegian Church in Grytviken (built in 1913)
• 
  Grytviken's abandoned whaling station
• 
  Abandoned buildings at Grytviken

Dubi kuma

• Tarihin Kudancin Georgia da Tsibirin Sandwich na Kudu
• Sarki Edward Point
• Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin Georgia
• Carl Anton Larsen
• Viktor Esbensen
• Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen